Thesecond millenniumof theAnno DominiorCommon Erawas amillenniumspanning the years 1001 to 2000. It began on January 1, 1001 (MI) and ended on December 31, 2000 (MM), (11thto20thcenturies; in astronomy:JD2086667.5–2451909.5[1]).
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It encompassed theHighandLate Middle Agesof theOld World,theIslamic Golden Ageand the period ofRenaissance,followed by theearly modern period,characterized by theEuropean wars of religion,theAge of Enlightenment,theAge of Discoveryand thecolonial period.Its final two centuries coincide withmodern history,characterized byindustrialization,the rise ofnation states,the rapid development ofscience,widespreadeducation,and universalhealth careandvaccinationsin thedeveloped world.The20th centurysaw increasingglobalization,most notably the twoWorld Warsand the subsequent formation of theUnited Nations.20th-century technology includespowered flight,televisionandsemiconductor technology,includingintegrated circuits.The term "Great Divergence"was coined to refer the unprecedented cultural and political ascent of theWestern worldin the second half of the millennium, emerging by the 18th century as the most powerful and wealthyworld civilization,having eclipsedQing China,theIslamic worldandIndia.This allowed thecolonizationby European countries of much of the world during this millennium, including the Americas, Africa, Oceania, and South and Southeast Asia.
World populationgrew without precedent over the millennium, from about 310 million in 1000 to about 6 billion in 2000. Thepopulation growthrate increased dramatically during this time; world population approximately doubled to 600 million by 1700, and doubled more than three more times by 2000, ultimately reaching about 1.8% per year in the second half of the 20th century.
Political history
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Middle Ages
editEurope
edit- Western/Central Europe
- Kingdom of Scotland(843–1707): seeMedieval Scotland
- Kingdom of England(927–1707): seeMedieval England
- Holy Roman Empire(962–1806): seeMedieval Germany
- Kingdom of France(987–1789): seeMedieval France
- Kingdom of Hungary(1000–1526)
- Kingdom of Portugal(1139–1910)
- Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385):seeMedieval Poland
- Old Swiss Confederacy(fromc. 1300): seeMedieval Switzerland
- Medieval Italy
- Medieval Spain:see alsoReconquista
- Caliphate of Córdoba(929–1031)
- Crown of Aragon(1035–1479)
- Crown of Castile(1030–1479)
- Emirate of Granada(1230–1492)
- Medieval Scandinavia:see alsoViking Age
- Kingdom of Denmark(c. 936–1397)
- Kingdom of Sweden(c. 970–1397)
- Kingdom of Norway(c. 1015–1397)
- Kalmar Union(1397–1523)
- Eastern/Southeastern Europe
- Byzantine Empire(330–1453)
- Kievan Rus(880–1150)
- Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102),Croatia in union with Hungary(1102–1526)
- Kingdom of Bosnia(1154–1463)
- Second Bulgarian Empire(1185–1396)
- Kingdom of Serbia(1217–1346)
- Serbian Empire(1346–1371)
- Grand Duchy of Lithuania(c. 1236–1795)
- Golden Horde(1240s–1502), see also:Tatar yoke
- Grand Duchy of Moscow(1283–1547)
Near East
edit- see alsoCrusades,Mongol invasions
- Byzantine Empire(330–1453)
- Abbasid Caliphate(750–1517)
- Bagratid Armenia(880s–1045)
- Fatimid Caliphate(910–1171)
- Kingdom of Georgia(1008–1493)
- Seljuk Empire(1037–1194)
- Khwarazmian dynasty(1077–1231)
- Crusader states
- County of Edessa(1098–1144)
- Principality of Antioch(1098–1268)
- Kingdom of Jerusalem(1099–1291)
- County of Tripoli(1102–1289)
- Latin Empire(1204–1261)
- Ayyubids(1171–1260)
- Sultanate of Rum(1194–1308)
- Mamluk Sultanate(1250–1517)
- Ilkhanate(1256–1353)
- Ottoman Empire(1299–1924)
- Timurid Empire(1370–1507)
North Africa
edit- Almoravid dynasty(1040–1147)
- Almohad dynasty(1121–1269)
- Marinid dynasty(1244–1465)
- Hafsid dynasty(1229–1574)
- Kingdom of Tlemcen(1235–1554)
East Asia
edit- Goryeo(918–1392)
- Hoysala Empire(1026–1343)
- Jin dynasty(1115–1234)
- Joseon dynasty
- Khmer Empire(802–1431)
- Liao dynasty(907–1125)
- Mongol Empire(1206–1368)
- Ming dynasty(1368–1644)
- Pagan Kingdom(849–1287)
- Song dynasty(960–1279)
- Western Xia(1038–1227)
- Yuan (Mongol) dynasty(1271–1368)
India
edit- Eastern Chalukyas(7th to 12th centuries)
- Pala Empire(8th to 12th centuries)
- Chola Empire(9th century to 13th centuries)
- Western Chalukya Empire(10th to 12th centuries)
- Kalachuri dynasty(10th to 12th centuries)
- Eastern Ganga dynasty(11th to 15th centuries)
- Hoysala Empire(10th to 14th centuries)
- Kakatiya Kingdom(1083–1323)
- Sena dynasty(11th to 12th centuries)
- Delhi Sultanate(1206–1526)
- Bengal Sultanate(1352–1576)
- Ahom Kingdom(from 1228)
- Reddy Kingdom(1325–1448)
- Seuna (Yadava) dynasty(1190–1315)
- Vijayanagara Empire(1375–1591)
Sahel / Sudan and Sub-Saharan Africa
edit- Gao Empire,Sahel (c. 9thto 15th centuries)
- Benin Empire,West Africa (fromc. 1180)
- Sultanate of Ifat,Horn of Africa (1285–1415)
- Mali Empire,Sahel (c. 1230–1600)
- Songhai Empire,Sahel (c. 1464–1591)
- Ife Empire,West Africa (c. 1200–1420)
- Oyo Empire,West Africa (fromc. 1300)
- Kongo Empire,West Africa (fromc. 1390)
- Kingdom of Nri,West Africa (fromc. 1200?)
