1923 in science

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The year1923 inscienceandtechnologyinvolved some significant events, listed below.

Aeronautics

January 17 (or 9) – First stable flight of the firstrotorcraft,Juan de la Cierva'sCierva C.4 autogyro,in Spain.

Astronomy and space science

June –Hermann OberthpublishesDie Rakete zu den Planetenräumen( "By Rocket into Planetary Space" ).
October 21 – First official public showing of aplanetariumprojector, aZeissmodel at theDeutsches MuseuminMunich.^[1]

Biology

March 23 – Thegovernor of Oklahomasigns House Bill 197 with the Montgomery amendment outlawing thetheory of evolutionin public school textbooks purchased by the state, the first anti-Darwinianlegislation passed in the United States.^[2]
Karl von Frischpublishes "Über die 'Sprache' der Bienen. Eine tierpsychologische Untersuchung" ( "On the 'language' of bees: an examination of animal psychology" ).^[3]

Chemistry

Dirk CosterandGeorge de Hevesypublish their discovery of thetransition metal element hafnium(₇₂Hf) inzirconiumore, working inCopenhagen(Latin:Hafnia).^[4]^[5]
Niels Bohrand Dirk Coster, working in Copenhagen, produce a paper onX-ray spectroscopyand theperiodic systemof the elements.^[6]
Gilbert N. LewisandMerle Randall's textbookThermodynamics and the Free Energy of Chemical Reactionsis influential in the replacement of the concept ofchemical affinitybyfree energy.^[7]

Cryptography

Enigma machinefirst produced commercially.^[8]

Electronics

Otto Julius ZobelofBell Labsdescribes the type ofsignal processing filtersections based on theimage impedancedesign principle which will become known asZobel networks.^[9]
December 29 –Vladimir K. Zworykinfiles his firstpatent(in theUnited States) for "television systems".

Exploration

Tanager Expedition.

Medicine

February – TheMaudsley Hospital,established jointly by theLondon County CouncilandHenry Maudsley,admits its first psychiatric patients.
Capgras delusion,adelusional misidentification syndrome,is first described byJoseph Capgras.^[10]
Firstdiphtheria vaccinebyGaston Ramon,Emil von BehringandKitasato Shibasaburō.

Paleontology

July 13 – AnAmerican Museum of Natural Historyexpedition toMongoliaunderRoy Chapman Andrewsis the first in the world to discoverfossil dinosaur eggs.Initially thought to belong to theceratopsianProtoceratops,they are determined in 1995 actually to belong to thetheropodOviraptor.^[11]On August 11 Peter Kaisen recovers the firstVelociraptorfossil known.^[12]

Physics

Arthur Eddingtonpublishes the textbookThe Mathematical Theory of RelativityinCambridge.

Technology

Herbert Grove Dorseyinvents the first practicalfathometer.

Awards

Nobel Prizes
Copley Medal:Horace Lamb
Wollaston Medalfor Geology:William Whitaker

Births

January 1 –Daniel Gorenstein(died1992),American mathematician.
January 11 –Robert J. Gorlin(died2006), Americanpathologist.
February 13 –Chuck Yeager(died2020), American pilot.
February 14 –Doris Calloway,née Howes (died2001), Americannutritionist.
February 20 –Helen Murray Free(died2021), American medical chemist.
March 4 –Patrick Moore(died2012), Englishastronomer.
March 9 –Walter Kohn(died2016), Viennese-bornphysicist.
March 10 –Val Logsdon Fitch(died2015), American nuclear physicist, recipient of theNobel Prize in Physics.
April 1 –Brigitte Askonas(died2013), Viennese-born Britishimmunologist.
April 2 –G. Spencer-Brown(died2016), English mathematician.
April 16 –Stewart Adams(died2019), English pharmaceutical chemist.
April 21 –Albert (Ab) C. Perdeck(died2009),Dutch ornithologist.
April 23 –Walter Pitts(died1969), Americanlogicianandcognitive psychologist.
July 5 –Ivo Pitanguy(died2016),Brazilian plastic surgeon.
July 12 –René Favaloro(died2000),Argentine cardiac surgeon.
July 23 –Ulf Grenander(died2016),Swedish-bornmathematician.
July 28 –Xia Peisu(died2014), Chinese computer scientist.
July 31 –Stephanie Kwolek(died2014), Americanpolymer chemist.
August 19 –Edgar F. Codd(died2003), English-born computer scientist.
September 9 –Daniel Carleton Gajdusek(died2008), American virologist.
September 13 –Miroslav Holub(died1998), Czech immunologist and poet.
September 26 –John Ertle Oliver(died2011), American geophysicist.
October 29 –Carl Djerassi(died2015), Viennese-born chemist.
November 8 –Jack Kilby(died2005), American electrical engineer, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
November 18 –Alan Shepard(died 1998), Americanastronaut.
December 13 –Philip Warren Anderson(died2020), American physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics.
December 15 –Freeman Dyson(died2020), English-born theoretical physicist.

