The1954 United States Senate electionswas a midterm election in the first term ofDwight D. Eisenhower's presidency. The 32 Senate seats ofClass 2were contested in regular elections, and six special elections were held to fill vacancies. Eisenhower'sRepublicanparty lost a net of two seats to theDemocraticopposition. This small change was just enough to give Democrats control of the chamber with the help of the Independent (Wayne Morseof Oregon) who at the start of this Congress in January 1955 agreed to caucus with them; he later officially joined the party in April 1955.
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38 of the 96 seats in theUnited States Senate 49 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The elections resulted in adivided governmentthat continued to the end of Eisenhower's presidency and a Democratic majority that would last until1981.As of 2022[update],this is the last Senate election cycle in which a state (both Nebraska and North Carolina) had to hold three simultaneous elections (two special elections and one regular election) due to the near-simultaneous deaths of both incumbent Senators.
Results summary
edit| 48 | 1 | 47 |
| Democratic | I | Republican |
Colored shading indicates party with largest share of that row.
| Parties | Total | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Republican | Independent | Other | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Last elections (1952) | 47 | 49 | 0 | 0 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Before these elections | 46 | 49 | 1 | 0 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Not up | 24 | 33 | 0 | 1 | 58 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Up | 22 | 16 | 0 | — | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Class 2 (1948→1954) | 20 | 12 | — | — | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Special: Class 1 | 0 | 1 | — | — | 1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Special: Class 3 | 2 | 3 | — | — | 5 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incumbent retired | 2 | 4 | — | — | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Held by same party | 1 | 3 | — | — | 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Replaced by other party |  1 Republican replaced by 1 Democrat1 Democrat replaced by1 Republican
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— | — | 2 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 2 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Incumbent ran | 20 | 12 | — | — | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Won re-election | 17 | 7 | — | — | 24 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost re-election | 4 Republicans replaced by4 Democrats2 Democrats replaced by2 Republicans
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— | — | 6 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Lost renomination but held by same party |
1 | 1 | — | — | 2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 22 | 10 | 0 | 0 | 32 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Total elected | 24 | 14 | 0 | 0 | 38 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Net change | 2
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| Nationwide vote | 15,137,069 | 12,585,368 | 35,661 | 323,147 | 28,081,245 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Share | 53.90% | 44.82% | 0.13% | 1.15% | 100% | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Result | 48 | 47 | 1 | 0 | 96 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Source: Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives[1]
Gains, losses and holds
editRetirements
editOne Republican and one Democrat retired instead of seeking re-election. Two Republicans and one Democrat also retired instead of finishing the unexpired term.
Defeats
editThree Republicans and two Democrats sought re-election, and two Republicans and one Democrat also sought election to finish the unexpired term, but lost in the primary or general election.
Party entrance
editWayne Morse (I-OR) who caucused with the Democrats, officially joined the party in April 1955.
| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Oregon | Wayne Morse | Wayne Morse |
Post-election changes
edit| State | Senator | Replaced by |
|---|---|---|
| Kentucky | Alben W. Barkley | Robert Humphreys |
| South Carolina | Strom Thurmond | Thomas A. Wofford |
