Two-stroke engine

"2-cycle" redirects here. For the mathematical concept, seeCyclic permutation.

Atwo-stroke(ortwo-stroke cycle)engineis a type ofinternal combustion enginethat completes apower cyclewith two strokes of thepiston(one up and one down movement) in one revolution of the crankshaft. (Afour-stroke enginerequires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle, in two crankshaft revolutions.) In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (orscavenging) functions occurring at the same time.

Animation of a two-stroke engine

Two-stroke engines often have a higherpower-to-weight ratiothan a four-stroke engine, since their power stroke occurs twice as often. Two-stroke engines can also have fewermoving parts,and thus be cheaper to manufacture and weigh less. In countries and regions with stringent emissions regulation, two-stroke engines have been phased out in automotive and motorcycle uses. In regions where regulations are less stringent, small displacement two-stroke engines remain popular inmopedsand motorcycles.They are also used in power tools such aschainsawsandleaf blowers.

History

The first commercial two-stroke engine involving cylinder compression is attributed toScottishengineerDugald Clerk,who patented his design in 1881.However, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. Thecrankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to EnglishmanJoseph Day.On 31 December 1879,GermaninventorKarl Benzproduced a two-stroke gas engine, for which he received a patent in 1880 in Germany. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to YorkshiremanAlfred Angas Scott,who started producingtwin-cylinderwater-cooledmotorcyclesin 1908.

Two-strokegasolineengines with electricalspark ignitionare particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such aschainsawsand motorcycles. However, when weight and size are not an issue, the cycle's potential for highthermodynamic efficiencymakes it ideal fordieselcompression ignitionengines operating in large, weight-insensitive applications, such asmarine propulsion,railway locomotives,andelectricity generation.In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases transfer less heat to the cooling system than a four-stroke, which means more energy to drive the piston, and if present, a turbocharger.

Emissions

Crankcase-compression two-stroke engines, such as common small gasoline-powered engines, are lubricated by apetroilmixture in atotal-loss system.Oil is mixed in with their petrol fuel beforehand, in a fuel-to-oil ratio of around 32:1. This oil then forms emissions, either by being burned in the engine or as droplets in the exhaust, historically resulting in more exhaust emissions, particularly hydrocarbons, than four-stroke engines of comparable power output. The combined opening time of the intake and exhaust ports in some two-stroke designs can also allow some amount of unburned fuel vapors to exit in the exhaust stream. The high combustion temperatures of small, air-cooled engines may also produceNO_xemissions.

Applications

1966Saab Sport

A two-stroke minibike

Lateral view of a two-stroke Forty seriesBritish Seagulloutboard engine,the serial number dates it to 1954/1955

Two-stroke gasoline engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, and highpower-to-weight ratioare design priorities. By mixing oil with fuel, they can operate in any orientation as theoil reservoirdoes not depend on gravity.

A number of mainstream automobile manufacturers have used two-stroke engines in the past, including the SwedishSaab,German manufacturersDKW,Auto-Union,VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau,VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach,andVEB Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenwerk,and Polish manufacturersFSOandFSM.The Japanese manufacturersSuzukiandSubarudid the same in the 1970s.Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, due to increasingly stringentregulation of air pollution.Eastern Bloccountries continued until around 1991, with theTrabantandWartburgin East Germany.

Two-stroke engines are still found in a variety of small propulsion applications, such asoutboard motors,small on- andoff-roadmotorcycles,mopeds,motor scooters,motorized bicycles,tuk-tuks,snowmobiles,go-karts,RC cars,ultralightandmodelairplanes. Particularly in developed countries, pollution regulations have meant that their use for many of these applications is being phased out.Honda,for instance, ceased selling two-stroke off-road motorcycles in the United States in 2007, after abandoning road-going models considerably earlier.

Due to their high power-to-weight ratio and ability to be used in any orientation, two-stroke engines are common in handheld outdoor power tools includingleaf blowers,chainsaws,andstring trimmers.

Two-strokediesel enginesare found mostly in large industrial and marine applications, as well as some trucks and heavy machinery.

Designs

Two-stroke motorbike with an expansion chamber exhaust system that increases the cylinder charge

Although the principles remain the same, the mechanical details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging thecylinder(exchanging burnt exhaust for fresh mixture) and the method of exhausting the cylinder.

