The 1988 annual meetings of theInternational Monetary Fund(IMF) andWorld Bankwere met with an international protest inWest Berlin.Whereas the organizations' earlier meetings were met with smaller, national protests, the 1988 meetings attracted protesters internationally against what was the largest assembly of theinternational monetary ordersince the 1944Bretton Woods Conference.Protesters demonstrated against the IMF's austerity policies towards developing nations. Representatives fromThird Worldcountries called fordebt cancellation,and others advocated for solutions toworld hungerand poverty. Due to the protest's high-profile venue, media outlets extensively covered the protests. Later IMF and World Bank meetings received smaller protests, but following the1999 Seattle WTO protests,all meetings of the IMF, World Bank,G7,andG8 summitswere met with significant protests.[1]
References
edit- ^Peet, Richard (2009).Unholy Trinity: The IMF, World Bank and WTO.Zed Books. pp. 110–111.ISBN978-1-84813-796-7.
Further reading
edit- Amnesty International (1989).West Berlin: The Anti-IMF/World Bank Protests of September 1988.London: Amnesty International.OCLC442728621.
- "Big Protest At I.M.F. Site".The New York Times.September 26, 1988.ISSN0362-4331.
- Gerhards, Jürgen; Rucht, Dieter (November 1, 1992). "Mesomobilization: Organizing and Framing in Two Protest Campaigns in West Germany".American Journal of Sociology.98(3): 555–596.doi:10.1086/230049.ISSN0002-9602.S2CID143105263.
- "Leftist Rampage in Berlin Has 53 Hurt, 134 Arrested".The Boston Globe.Associated Press.May 3, 1988. Archived fromthe originalon August 11, 2011 – viaHighBeam.
- Katsiaficas, George (2006).The Subversion of Politics: European Autonomous Social Movements and the Decolonization of Everyday Life.Oakland:AK Press.ISBN978-1-904859-53-6.OCLC176788789.
- Keegan, William (September 24, 2000)."In my view: Oil crisis? What oil crisis?".The Guardian.ISSN0261-3077.
The 1988 meetings in West Berlin were memorable for the first appearance of protesters: one recalls an orderly procession, followed rapidly by street cleaners picking up rubbish with Teutonic thoroughness.
- Olesen, Thomas (2010).Power and Transnational Activism.Routledge. p. 314.ISBN978-1-136-86499-5.
- Rich, Bruce (2013). "Greens Lay Siege to the Crystal Palace".Mortgaging the Earth.Island Press, Washington, DC. pp. 107–147.doi:10.5822/978-1-61091-515-1.ISBN978-1-59726-431-0.S2CID153626862.
External links
edit- History of the 1988 IMF and World Bank Conference resistance in West Berlin,written by Dissent Network against the2005 G8 Summit