| West Virginia | Harley M. Kilgore | William Laird III |
Change in composition
editBefore the elections
edit| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | ||
| D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 |
| D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 Ala. Ran |
D26 Ark. Ran |
D27 Colo. Retired |
D28 Del. Ran |
| D38 N.C.(sp 3) Ran |
D37 N.C.(reg) N.C.(sp 2) Ran |
D36 N.M. Ran |
D35 Mont. Ran |
D34 Miss. Ran |
D33 Minn. Ran |
D32 La. Ran |
D31 Iowa Ran |
D30 Ill. Ran |
D29 Ga. Ran |
| D39 Ohio (sp) Ran |
D40 Okla. Ran |
D41 R.I. Ran |
D42 S.C. Retired |
D43 Tenn. Ran |
D44 Texas Ran |
D45 Va. Ran |
D46 W.Va. Ran |
I1 | R49 Wyo.(reg) Wyo.(sp) Retired |
| Majority → | |||||||||
| R39 Mass. Ran |
R40 Mich. Ran |
R41 Neb.(reg) Neb.(sp 2) Retired |
R42 Neb.(sp 1) Retired |
R43 Nev.(sp) Ran |
R44 N.H.(reg) Ran |
R45 N.H.(sp) Ran |
R46 N.J. Retired |
R47 Ore. Ran |
R48 S.D. Ran |
| R38 Me. Ran |
R37 Ky. Ran |
R36 Kan. Ran |
R35 Idaho Ran |
R34 Calif.(sp) Ran |
R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 |
| R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 |
| R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | ||
Results of the elections
edit| D1 | D2 | D3 | D4 | D5 | D6 | D7 | D8 | ||
| D18 | D17 | D16 | D15 | D14 | D13 | D12 | D11 | D10 | D9 |
| D19 | D20 | D21 | D22 | D23 | D24 | D25 Ala. Re-elected |
D26 Ark. Re-elected |
D27 Del. Re-elected |
D28 Ga. Re-elected |
| D38 R.I. Re-elected |
D37 Okla. Re-elected |
D36 N.C.(sp 3) Elected[c] |
D35 N.C.(reg) N.C.(sp 2) Hold |
D34 N.M. Re-elected |
D33 Mont. Re-elected |
D32 Miss. Re-elected |
D31 Minn. Re-elected |
D30 La. Re-elected |
D29 Ill. Re-elected |
| D39 S.C. Hold |
D40 Tenn. Re-elected |
D41 Texas Re-elected |
D42 Va. Re-elected |
D43 W.Va. Re-elected |
D44 Ky. Gain |
D45 Mich. Gain |
D46 Nev.(sp) Gain[d] |
D47 Ore. Gain |
D48 Wyo.(reg) Wyo.(sp) Gain |
| Majority with Independent in caucus ↑ | I1 | ||||||||
| R39 Neb.(sp 2) Hold Neb.(reg) Hold |
R40 Neb.(sp 1) Hold |
R41 N.H.(reg) Re-elected |
R42 N.H.(sp) Hold |
R43 N.J. Hold |
R44 S.D. Re-elected |
R45 Colo. Gain |
R46 Iowa Gain |
R47 Ohio (sp) Gain[d] | |
| R38 Mass. Re-elected |
R37 Me. Re-elected |
R36 Kan. Re-elected |
R35 Idaho Re-elected |
R34 Calif.(sp) Elected[c] |
R33 | R32 | R31 | R30 | R29 |
| R19 | R20 | R21 | R22 | R23 | R24 | R25 | R26 | R27 | R28 |
| R18 | R17 | R16 | R15 | R14 | R13 | R12 | R11 | R10 | R9 |
| R1 | R2 | R3 | R4 | R5 | R6 | R7 | R8 | ||
| Key: |
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|---|
Race summaries
editSpecial elections during the 83rd Congress
editIn these special elections, the winners were seated during 1954 or before January 3, 1955; ordered by election date, then state, then class.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| California (Class 3) |
Thomas Kuchel | Republican | 1953(Appointed) | Interim appointeeelectedNovember 2, 1954. |
|
| Nebraska (Class 1) |
Samuel W. Reynolds | Republican | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Republican hold. |
|
| Nebraska (Class 2) |
Eva Bowring | Republican | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to the next term; see below. |
|
| Nevada (Class 3) |
Ernest S. Brown | Republican | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Democratic gain. |
|
| New Hampshire (Class 3) |
Robert W. Upton | Republican | 1953(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost nomination. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Republican hold. |
|
| North Carolina (Class 2) |
Alton Lennon | Democratic | 1953(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost nomination. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to next term; see below. |
|
| North Carolina (Class 3) |
Sam Ervin | Democratic | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointeeelectedNovember 2, 1954. |
|
| Ohio (Class 3) |
Thomas A. Burke | Democratic | 1953(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost election. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Republican gain. |
|
| Wyoming (Class 2) |
Edward D. Crippa | Republican | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelectedNovember 2, 1954. Democratic gain. Winner also elected to the next term; see below. |
|
Races leading to the 84th Congress
editIn these general elections, the winner was seated on January 3, 1955; ordered by state.
All of the elections involved the Class 2 seats.