Inlet port variations

Piston-controlled inlet port

Pistonport is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the piston covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up and down in the cylinder. In the 1970s,Yamahaworked out some basic principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the same amount as raising the port, but the power band does not narrow as it does when the port is raised. However, a mechanical limit exists to the width of a single exhaust port, at about 62% of the bore diameter for reasonable piston ring life. Beyond this, the piston rings bulge into the exhaust port and wear quickly. A maximum 70% of bore width is possible in racing engines, where rings are changed every few races. Intake duration is between 120 and 160°. Transfer port time is set at a minimum of 26°. The strong, low-pressure pulse of a racing two-stroke expansion chamber can drop the pressure to -7 psi when the piston is at bottom dead center, and the transfer ports nearly wide open. One of the reasons for high fuel consumption in two-strokes is that some of the incoming pressurized fuel-air mixture is forced across the top of the piston, where it has a cooling action, and straight out the exhaust pipe. Anexpansion chamberwith a strong reverse pulse stops this outgoing flow.

A fundamental difference from typical four-stroke engines is that the two-stroke'scrankcaseis sealed and forms part of the induction process in gasoline andhot-bulb engines.Diesel two-strokes often add aRoots bloweror piston pump forscavenging.

Reed inlet valve

Main article:Reed valve

ACoxBabe Bee 0.049 in³(0.80 cm³) reed valve engine, disassembled, uses glow-plug ignition. Its mass is 64 g.

The reed valve is a simple but highly effective form ofcheck valvecommonly fitted in the intake tract of the piston-controlled port. It allows asymmetric intake of the fuel charge, improving power and economy, while widening the power band. Such valves are widely used in motorcycle, ATV, and marine outboard engines.

Rotary inlet valve

The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member. A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted disk attached to thecrankshaft,which covers and uncovers an opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter during one portion of the cycle (called a disc valve).

Another form of rotary inlet valve used on two-stroke engines employs two cylindrical members with suitable cutouts arranged to rotate one within the other - the inlet pipe having passage to the crankcase only when the two cutouts coincide. The crankshaft itself may form one of the members, as in most glow-plug model engines. In another version, the crank disc is arranged to be a close-clearance fit in the crankcase, and is provided with a cutout that lines up with an inlet passage in the crankcase wall at the appropriate time, as inVespamotor scooters.

The advantage of arotary valveis that it enables the two-stroke engine's intake timing to be asymmetrical, which is not possible with piston-port type engines. The piston-port type engine's intake timing opens and closes before and after top dead center at the same crank angle, making it symmetrical, whereas the rotary valve allows the opening to begin and close earlier.

Rotary valve engines can be tailored to deliver power over a wider speed range or higher power over a narrower speed range than either a piston-port or reed-valve engine. Where a portion of the rotary valve is a portion of the crankcase itself, of particular importance, no wear should be allowed to take place.

Scavenging variations

Cross-flow scavenging

Deflector pistonwith cross-flow scavenging

In a cross-flow engine, the transfer and exhaust ports are on opposite sides of the cylinder, and adeflectoron the top of the piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the cylinder, pushing the residualexhaust gasdown the other side of the deflector and out the exhaust port.The deflector increases the piston's weight and exposed surface area, and the fact that it makes piston cooling and achieving an effective combustion chamber shape more difficult is why this design has been largely superseded by uniflow scavenging after the 1960s, especially for motorcycles, but for smaller or slower engines using direct injection, the deflector piston can still be an acceptable approach.

Loop scavenging

The two-stroke cycle

1. Top dead center (TDC)
2. Bottom dead center (BDC)

A: Intake/scavenging

B: Exhaust

C: Compression

D: Expansion (power)

Main article:Schnuerle porting

This method of scavenging uses carefully shaped and positioned transfer ports to direct the flow of fresh mixture toward the combustion chamber as it enters the cylinder. The fuel/air mixture strikes thecylinder head,then follows the curvature of the combustion chamber, and then is deflected downward.

This not only prevents the fuel/air mixture from traveling directly out the exhaust port, but also creates a swirling turbulence which improvescombustion efficiency,power, and economy. Usually, a piston deflector is not required, so this approach has a distinct advantage over the cross-flow scheme (above).

Often referred to as "Schnuerle" (or "Schnürle" ) loop scavenging after Adolf Schnürle, the German inventor of an early form in the mid-1920s, it became widely adopted in Germany country during the 1930s and spread further afield afterWorld War II.

