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6th (UK) Division

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The6th (United Kingdom) Divisionwas adivisionof theBritish Army,which had been raised and disbanded numerous times as needed over the last 200 years. It was first established byLieutenant-GeneralArthur Wellesleyin 1810, for service in thePeninsular War(part of the Coalition Wars of theNapoleonic Wars) as part of theAnglo-Portuguese Army.Over the following four years, the division took part in numerous battles and sieges. Notably, on 22 July 1812, the division was heavily engaged during theBattle of Salamancaand suffered the most casualties of any allied formation in that battle. Followingthe invasion of France,the formation played a prominent role in the 1814Battle of Toulousewhere it assaulted and seized numerous Frenchredoubtsprotecting the city. While successful, the formation suffered heavy losses from the fighting. This battle marked the end of the Peninsular War and the War of the Sixth Coalition, and the division was broken-up. It was reformed and active for most of the following year, during theWar of the Seventh Coalition;held in reserve at the beginning of theBattle of Waterloo,it was committed in the evening to bolster the centre-left of the British line and suffered heavy casualties in the process.

6th Division
6th Infantry Division
6th (United Kingdom) Division
A white circle on black ground
The most recent iteration of thedivisional insignia
Active1810–1815
1899–1900
1904–1922
1939–1941
2008–2011
2019–2023
CountryUnited Kingdom
BranchBritish Army
Part ofField Army
Garrison/HQTrenchard Lines,Upavon
Engagements
WebsiteOfficial website
Commanders
Current
commander		Major GeneralDaniel Reeve
Insignia
c. Second World War
c. First World War

The division also took part in the Second Boer War and the First World War. It was active in the early stages of the Second World War, with its component brigades engaged in various parts of theMediterranean and Middle East theatre.In thetwenty-first century,the division was reformed on 1 February 2008, forOperation Herrickservice in theWar in Afghanistan.It was disbanded following deployment to Afghanistan as a combined joint task force, in 2011. The division was again reformed, by the renaming ofForce Troops Command,in August 2019.

It was disbanded again in 2024, with its units moved toField Army Troops.

Napoleonic Wars

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Main article:Napoleonic Wars

Initial service in the Peninsular War

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Main article:Peninsular War

Following theBattle of Bussaco,on 27 September 1810 during the Peninsular War,Arthur Wellesley(later, the duke of Wellington) ordered theAnglo-Portuguese Armyto retreat towards the Portuguese capital of Lisbon and the nearby prepared fortifications, theLines of Torres Vedras.There, they were met by reinforcements that had arrived from other theaters of the Napoleonic Wars (which the Peninsular War formed part of). These troops were used to bring the5th Divisionup to strength, and then, on 6 October 1810, Wellesley ordered the formation of the 6th Division with the remainder. Under the command ofMajor-GeneralAlexander Campbell,the division comprised one brigade of British infantry and one brigade of Portuguese troops that included theLoyal Lusitanian Legion.Minus the Portuguese, the division was 1,948 strong. After serving in the Lines of Torres Vedras, the division took up winter quarters atAlenquer.[1][2]

During March 1811, the French started to withdraw from Portugal and were followed by the majority of theAnglo-Portuguese Army.After theBattle of Redinha,the division (alongside the 3rd and the Light Divisions) was used as the spearhead of the pursuit after the French. The presence of these three divisions, at the end of the month, intimidated the French into a further withdrawal fromGuarda.It then moved to join theBlockade of Almeidaand was present at the connectedBattle of Fuentes de Oñoro.Now 5,250 strong, it was posted on the flank of the main British force with a deep ravine to its front that hindered any prospect of a French assault. While some ineffective skirmishing took place, the division suffered the loss of just four Portuguese troops. It remained in the vicinity of Almeida until its capture. By September, having moved into Spain, the Anglo-Portuguese Army fought theBattle of El Bodónon 25 September. The same day, to the north of that battleground, the 6th Division engaged in a skirmish with French forces and inflicted 11 dead and captured 37 more, for the loss of 12 of their own. Later in the month, the formation was withdrawn toBeira,Portugal, for winter.[3]