| State | Incumbent | Results | Candidates | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Senator | Party | Electoral history | |||
| Alabama | John Sparkman | Democratic | 1946(special) 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Arkansas | John L. McClellan | Democratic | 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Colorado | Edwin C. Johnson | Democratic | 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbent retired torun for Governor. New senatorelected. Republican gain. |
|
| Delaware | J. Allen Frear Jr. | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Georgia | Richard Russell Jr. | Democratic | 1932(special) 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Idaho | Henry Dworshak | Republican | 1946(special) 1948(Lost) 1949(Appointed) 1950(special) |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Illinois | Paul Douglas | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Iowa | Guy Gillette | Democratic | 1936(special) 1938 1944(Lost) 1948 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected. Republican gain. |
|
| Kansas | Andrew Frank Schoeppel | Republican | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Kentucky | John Sherman Cooper | Republican | 1946(special) 1948(Lost) 1952(special) |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Louisiana | Allen J. Ellender | Democratic | 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Maine | Margaret Chase Smith | Republican | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Massachusetts | Leverett Saltonstall | Republican | 1944(special) 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Michigan | Homer S. Ferguson | Republican | 1942 1948 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Minnesota | Hubert Humphrey | DFL | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Mississippi | James Eastland | Democratic | 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Montana | James E. Murray | Democratic | 1934(special) 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Nebraska | Eva Bowring | Republican | 1954(special) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelected. Republican hold. Winner was not elected to finish the term; see above. Successor seated January 1, 1955. |
|
| New Hampshire | Styles Bridges | Republican | 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| New Jersey | Robert C. Hendrickson | Republican | 1948 | Incumbent retired. New senatorelected. Republican hold. |
|
| New Mexico | Clinton Anderson | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| North Carolina | Alton Lennon | Democratic | 1953(Appointed) | Interim appointee lost nomination. New senatorelected. Democratic hold. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. |
|
| Oklahoma | Robert S. Kerr | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
Others
|
| Oregon | Guy Cordon | Republican | 1944(Appointed) 1944(special) 1948 |
Incumbent lost re-election. New senatorelected. Democratic gain. |
|
| Rhode Island | Theodore F. Green | Democratic | 1936 1942 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| South Carolina | Charles E. Daniel | Democratic | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelected. Democratic hold. Incumbent then resigned December 23, 1954, to give successor preferential seniority. Winner appointed December 24 to finish the term. |
|
| South Dakota | Karl Mundt | Republican | 1948 1948(Appointed) |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Tennessee | Estes Kefauver | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Texas | Lyndon B. Johnson | Democratic | 1948 | Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Virginia | A. Willis Robertson | Democratic | 1946(special) 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| West Virginia | Matthew M. Neely | Democratic | 1922 1928(Lost) 1930 1936 1941(Resigned) 1948 |
Incumbentre-elected. |
|
| Wyoming | Edward D. Crippa | Republican | 1954(Appointed) | Interim appointee retired. New senatorelected. Democratic gain. Winner also elected to finish the term; see above. |
|
Closest races
editTwelve races had a margin of victory under 10%:
| State | Party of winner | Margin |
|---|---|---|
| Ohio (special) | Republican (flip) | 0.12% |
| New Jersey | Republican | 0.19% |
| Oregon | Democratic (flip) | 0.4%[e] |
| Montana | Democratic | 0.8% |
| Massachusetts | Republican | 1.5% |
| Michigan | Democratic (flip) | 1.9% |
| Colorado | Republican (flip) | 2.6% |
| Wyoming | Democratic (flip) | 3.2% |
| Iowa | Republican (flip) | 4.7% |
| California (special) | Republican | 7.7% |
| Kentucky | Democratic (flip) | 9.0% |
| West Virginia | Democratic | 9.6% |
Alabama
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Sparkman:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%>90% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | John Sparkman(Incumbent) | 259,348 | 82.47 | |
| Republican | J. Foy Guin Jr. | 55,110 | 17.53 | |
| Majority | 204,438 | 64.96 | ||
| Turnout | 314,458 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Arkansas
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results McClellan:40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% McMath:40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | John L. McClellan(Incumbent) | 291,058 | 100.00 | |
| Democratichold | ||||
California (special)
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results:
Thomas Kuchel:50-60%60-70%70-80% Sam Yorty:50-60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Following the resignation ofRichard Nixonto assume thevice presidency,GovernorEarl WarrenappointedThomas Kuchelto Nixon's seat; Kuchel assumed the office on January 2, 1953.[3]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Thomas Kuchel(Incumbent) | 2,090,836 | 53.2 | |
| Democratic | Sam Yorty | 1,788,071 | 45.5 | |
| Independent–Progressive | Isobel M. Cerney | 50,506 | 1.3 | |
| None | Scattering | 255 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 302,765 | 7.7 | ||
| Turnout | 3,929,668 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Colorado
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Allott:50–60%60–70% Carroll:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Gordon Allott | 248,502 | 51.32 | |
| Democratic | John A. Carroll | 235,686 | 48.68 | |
| Majority | 12,816 | 2.64 | ||
| Turnout | 484,188 | |||
| RepublicangainfromDemocratic | ||||
Delaware
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Frear:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | J. Allen Frear(Incumbent) | 82,511 | 56.94 | |
| Republican | Herbert B. Warburton | 62,389 | 43.06 | |
| Majority | 20,122 | 13.88 | ||
| Turnout | 144,900 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Georgia
edit | ||||||||||||||||||||
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 County results Russell:>90% | ||||||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Richard B. Russell(Incumbent) | 333,917 | 99.99 | |
| None | Scattering | 19 | 0.01 | |
| Majority | 333,898 | 99.98 | ||
| Turnout | 333,936 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Idaho
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Dworshak:50–60%60–70%70–80% Taylor:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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InIdaho,RepublicanIncumbent Henry Dworshak defeated Glen H. Taylor, who had previously represented Idaho in the Senate from 1945 to 1951.Allegations of Communist tieswere used against Taylor by Dworshak and other Republicans to win the election.[4]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Henry Dworshak(Incumbent) | 142,269 | 62.84% | |
| Democratic | Glen H. Taylor | 84,139 | 37.16% | |
| Majority | 58,130 | 25.68% | ||
| Turnout | 226,408 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Illinois
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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| Turnout | 63.69% | ||||||||||||||||
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 County results Douglas:50–60%60–70% Meeks:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Paul H. Douglas(Incumbent) | 1,804,338 | 53.57 | |
| Republican | Joseph T. Meek | 1,563,683 | 46.43 | |
| Majority | 240,655 | 7.14 | ||
| Turnout | 3,368,021 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Iowa
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Martin:50–60%60–70%70–80% Gillette:50–60%60–70% Tie:40–50% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Thomas E. Martin | 442,409 | 52.21 | |
| Democratic | Guy Gillette(Incumbent) | 402,712 | 47.53 | |
| Republicsons | Ernest Seeman | 2,234 | 0.26 | |
| Majority | 39,697 | 4.68 | ||
| Turnout | 847,355 | |||
| RepublicangainfromDemocratic | ||||
Kansas
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Schoeppel:40–50%50–60%60–70%70–80% McGill:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Andrew Schoeppel(Incumbent) | 348,144 | 56.33 | |
| Democratic | George McGill | 258,575 | 41.84 | |
| Prohibition | David C. White | 11,344 | 1.84 | |
| Majority | 89,569 | 14.49 | ||
| Turnout | 618,063 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Kentucky
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Barkley:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% Cooper:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Alben Barkley | 434,109 | 54.46 | |
| Republican | John Sherman Cooper(Incumbent) | 362,948 | 45.54 | |
| Majority | 71,161 | 8.92 | ||
| Turnout | 797,057 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
Louisiana
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 Parish results Ellender:30–40%50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%>90% Ellis:50-60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Allen J. Ellender(Incumbent) | 207,115 | 100.00 | |
| Democratichold | ||||
Maine
edit | |||||||||||||||||
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 County results Smith:50–60%60–70%70–80% Fullam:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Margaret Chase Smith(Incumbent) | 144,530 | 58.61 | |
| Democratic | Paul A. Fullam | 102,075 | 41.39 | |
| Majority | 42,455 | 17.22 | ||
| Turnout | 246,605 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Massachusetts
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In Massachusetts,RepublicanIncumbentLeverett Saltonstalldefeated his challengers.
DemocratFoster Furcolo(Treasurer and Receiver-General of Massachusettssince 1952 and member of theUnited States House of RepresentativesfromMassachusetts's 2nd congressional districtfrom 1949 to 1952) beatJohn I. Fitzgerald(former member of theBoston City Counciland Democratic candidate for Senate in 1948) andJoseph L. Murphy(former member of theMassachusetts Senate).
Republican incumbentLeverett Saltonstall(United States senator since 1945 and Governor of Massachusetts from 1939 to 1945) was renominated. Other nominees included Socialist WorkersThelma Ingersoll(ran for Senate in 1952.[5]) and ProhibitionHarold J. Ireland(candidate for Treasurer and Receiver-General in 1948 and 1952).