Loop scavenging is the most common type of fuel/air mixture transfer used on modern two-stroke engines. Suzuki was one of the first manufacturers outside of Europe to adopt loop-scavenged, two-stroke engines. This operational feature was used in conjunction with the expansion chamber exhaust developed by German motorcycle manufacturer, MZ, and Walter Kaaden.

Loop scavenging, disc valves, and expansion chambers worked in a highly coordinated way to significantly increase the power output of two-stroke engines, particularly from the Japanese manufacturers Suzuki, Yamaha, and Kawasaki. Suzuki and Yamaha enjoyed success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing in the 1960s due in no small way to the increased power afforded by loop scavenging.

An additional benefit of loop scavenging was the piston could be made nearly flat or slightly domed, which allowed the piston to be appreciably lighter and stronger, and consequently to tolerate higher engine speeds. The "flat top" piston also has better thermal properties and is less prone to uneven heating, expansion, piston seizures, dimensional changes, and compression losses.

SAAB built 750- and 850-cc three-cylinder engines based on a DKW design that proved reasonably successful employing loop charging. The original SAAB 92 had a two-cylinder engine of comparatively low efficiency. At cruising speed, reflected-wave, exhaust-port blocking occurred at too low a frequency. Using the asymmetrical three-port exhaust manifold employed in the identical DKW engine improved fuel economy.

The 750-cc standard engine produced 36 to 42 hp, depending on the model year. The Monte Carlo Rally variant, 750-cc (with a filled crankshaft for higher base compression), generated 65 hp. An 850-cc version was available in the 1966 SAAB Sport (a standard trim model in comparison to the deluxe trim of the Monte Carlo). Base compression comprises a portion of the overall compression ratio of a two-stroke engine. Work published at SAE in 2012 points that loop scavenging is under every circumstance more efficient than cross-flow scavenging.

Uniflow scavenging

• 
  Two-stroke diesel uniflow engine animation
• 
  Uniflow scavenging flow schematic

The uniflow two-stroke cycle:

1. Top dead center (TDC)
2. Bottom dead center (BDC)

A: Intake (effective scavenging, 135°–225°; necessarily symmetric about BDC; Diesel injection is usually initiated at 4° before TDC)

B: Exhaust

C: Compression

D: Expansion (power)

In a uniflow engine, the mixture, or "charge air" in the case of a diesel, enters at one end of the cylinder controlled by the piston and the exhaust exits at the other end controlled by an exhaust valve or piston. The scavenging gas-flow is, therefore, in one direction only, hence the name uniflow.

The design using exhaust valve(s) is common in on-road, off-road, and stationary two-stroke engines (Detroit Diesel), certain small marine two-stroke engines (Gray Marine Motor Company,which adapted theDetroit Diesel Series 71formarine use), certain railroad two-strokediesel locomotives(Electro-Motive Diesel) and large marine two-stroke main propulsion engines (Wärtsilä). Ported types are represented by theopposed pistondesign in which two pistons are in each cylinder, working in opposite directions such as theJunkers Jumo 205andNapier Deltic.The once-popularsplit-singledesign falls into this class, being effectively a folded uniflow. With advanced-angle exhaust timing, uniflow engines can be supercharged with a crankshaft-driven blower, either piston or Roots-type.

Stepped piston engine

The piston of this engine is "top-hat" -shaped; the upper section forms the regular cylinder, and the lower section performs a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, with the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber.

The upper section of the piston still relies on total-loss lubrication, but the other engine parts are sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The mass of the piston is only about 20% more than a loop-scavenged engine's piston because skirt thicknesses can be less.

Power-valve systems

Main article:Two-stroke power valve system

Many modern two-stroke engines employ apower-valve system.The valves are normally in or around the exhaust ports. They work in one of two ways; either they alter the exhaust port by closing off the top part of the port, which alters port timing, such asRotaxR.A.V.E,YamahaYPVS,HondaRC-Valve,KawasakiK.I.P.S.,CagivaC.T.S., orSuzukiAETC systems, or by altering the volume of the exhaust, which changes the resonant frequency of theexpansion chamber,such as theSuzukiSAEC andHondaV-TACS system. The result is an engine with better low-speed power without sacrificing high-speed power. However, as power valves are in the hot gas flow, they need regular maintenance to perform well.

Direct injection

Main article:Gasoline direct injection § In two-stroke engines

Direct injection has considerable advantages in two-stroke engines. In carburetted two-strokes, a major problem is a portion of the fuel/air mixture going directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port, and direct injection effectively eliminates this problem. Two systems are in use: low-pressure air-assisted injection and high-pressure injection.