In January 1812, the division (alongside the rest of the army) left winter quarters and marched through heavy snow back into Spain. The division acted as a covering force for the initial part of the campaign, while other parts of the army undertook engagements such as theSiege of Ciudad Rodrigo.In June, the division escorted Wellington as he enteredSalamanca.This was followed by an active role in theSiege of the Salamanca fortsand criticism of their engineering work, due to a lack of experience in digging siege works. During the siege, the division launched an unsuccessful attack on one fort and lost 126 men, including onebrigadier.Following the successful end to the siege, the Anglo-Portuguese Army prepared for an engagement with the main French force in the theater that eventually occurred at theBattle of Salamancaon 22 July. The division formed part of the army's second line behind the 4th Division. When the latter came under heavy attack, the 6th Division moved forward to assist. They fended off French cavalry attacks, halted the main infantry assault, and forced the French to withdraw. The formation advanced after the French but ran into reformed troops, and then engaged in a ferocious prolonged duel until dark descended. The division's final assault was led by the Portuguese brigade, which was unsuccessful and lost 487 men in 15-minutes (including the wounded brigade commander). However, the overall pressure and supporting attacks by other elements of the Anglo-Portuguese Army resulted in a French retreat. The British losses within the division amounted to 1,193, with the formation's overall losses being the highest of any of the Anglo-Portuguese in the battle. While the army then marched towards Madrid, the Spanish capital, the division moved toCuéllarto be in a position to intercept any French forces that might have moved to interfere. The division was chosen for this task due to its losses, and to also allow for recently arrived sick troops to be assigned to a formation in a secondary area so that they could acclimatize to Spain and not hinder combat operations.[4]The Anglo-Portuguese Army left Madrid in August and linked up with the 6th Division on 3 September. Over the course of the month, the division unsuccessfully attempted to outflank French forces to bring them to battle, before joining theSiege of Burgos.A failed assault soon followed, and the division was allocated a larger role in October although this attack did not materialize. On 21 October, the siege was abandoned, and the army withdrew. By the end of the year, the division was back in winter quarters in Portugal.[5]

Invasion of France

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During 1813, the division was used to guard the army'slines of communicationand was based aroundMedina de Pomarfor a time. In June, the formation arrived in the vicinity ofVitoria(but did not take partin the battle) and then took part in thesieges of Pamplonaandthe siege of San Sebastián(retreating towards Pamplona following the unsuccessful siege of the latter). This was followed by theBattle of Sorauren(part of the largerBattle of the Pyrenees) in July, where it suffered 820 casualties over the two days it was engaged in combat.[6]The division then moved toNavarre,where it and several other formations aimed to deter a French attack while the main body undertook the second siege ofSan Sebastián.It then took part in the OctoberBattle of the Bidassoaand skirmished with French troops. Success here resulted in the invasion of France and the division spearheaded the advance towards the bridge at Amotz during theBattle of Nivelle.The division forded theNivelle,then climbed a steep hill to assault the entrenched French positions that protected the bridge. By the time they had made the climb, the3rd Divisionhad already forced their way across the bridge and the presence of the two formations prompted the French to retreat without much further fighting. During the battle, the division suffered 272 casualties, largely from exposure to artillery fire. The following month, theNivewas crossed atUstaritz,during theBattle of the Nive.While the main body of the army moved forward to fight the Battle of St. Pierre on 13 December, the division was initially ordered to remain at Ustaritz. After a long march to catch up, it arrived in the rear of the British positions towards the end of the battle and played a minor role in the final stages of the fighting and suffered a mere 33 casualties. This marked the end of fighting for the year.[7]

In February 1814, the army broke winter quarters and the division moved towardsHasparrento be in a position to interdict any French attempts to lift thesiege of Bayonne.It then moved toOrthez,and took part in theBattle of Orthezwhere it suffered 89 losses. On 20 March, nearTarbes,the division outflanked French troops who were engaged by other British forces. However, Wellington ordered an end to the battle before the division could launch an assault. It then marched onToulouse,skirmished with French forces at various locations en route, and then took part in the AprilBattle of Toulouseand stormed severalredoubtsat Mont Rave. While successful, the division suffered 1,515 casualties. This was roughly one third of the formation's strength, which included one battalion that suffered over 50 per cent losses. Meanwhile,Napoleon,Emperor of the French,had abdicated following thecapture of Parison 31 March, which ended theWar of the Sixth Coalition.With the war over, the formation was broken up along with the remainder of the army's divisions. The troops marched toBordeaux,from where they either returned to the UK or were transported to North America to take part in the ongoingWar of 1812.[8]

Waterloo campaign

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At the end of the War of the Sixth Coalition, British andHanoveriantroops moved into theSouthern Netherlands—previouslyAustrian Netherlands—as part of an Anglo-Dutcheffort to secure the territory while awaiting a political outcome to the war at theCongress of Vienna.On 11 April 1815, after the outbreak of theWar of the Seventh Coalitionupon Napoleon's return to power and the arrival of allied reinforcements, the force in the Southern Netherlands was reorganised into divisions of the Anglo-Allied Army. The 6th Division was reformed, under the command of Lieutenant-GeneralGalbraith Lowry Cole,and consisted of the BritishTenth Brigadeand the Hanoverian Fourth Brigade.[9]The latter, while remaining an official part of the division, was attached to the 5th Division and dispatched to take part in theBattle of Quatre Brasand stayed with them during the fighting at Waterloo.[10][11]The Tenth Brigade remained at Brussels during the initial part of theWaterloo campaignand Cole went on his honeymoon. Around 16/17 June, Major-GeneralJohn Lambert,commanding the Tenth Brigade and the temporary divisional commander, was ordered to move his formation up to Waterloo. While the brigade consisted of four battalions, the81st Regiment of Foot (Loyal Lincoln Volunteers)was left behind as a reserve.[12][13][14]