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Foster Furcolo | 207,232 | 59.13 | |
| Democratic | Joseph L. Murphy | 79,463 | 22.68 | |
| Democratic | John I. Fitzgerald | 63,752 | 18.19 | |
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Leverett Saltonstall(Incumbent) | 956,605 | 50.54 | −2.41% | |
| Democratic | Foster Furcolo | 927,899 | 49.03 | +2.60% | |
| Socialist Labor | Thelma Ingersoll | 5,353 | 0.28 | −0.17% | |
| Prohibition | Harold J. Ireland | 2,832 | 0.15 | −0.03% | |
| None | Scattering | 21 | 0.00 | ||
| Majority | 28,706 | 1.52 | |||
| Turnout | 1,892,710 | ||||
| Republicanhold | Swing | ||||
Michigan
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 County results McNamara:50–60%60–70% Ferguson:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Patrick V. McNamara | 1,088,550 | 50.75 | |
| Republican | Homer S. Ferguson(Incumbent) | 1,049,420 | 48.93 | |
| Prohibition | Leroy M. Lowell | 4,841 | 0.23 | |
| Socialist Labor | James Sim | 1,126 | 0.05 | |
| Socialist Workers | Rita Shaw | 902 | 0.04 | |
| None | Scattering | 1 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 39,130 | 1.82 | ||
| Turnout | 2,144,840 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
Minnesota
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 County results Humphrey:50–60%60–70%70–80% Bjornson:40-50%50-60%60-70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic (DFL) | Hubert Humphrey(Incumbent) | 642,193 | 56.38 | |
| Republican | Val Bjornson | 479,619 | 42.11 | |
| Liberal Independent | Francis Patrick Ryan | 12,457 | 1.09 | |
| Socialist Workers | Vincent R. Dunne | 4,683 | 0.41 | |
| Majority | 162,574 | 14.27 | ||
| Turnout | 1,138,952 | |||
| Democratic (DFL)hold | ||||
Mississippi
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 County results Eastland:80-90%90-100% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | James Eastland(Incumbent) | 100,848 | 95.57 | |
| Republican | James A. White | 4,678 | 4.43 | |
| Majority | 96,070 | 91.14 | ||
| Turnout | 105,526 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Montana
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 County results Murray:50–60%60–70% D'Ewart:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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In Montana incumbent senatorJames E. Murray,who was first elected to the Senate in a special election in1934and was re-elected in1936,1942,and1948,ran for re-election.
Murray won the Democratic primary against trivial opponents (farmer Ray E. Gulick and Sam G. Feezell).
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | James E. Murray(Incumbent) | 65,896 | 86.94 | |
| Democratic | Ray E. Gulick | 4,961 | 6.55 | |
| Democratic | Sam G. Feezell | 4,941 | 6.52 | |
| Total votes | 75,798 | 100.00 | ||
RepublicanWesley A. D'EwartUnited States CongressmanfromMontana's 2nd congressional districtbeatRobert Yellowtail,former Superintendent of theCrow Indian Reservation,for the GOP nomination.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Wesley A. D'Ewart | 49,964 | 82.36 | |
| Republican | Robert Yellowtail | 10,705 | 17.64 | |
| Total votes | 60,669 | 100.00 | ||
A contentious and close election ensued, but ultimately, Murray was able to narrowly win re-election over D'Ewart to a final term in the Senate.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | James E. Murray(Incumbent) | 114,591 | 50.38 | −6.27% | |
| Republican | Wesley A. D'Ewart | 112,863 | 49.62 | +6.88% | |
| Majority | 1,728 | 0.76 | −13.15% | ||
| Turnout | 227,454 | ||||
| Democratichold | Swing | ||||
Nebraska
editNebraska had three Senate elections on the ballot. Both incumbents had died in the span of three months, leading to appointments and special elections.
Nebraska (special, class 1)
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 County results Hruska:50–60%60–70%70–80% Green:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent RepublicanHugh A. Butlerdied July 1, 1954, and RepublicanSamuel W. Reynoldswas appointed July 3 to continue the term. Reynolds did not run to finish the term, and RepublicanRoman Hruskawon the seat in November to finish the term ending in 1959.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Roman Hruska | 250,341 | 60.88 | |
| Democratic | James F. Green | 160,881 | 39.12 | |
| None | Scattering | 3 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 89,460 | 21.76 | ||
| Turnout | 411,225 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Nebraska (special, class 2)
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 County results Abel:50–60%60–70%70–80% Meier:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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Incumbent RepublicanDwight P. Griswolddied April 12, 1954, and RepublicanEva Bowringwas appointed April 16 to continue the term. In November, RepublicanHazel Abelwas elected to finish the term.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Hazel Abel | 233,589 | 57.76 | |
| Democratic | William H. Meier | 170,828 | 42.24 | |
| None | Scattering | 5 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 62,761 | 15.52 | ||
| Turnout | 404,422 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Nebraska (regular)
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 County results Curtis:50–60%60–70%70–80% Neville:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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Although elected to finish the class 2 term, Abel did not run for the next term, and RepublicanCarl Curtiswas elected in November to the next term.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Carl T. Curtis | 255,695 | 61.07 | |
| Democratic | Keith Neville | 162,990 | 38.93 | |
| None | Scattering | 6 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 92,705 | 22.14 | ||
| Turnout | 418,691 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
On December 31, 1954, Abel resigned and Curtis was appointed January 1, 1955, two days ahead of his elected term.