Pre-Columbian Americas
edit- Maya civilisation
- Toltec
- Mississippian culture
- Vinland
- Chimú
- Kingdom of Cuzco
- Aztec Empire
- Inca Empire
Early Modern period
editEurope
edit- Kingdom of Poland
- Holy Roman Empire(seeGerman Renaissance,early modern Germany)
- Kingdom of France,(seeearly modern France)
- Kingdom of England(before 1707)
- Kingdom of Scotland(before 1707)
- Kingdom of Great Britain(1707–1801)
- Habsburg Empire(1526–1867)
- Spanish Empire(1402–1975)
- Portuguese Empire(1415–2002)
- Dutch Empire(1543–1975)
- British Empire(1583–1997)
- French colonial empire(1605–1960)
Asia
edit- Ottoman Empire(1299–1922)
- Safavid Persia
- Zand dynasty(1750–1794)
- Qing Dynasty(1644–1912)
- Afsharid dynasty(1736–1796)
- Mughal Empire(1526–1858)
- Mysore empire(1399–1950)
Sub-Saharan Africa
editModern history
editEurope
edit- French First Empire
- British Empire(1583–1997)
- Russian Empire(1721–1917)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland(1801–1922)
- Austro-Hungarian Empire(1867–1918)
- Kingdom of Italy(1861–1946)
- French Second Empire(1852–1870)
- German Empire(1871–1918)
- French Third Republic(1870–1940)
- Nazi Germany(1933–1945)
- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland(since 1922)
- Soviet Union(1922–1991)
Asia
edit- Qing dynasty(1644–1912)
- Qajar dynasty(1794–1925)
- British Raj(1858–1947)
- Empire of Japan(1868–1947)
- Republic of China (1912–1949)
- People's Republic of China(from 1949)
- Partition of India(1947)
- Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire
- Russian conquest of Central Asia
- First Philippine Republic(1898–1901)
Americas
edit- United States of America(from 1776)
- Mexican Empire(1821–1823)
- Empire of Brazil(1822–1889)
- Federal Republic of Central America(1823–1841)
- Gran Colombia(1819–1831)
- Canadian Confederation(1867)
Africa
edit- European exploration of Africa
- Scramble for Africa
- French West Africa
- French Equatorial Africa
- French Algeria
- German East Africa
- Italian Libya
- Portuguese Angola
- Portuguese Mozambique
- Spanish Sahara
- Spanish protectorate in Morocco
- Belgian Congo
- Decolonisation
- List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa
Cultural and technological history
editCalendar
editTheJulian calendarwas used in Europe at the beginning of the millennium, and all countries that once used the Julian calendar had adopted theGregorian calendarby the end of it. For this reason, the end date of the 2nd millennium is usually calculated based on the Gregorian calendar, while the beginning date is based on the Julian calendar (or occasionally theproleptic Gregorian calendar).
In the late 1990s, there was a dispute as to whether the millennium should be taken to end on December 31, 1999, or December 31, 2000. Stephen Jay Gouldat the time argued there is no objective way of deciding this question.[4] Associated Pressreported that the third millennium began on 1 January 2001, but also reported that celebrations in the US were generally more subdued at the beginning of 2001, compared to the beginning of 2000.[5] Many public celebrations for the end of the second millennium were held on December 31, 1999 – January 1, 2000[6]—with a few people marking the end of the millennium a year later.
Centuries and decades
editReferences
edit- ^"Julian Day Number from Date Calculator".High accuracy calculation for life or science.
- ^abcdefKeeley, Larry (2007-02-16)."The Greatest Innovations of All Time".BusinessWeek.The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Archived fromthe originalon 7 December 2008.Retrieved2008-11-12.
- ^abcdefghij"The Big 100: the Science Channels 100 Greatest Discoveries".Discovery Communications, LLC. 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 31 October 2008.Retrieved2008-11-12.
- ^Stephen Jay Gould,Questioning the Millennium: A Rationalist's Guide to a Precisely Arbitrary Countdown(New York: Harmony Books, 1999), ch 2.
- ^Associated Press,"Y2K It Wasn't, but It Was a Party",Los Angeles Times,January 1, 2001.
- ^"Millennium FAQs – Frequently Asked Questions".When does the Millennium start?.Greenwich2000.ltd.uk. 2008-08-12.Archivedfrom the original on 12 January 2009.Retrieved2009-01-29.