The brigade arrived just prior to the battle commencing and became the final reserve of the Anglo-Allied Army. It was initially based behind the Mont-Saint-Jean farm, which was located behind the centre of the army's line, but moved progressively forward as reserves were committed into the battle. During the evening, the French succeeded in capturing La Haye Sainte, an occupied farm complex to the front of the Anglo-Allied centre-left, and then immediately pushed forward skirmishers to attack the British frontline. Under increasing pressure, as Frenchline infantryarrived, additional British reserves were committed including two of the Tenth Brigade's battalions who quickly became heavily engaged. Fearing the French could collapse this part of the line, the brigade's final battalion, the 1st Battalion,27th (Inniskilling) Regiment of Foot,was ordered forward. They took up a position on theWavre–Charleroicrossroad, which bisected the Anglo-Allied Army's position, andformed squarewith the intent that they could engage a French breakthrough on either of their flanks while also supporting the frontline. The 27th came under such heavy fire that they suffered 50 per cent losses within a few minutes, and by the end of the battle had suffered 68 per cent casualties (478 men). Both sides remained heavily engaged, while a key moment of the battle unfolded on the centre-right of the line: the FrenchImperial Guardassaulted and were repulsed. As the Guard fell back, panic spread among the French infantry, facing the Anglo-Allied centre-left who joined the retreat with the battle ending soon after.[15][16]The Tenth Brigade's three battalions had a strength of 2,198 at the start of the battle, and suffered 834 casualties including 170 killed over the course of the day.[17]

Following Waterloo, the entire army marched into France and arrived on the outskirts of Paris on 1 July. The war ended a short while later, following the French capitulation.[18]Cole rejoined the division on 7 July.[13]On 30 November, following the signing of theTreaty of Paris,the British force in France was reorganised into the Army of Occupation that consisted of four divisions and did not count the 6th among them.[19]

Second Boer War

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Main article:Second Boer War

The Second Boer War broke out on 11 October 1899, after tensions arose between the British Empire, theSouth African Republic,and theOrange Free State.[20]In response, the British Government mobilised the three-division strongNatal Field Forcein the UK and then dispatched it to reinforce the British military presence in southern Africa.[21][22]By November, it had been decided that additional troops were needed. The order to form a new 6th Division was given on 2 December 1899, although actual mobilisation did not start until two days later and was completed by the 11th. On formation, the division consisted of the12thand the13th Brigades,and had a strength of 8,811 men, 1,287 horses, and 26 artillery pieces. The first elements embarked ships on 16 December and started to arrive atPort Elizabethon 12 January 1900, while the final dispatch (the division's medical unit) did not leave the UK until 5 January and arrived in Africa on the final day of the month. The division (minus the 12th Brigade, which had been reassigned to other duties after landing) assembled atTeebusduring late January, to guard the lines of communication. By 8 February (and having been reinforced with the newly formed18th Brigade), the division had moved to the "Modder River Camp" (also known as the "Modder Position" ), south ofMagersfonteinand the conflux of theRietandModder Rivers,to join the effort tolift the siegeofKimberley.[23][24]

In mid-February, the 6th Division supported theCavalry Divisionduring its advance on Kimberley, by occupying captured terrain and keeping the supply lines secure. This included some small-scale clashes with Boer forces. Between 14–15 February, the division's infantry covered 23 mi (37 km) in 24-hours to cross the Modder River at Klip Drift in support of the general advance (in total, the division had covered around 56 mi (90 km) in five days). This move threatened a large body of Boers who were positioned near Magersfontein, which faced the Modder Position and was now outflanked, and facilitated the Cavalry Division's seizure of Kimberley on 15 February. That evening, the Boers (under the command ofPiet Cronjé) abandoned Magersfontein and marched east across the frontline and skirted around the 6th Division's positions and linked up with other Boer troops.[25][26]Louis Creswicke, who wrote about the conflict, described the scene: "One may imagine the midnight picture. The dark immensity of veldt—the dust-driven, sweltering veldt—and Cronje, miles ahead with his horde, the remnant of his convoy, his women and children, fleeing along the north bank of the Modder, harassed by the Sixth Division...".[27]While the majority of the 18th Brigade was left to guard the ford across the Modder, one battalion was dispatched towards Magersfontein to determine if any Boers remained and to capture leftover supplies. The remainder of the division chased the Boer force and skirmished with their retreating rearguard over the course of the 16th and suffered 101 casualties in the process.[25]The pursuit continued the following day, which included an isolated supply convoy from the 13th Brigade being overrun. As additional infantry divisions and the cavalry division joined the pursuit, the Boers ultimately entrenching themselves in a position on the Modder River and theBattle of Paardebergfollowed.[26][28]