Nevada (special)
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 County results Bible:50–60%60–70%70–80% Brown:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Alan Bible | 45,043 | 58.11 | |
| Republican | Ernest S. Brown(Incumbent) | 32,470 | 41.89 | |
| Majority | 12,573 | 16.22 | ||
| Turnout | 77,513 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
New Hampshire
editNew Hampshire (regular)
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 County results Bridges:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Styles Bridges(Incumbent) | 117,150 | 60.22 | |
| Democratic | Gerard L. Morin | 77,386 | 39.78 | |
| Majority | 39,764 | 20.44 | ||
| Turnout | 194,536 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
New Hampshire (special)
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 County results Cotton:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% Betley:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Norris Cotton | 114,068 | 60.18 | |
| Democratic | Stanley J. Betley | 75,490 | 39.82 | |
| Majority | 38,578 | 20.36 | ||
| Turnout | 189,558 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
New Jersey
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 County Results Case:40–50%50-60%60-70% Howell:40–50%50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Clifford Case(Incumbent) | 861,528 | 48.66 | |
| Democratic | Charles R. Howell | 858,158 | 48.47 | |
| American Third | Henry Krajewski | 35,421 | 2.00 | |
| Write-In | Fred A. Hartley | 7,025 | 0.40 | |
| Socialist Labor | Albert Ronis | 4,832 | 0.27 | |
| Socialist Workers | George Breitman | 3,590 | 0.20 | |
| Majority | 3,370 | 0.19 | ||
| Turnout | 1,770,554 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
New Mexico
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 County results Anderson:50–60%60–70%70–80% Mechem 50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Clinton P. Anderson(Incumbent) | 111,351 | 57.10 | |
| Republican | Edwin L. Mechem | 83,671 | 42.90 | |
| Majority | 27,680 | 14.20 | ||
| Turnout | 195,022 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
North Carolina
editLike Nebraska, North Carolina, had three elections on the ballot. Both senators had died during the 83rd Congress, leading to appointments and special elections.
North Carolina (special, class 2)
editDemocratWillis Smithdied June 26, 1953, and DemocratAlton A. Lennonwas appointed July 10 to continue the term. In November, Lennon lost the nomination to DemocratW. Kerr Scottto finish the term.[8]Scott took office November 29, 1954.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | W. Kerr Scott | 420,268 | 100.00 | |
| Democratichold | ||||
North Carolina (regular)
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 County results Scott:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%90-100% West:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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DemocratW. Kerr Scottwas also elected to the next term, which would begin January 3, 1955.[10]
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | W. Kerr Scott | 408,312 | 65.90 | |
| Republican | Paul C. West | 211,322 | 34.10 | |
| Majority | 196,990 | 31.80 | ||
| Turnout | 619,634 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
North Carolina (special, class 3)
editDemocratClyde R. Hoeydied May 12, 1954, and DemocratSam Ervinwas appointed June 5 to continue the term. In November, Ervin was elected to finish the term.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Samuel J. Ervin Jr.(Incumbent) | 410,574 | 100.00 | |
| Democratichold | ||||
Ohio (special)
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 County results Bender:50–60%60–70%70–80% Burke:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | George H. Bender | 1,257,874 | 50.06 | |
| Democratic | Thomas A. Burke(Incumbent) | 1,254,904 | 49.94 | |
| Majority | 2,970 | 0.12 | ||
| Turnout | 2,512,778 | |||
| RepublicangainfromDemocratic | ||||
Oklahoma
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 County results Kerr:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90% Mock:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Robert S. Kerr(Incumbent) | 335,127 | 55.84 | |
| Republican | Fred M. Mock | 262,013 | 43.66 | |
| Independent | George V. Fried | 1,563 | 0.26 | |
| Independent | George H. Brasier | 1,417 | 0.24 | |
| Majority | 73,114 | 12.18 | ||
| Turnout | 600,120 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Oregon
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 County results Neuberger:50–60%60–70% Cordon:50-60%60-70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Richard L. Neuberger | 285,775 | 50.22 | |
| Republican | Guy Cordon(Incumbent) | 283,313 | 49.78 | |
| Majority | 2,462 | 0.44 | ||
| Turnout | 569,088 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
Rhode Island
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  Green:50–60%60–70% Sundlun:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Theodore Francis Green(Incumbent) | 193,654 | 59.29 | |
| Republican | Walter I. Sundlun | 132,970 | 40.71 | |
| Majority | 60,684 | 18.58 | ||
| Turnout | 326,624 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
South Carolina
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 Thurmond:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%
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In South Carolina, SenatorBurnet R. Maybankdid not face a primary challenge in the summer and was therefore renominated as theDemocratic Party'snominee for the election in the fall. However, his death on September 1 left the Democratic Party without a nominee and the executive committee decided to nominatestate SenatorEdgar A. Brownas their candidate for the election. Many South Carolinians were outraged by the party's decision to forgo a primary election and formerGovernorStrom Thurmondentered the race as awrite-in candidate.He easily won the election and became the first U.S. senator to be elected by a write-in vote (William Knowlandof California in 1946 was technically the first, but the ballots in that election were blank with no candidates listed, so essentially every candidate was running a write-in campaign).[13]
Sitting SenatorBurnet R. Maybankentered the 1954 contest without a challenge in the Democraticprimarynor in the general election. His unexpected death on September 1 caused panic and confusion within the hierarchy of thestate Democratic partybecause the state law required that a party's nominee be certified by September 3. Hours after Maybank's funeral, the state Democratic executive committee met in secret and chosestate SenatorEdgar A. BrownofBarnwell Countyas the party's nominee for the general election. Not only was Brown a part of the "Barnwell Ring",but he was also a member of the executive committee.