Deaths

February 10 –Wilhelm Röntgen(born1845), Germanphysicist,discoverer ofX-rays,Nobellaureate.
February 24 –Edward Morley(born1838), Americanchemist.
March 8 –Johannes Diderik van der Waals(born1837), Dutch physicist.
March 27 –James Dewar(born1842), Scottish-born chemist.
April 11 –Mary Treat(born1830), American naturalist.
July 16 –Sydney Mary Thompson(born1847), Irish-borngeologistandbotanist.
August 23 –Hertha Ayrton(born1854), Englishelectrical engineer.^[13]
October 3 –Kadambini Ganguly(born1861), Indianphysician.
December 2 –Henry Haversham Godwin-Austen(born1834), Englishsurveyor,geologistandnaturalist.
December 7 –Sir Frederick Treves(born1853), English-bornsurgeon.
December 27 –Gustave Eiffel(born1832), Frenchstructural engineer.

References

^Chartrand, Mark (September 1973)."A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream (The History of the Planetarium)".The Planetarian.2(3). International Planetarium Society.ISSN 0090-3213.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-04-20.Retrieved2009-02-26.
^O'Dell, Larry."Anti-Evolution Movement".Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.Oklahoma Historical Society.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-10-18.Retrieved2010-09-13.
^Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie)40:pp. 1–186.
^Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (20 January 1923)."On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72".Nature.111(2777): 79.Bibcode:1923Natur.111...79C.doi:10.1038/111079a0.
^Hevesy, G. (1925). "The Discovery and Properties of Hafnium".Chemical Reviews.2:1.doi:10.1021/cr60005a001.
^Bohr, N.; Coster, D. (December 1923). "Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente".Zeitschrift für Physik A.12(1): 342–374.Bibcode:1923ZPhy...12..342B.doi:10.1007/BF01328104.S2CID 120877752.
^According to chemistry historian Henry M. Leicester.
^Singh, Simon(1999).The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography.London: Fourth Estate.ISBN 1-85702-879-1.
^Zobel, O. J. (1923). "Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave Filters".Bell System Technical Journal.2:1–46.doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1923.tb00001.x.
^Capgras, Joseph; Reboul-Lachaux, Jean (1923)."Illusion des" sosies "dans un délire systématisé chronique"[Illusion of "doubles" ].Bulletin de la Société Clinique de Médicine Mentale.2:6–16.
^Fastovsky, David."Life and Death in a 70 Million-Year-Old Sand Sea".Retrieved2011-02-14.
^AMNH6515.Osborn, Henry F.(1924). "Three new Theropoda,Protoceratopszone, central Mongolia ".American Museum Novitates(144): 1–12.hdl:2246/3223.
^Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001).International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950.Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 12.ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

[1] Chartrand, Mark (September 1973)."A Fifty Year Anniversary of a Two Thousand Year Dream (The History of the Planetarium)".The Planetarian.2(3). International Planetarium Society.ISSN 0090-3213.Archived fromthe originalon 2009-04-20.Retrieved2009-02-26.

[2] O'Dell, Larry."Anti-Evolution Movement".Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture.Oklahoma Historical Society.Archivedfrom the original on 2010-10-18.Retrieved2010-09-13.

[3] Zoologische Jahrbücher (Physiologie)40:pp. 1–186.

[4] Coster, D.; Hevesy, G. (20 January 1923)."On the Missing Element of Atomic Number 72".Nature.111(2777): 79.Bibcode:1923Natur.111...79C.doi:10.1038/111079a0.

[5] Hevesy, G. (1925). "The Discovery and Properties of Hafnium".Chemical Reviews.2:1.doi:10.1021/cr60005a001.

[6] Bohr, N.; Coster, D. (December 1923). "Röntgenspektren und periodisches System der Elemente".Zeitschrift für Physik A.12(1): 342–374.Bibcode:1923ZPhy...12..342B.doi:10.1007/BF01328104.S2CID 120877752.

[7] According to chemistry historian Henry M. Leicester.

[8] Singh, Simon(1999).The Code Book: the Science of Secrecy from Ancient Egypt to Quantum Cryptography.London: Fourth Estate.ISBN 1-85702-879-1.

[9] Zobel, O. J. (1923). "Theory and Design of Uniform and Composite Electric Wave Filters".Bell System Technical Journal.2:1–46.doi:10.1002/j.1538-7305.1923.tb00001.x.

[10] Capgras, Joseph; Reboul-Lachaux, Jean (1923)."Illusion des" sosies "dans un délire systématisé chronique"[Illusion of "doubles" ].Bulletin de la Société Clinique de Médicine Mentale.2:6–16.

[11] Fastovsky, David."Life and Death in a 70 Million-Year-Old Sand Sea".Retrieved2011-02-14.

[12] AMNH6515.Osborn, Henry F.(1924). "Three new Theropoda,Protoceratopszone, central Mongolia ".American Museum Novitates(144): 1–12.hdl:2246/3223.

[13] Haines, Catharine M. C. (2001).International Women in Science: A Biographical Dictionary to 1950.Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. p. 12.ISBN 978-1-57607-090-1.

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