Since the fuel does not pass through the crankcase, a separate source of lubrication is needed.

See also:API-TC

Two-stroke reversibility

For the purpose of this discussion, it is convenient to think in motorcycle terms, where the exhaust pipe faces into the cooling air stream, and the crankshaft commonly spins in the same axis and direction as do the wheels i.e. "forward". Some of the considerations discussed here apply to four-stroke engines (which cannot reverse their direction of rotation without considerable modification), almost all of which spin forward, too. It is also useful to note that the "front" and "back" faces of the piston are - respectively - the exhaust port and intake port sides of it, and are not to do with the top or bottom of the piston.

Regular gasoline two-stroke engines can run backward for short periods and under light load with little problem, and this has been used to provide a reversing facility inmicrocars,such as theMesserschmitt KR200,that lacked reverse gearing. Where the vehicle has electric starting, the motor is turned off and restarted backward by turning the key in the opposite direction. Two-strokegolf cartshave used a similar system. Traditional flywheelmagnetos(using contact-breaker points, but no external coil) worked equally well in reverse because the cam controlling the points is symmetrical, breaking contact beforetop dead centerequally well whether running forward or backward. Reed-valve engines run backward just as well as piston-controlled porting, though rotary valve engines have asymmetrical inlet timing and do not run very well.

Serious disadvantages exist for running many engines backward under load for any length of time, and some of these reasons are general, applying equally to both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. This disadvantage is accepted in most cases where cost, weight, and size are major considerations. The problem comes about because in "forward" running, the major thrust face of the piston is on the back face of the cylinder, which in a two-stroke particularly, is the coolest and best-lubricated part. The forward face of the piston in atrunk engineis less well-suited to be the major thrust face, since it covers and uncovers the exhaust port in the cylinder, the hottest part of the engine, where piston lubrication is at its most marginal. The front face of the piston is also more vulnerable since the exhaust port, the largest in the engine, is in the front wall of the cylinder. Piston skirts and rings risk being extruded into this port, so having them pressing hardest on the opposite wall (where there are only the transfer ports in a crossflow engine) is always best and support is good. In some engines, thesmall endis offset to reduce thrust in the intended rotational direction and the forward face of the piston has been made thinner and lighter to compensate, but when running backward, this weaker forward face suffers increased mechanical stress it was not designed to resist.This can be avoided by the use ofcrossheadsand also usingthrust bearingsto isolate the engine from end loads.

Large two-stroke ship diesels are sometimes made to be reversible. Like four-stroke ship engines (some of which are also reversible), they use mechanically operated valves, so require additional camshaft mechanisms. These engines use crossheads to eliminate sidethrust on the piston and isolate the under-piston space from the crankcase.

On top of other considerations, the oil pump of a modern two-stroke may not work in reverse, in which case the engine suffers oil starvation within a short time. Running a motorcycle engine backward is relatively easy to initiate, and in rare cases, can be triggered by a back-fire.It is not advisable.

Model airplane engines with reed valves can be mounted in either tractor orpusherconfiguration without needing to change the propeller. These motors are compression ignition, so no ignition timing issues and little difference between running forward and running backward are seen.

See also

• Bourke engine
• Four-stroking
• Junkers Jumo 205
• Kadenacy effect
• Rolls-Royce Crecy
• Rotary engine
• Twingle engine
• Stroke (engine)
  • Two- and four-stroke engines
  • Four-stroke engine
  • Five-stroke engine(uncommon)
  • Six-stroke engine
• Wärtsilä-Sulzer RTA96-C
• Wankel engine

Further reading

• Frank Jardine (Alcoa): "Thermal Expansion in Automotive-Engine Design", SAE paper 300010
• G P Blair et al. (Univ of Belfast), R Fleck (Mercury Marine), "Predicting the Performance Characteristics of Two-Cycle Engines Fitted with Reed Induction Valves", SAE paper 790842
• G Bickle et al. (ICT Co), R Domesle et al. (Degussa AG): "Controlling Two-Stroke Engine Emissions", Automotive Engineering International (SAE) Feb 2000:27-32.
• BOSCH, "Automotive Manual", 2005, Section: Fluid's Mechanics, Table 'Discharge from High-Pressure Deposits'.

External links

• Media related toTwo-stroke enginesat Wikimedia Commons
• Two-Stroke EngineatHow Stuff Works
• Sherman, Don (December 17, 2009),"A Two-Stroke Revival, Without the Blue Haze",The New York Times.