The state Democratic Party's decision to choose a candidate without holding a special primary election drew widespread criticism across the state. On September 3,The Greenville Newsran an editorial advocating that a primary election be called and several newspapers across the state followed suit. At least six county Democratic committees repudiated the action by the state committee and called for a primary election. Despite repeated calls for a primary, the state executive committee voted against holding a primary because they did not think that there was enough time before the general election to hold a primary election.
Immediately after the executive committee voted against holding a primary election, former GovernorStrom Thurmondand lumberman Marcus Stone announced their intention to run as Democraticwrite-in candidates.Thurmond and his supporters stated that the executive committee had several legal alternatives as opposed to the outright appointment of state Senator Brown. In addition, Thurmond promised that if he were elected he would resign in 1956 so that the voters could choose a candidate in the regular primary for the remaining four years of the term.
Thurmond received support from GovernorJames F. Byrnesand from those who backed hisPresidentialbid as aDixiecratin the1948 Presidential election.Thurmond framed the race as a "moral issue: democracy versus committee rule"[14]and his write-in campaign was repeatedly assisted by every newspaper in the state, except for those inAnderson.For instance,The News and Courierdevoted its front page on November 2 to show voters a sample ballot and it also provided detailed instructions on how to cast a write-in vote. Not only that, but the newspaper also printed an editorial on the front page giving precise reasons why voters should vote for Thurmond instead of Brown.
On the other hand, Brown was supported by the Democratic party regulars and he also gained the endorsement of SenatorOlin D. Johnston.Brown based his campaign entirely on the issue of party loyalty, stressing that Thurmond was aRepublicanally because he had voted forPresident Eisenhowerin 1952.
Marcus A. Stone, a lumberman inFlorenceandDillon,was a candidate in previous Democratic primaries for governor and senator. He did very little campaigning for the general election.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Write-in | Strom Thurmond(Write-In) | 143,444 | 63.13 | +63.13 | |
| Democratic | Edgar A. Brown | 83,525 | 36.76 | −59.64 | |
| Write-in | Marcus Stone (Write-In) | 240 | 0.11 | +0.11 | |
| No party | Write-Ins | 23 | 0.00 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 59,919 | 26.37 | −66.43 | ||
| Turnout | 227,232 | ||||
| Democratichold | |||||
South Dakota
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 County results Mundt:50–60%60–70%70–80% Holum:50–60% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Republican | Karl Mundt(Incumbent) | 135,071 | 57.30 | |
| Democratic | Kenneth Holum | 100,674 | 42.70 | |
| Majority | 34,397 | 14.60 | ||
| Turnout | 235,745 | |||
| Republicanhold | ||||
Tennessee
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 Kefauver:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%>90% Wall Jr:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Estes Kefauver(Incumbent) | 249,121 | 69.96 | |
| Republican | Thomas P. Wall Jr. | 106,971 | 30.04 | |
| None | Write-Ins | 2 | 0.00 | |
| Majority | 142,150 | 39.92 | ||
| Turnout | 356,094 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Texas
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 Johnson:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%>90% Watson:80–90% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Lyndon Johnson(Incumbent) | 538,417 | 84.59 | |
| Republican | Carlos Watson | 95,033 | 14.93 | |
| Constitution | Fred T. Spangler | 3,025 | 0.48 | |
| Majority | 443,384 | 69.66 | ||
| Turnout | 636,475 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Virginia
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 County and independent city results Robertson:50–60%60–70%70–80%80–90%>90% Lewis:40-50% | |||||||||||||||||||||
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In Virginia, Democratic incumbent SenatorA. Willis RobertsondefeatedIndependent DemocratCharles Lewis and Social Democrat Clarke Robb and was re-elected to a third term in office.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | A. Willis Robertson(Incumbent) | 244,844 | 79.88 | +14.14% | |
| Independent Democratic | Charles W. Lewis Jr. | 32,681 | 10.66 | +10.66% | |
| Social Democratic | Clarke T. Robb | 28,922 | 9.44 | +9.02% | |
| Write-ins | 63 | 0.02 | +0.02% | ||
| Majority | 212,163 | 69.22 | +34.18% | ||
| Turnout | 306,510 | ||||
| Democratichold | Swing | ||||
West Virginia
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 County results Neely:50–60%60–70%70–80% Sweeney:50–60%60–70%70–80% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Matthew M. Neely(Incumbent) | 325,263 | 54.82 | |
| Republican | Thomas Sweeney | 268,066 | 45.18 | |
| Majority | 57,197 | 9.64 | ||
| Turnout | 593,329 | |||
| Democratichold | ||||
Wyoming
edit
There were two elections the same day to the same seat, due to the June 19, 1954, death of DemocratLester C. Hunt.Both elections were won by Democratic former senatorJoseph C. O'Mahoney.
Wyoming (special)
editRepublicanEdward D. Crippawas appointed June 24, 1954, to continue the term, pending a November 2 special election.
| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joseph C. O'Mahoney | 57,163 | 51.56 | |
| Republican | William Henry Harrison III | 53,705 | 48.44 | |
| Majority | 3,458 | 3.12 | ||
| Turnout | 110,868 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
Wyoming (regular)
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 County results O'Mahoney:50–60%60–70%70–80% Harrison:50–60%60–70% | |||||||||||||||||
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| Party | Candidate | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Democratic | Joseph C. O'Mahoney | 57,845 | 51.53 | |
| Republican | William Henry Harrison III | 54,407 | 48.47 | |
| Majority | 3,438 | 3.06 | ||
| Turnout | 112,252 | |||
| DemocraticgainfromRepublican | ||||
O'Mahoney would serve out the remainder of Hunt's term followed by this one term and then retire after 1960.
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Maineheld its election in September
- ^IndependentWayne Morse,who sided with the Republicans in the last Congress to allow them to keep control of the Senate, began caucusing with the Democrats at the start of this next Congress on January 3, 1955.
- ^abAppointee elected
- ^abAppointee defeated
- ^Oregonwas the "tipping-point state".
References
edit- ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeafagahaiajakalamanaoapClerk of the U.S. House of Representatives(October 15, 1955)."Statistics of the Presidential and Congressional Election of November 2, 1954"(PDF).U.S. Government Printing Office.pp. 2, 4, 20–21, 28–29, 30–31, 43.
- ^ab"Our Campaigns - Container Detail Page".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^"SENATORS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1789-present, A chronological list of senators since the First Congress in 1789"(PDF).United States Senate. p. 63.RetrievedNovember 28,2020.
- ^Beal, Merrill (March 1959)."The 1954 Election in Idaho".The Western Political Quarterly.12(1): 309–312 – via JSTOR.
- ^Thelma Ingersollat ourcampaigns.com
- ^"Our Campaigns - MA US Senate Race - Nov 08, 1960".www.ourcampaigns.com.
- ^ab"Report of the Official Canvass of the Vote Cast at the Primary Election Held in the State of Montana, July 20, 1954"(PDF).Montana Secretary of State.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on December 28, 2013.RetrievedJuly 2,2014.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate - Special D Primary Race - May 29, 1954".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1954".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate - D Primary Race - May 29, 1954".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate Race - Nov 02, 1954".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2020.
- ^"Our Campaigns - NC US Senate - Special Election Race - Nov 02, 1954".www.ourcampaigns.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2020.
- ^Wilgoren, Debbi (November 3, 2010)."Murkowski appears to make history in Alaska".The Washington Post.RetrievedNovember 3,2010.
- ^Lander, Ernest:A History of South Carolina 1865-1960,page 183. University of South Carolina Press, 1970.
Sources
edit- "A New Test For S.C. Voters".The News and Courier.November 2, 1954. p. 1A.
- "Brown Faces Thurmond In Write-In Race".The News and Courier.November 2, 1954. p. 1A.
- Lander, Ernest McPherson Jr. (1970).A History of South Carolina, 1865-1960.University of South Carolina Press. pp.182–184.ISBN0-87249-169-2.
- "Supplemental Report of the Secretary of State to the General Assembly of South Carolina."Reports and Resolutions of South Carolina to the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina.Volume I. Columbia, SC: 1955, pp. 4–5.
- U.S. Senate Biography of Strom Thurmond