By the middle of the year, conventional warfare had ended and the Boers adoptedguerrilla warfaretactics.[29]Resultingly, the field divisions were broken up by the end of the year, and the troops were dispersed to garrison towns or to create more mobile forces to counter the new Boer tactics.[30]

First World War

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The 6th Division was a Regular Armydivisionthat was sent to France on 9 September 1914. It served on theWestern Frontfor the duration of theFirst World War,first seeing action in theFirst Battle of Ypresas part ofIII Corps.[31]

In 1915 the division moved into theYpres Salientto relieve troops that had fought in theSecond Battle of Ypres.The Salient was relatively quiet for the rest of the year, except for an attack on the chateau atHoogeon 9 August.[32]

At the end of July 1916 the division was withdrawn, having suffered 11,000 casualties, and in September it was attached toXIV Corpswhere it joined in theBattle of the Sommeby attacking the German fortification known as the Quadrilateral. It captured this area on 18 September. They then participated in the attacks onMorvalandLe Transloybefore being withdrawn on 20 October and moved into Corps Reserve. Total casualties on the Somme were 277 officers and 6,640 other ranks. In November the division moved to the relatively quietLa Basséesector, and in March 1917 it went to theLoossector where it conducted operations and trench raids around Hill 70.[33]

Men of the 11th (Service) Battalion,Leicestershire Regiment,the divisionalpioneers,with German prisoners in Ribecourt, France, less than two hours after the village was captured, 20 November 1917.

It was withdrawn on 25 July, shortly before thefinal assault on the hill.From reserve, it then went to take part in theBattle of Cambraias part ofIII Corps.Four days after the battle ended, the division was withdrawn to rest atBasseux.By February 1918 the division was manning theLagnicourtSector and was there on 22 March when the Germans launched theirSpring Offensivewhich drove the division back and caused 3,900 casualties out of its 5,000 infantry. On 25 March the division was withdrawn to the Ypres Salient again as part of theSecond Army.[34]

By September the division was part ofIX Corpsand took part in theBattle of Épehy,participating in the general attack onSt Quentinand The Quadrilateral (not the same as the position of the same name attacked at the Somme (see above)) that began on 18 September and ended with the Quadrilateral's capture on the 25th.[35]

The division's last two major assaults of the war were in October. On the 8th they capturedBohainand on the 18th they took the high ground overlooking theSambre–Oise Canalthat prepared the way for theBattle of the Sambre.[35]

Second World War

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During the Second World War the division did not fight as a complete formation. On 3 November 1939 it was formed inEgyptby the redesignation of theBritish 7th Infantry Division,under the command of Major-GeneralR.N.O'Connor.On 17 June 1940 Divisional H.Q. became H.Q.Western Desert Force.[36]The Division effectively ceased to exist. The Division reformed inEgypton 17 February 1941, under the command ofMajor-GeneralJohn Evetts.From 7 to 19 April it was temporarily under command of Brigadier C.E.N. Lomax.[37]

On 18 June, when command of theallied forcesfighting in theSyria-Lebanon Campaignon the southern front were reorganised, the divisional HQ was placed underAustralian I Corpsto command the remnants ofGentforce(5th Indian Infantry Brigadeand1st Free French Light Division). Two days later the division was joined from Egypt by16th Infantry Brigadeand on 29 June by23rd Infantry Brigade.Gentforceforce capturedDamascuson 21 June. For the rest of the campaign, which ended with theVichy Frenchsurrender on 11 July, the division was engaged with the support of Australian units[38]in attempts to force the Damascus to Beirut road through theAnti-Lebanon Mountainsthe entrance to which was dominated by the 5,000 feet (1,500 m) high Jebel Mazar. Despite intense efforts Vichy forces maintained control of the position and the main allied effort was switched to the advance on the coast.[39]

On 29 September 1941 Major-General Evetts left and Brigadier G.N.C. Martin took acting command. Eleven days later on 10 October that year it was redesignated the70th Infantry Division,and Major-GeneralRonald Scobieassumed command.[37]

Operation Herrick

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On 26 July 2007 the Secretary of State for Defence announced that a new 'HQ 6 Division' would reform to direct theInternational Security Assistance Force's Regional Command South in Afghanistan.[40]Des Brownesaid 'In order to meet these temporary demands we have decided to augment the forces' command structure, and will temporarily establish an additional 2-Star deployable HQ. It will be based in York and will be known as HQ 6 Division, with a core of 55 Service personnel, drawn from existing structures. We will keep our planning assumption under review but currently we assess this HQ will be established until 2011.'[41]Major GeneralJacko PageOBE took command of the new HQ with effect from 1 February 2008.[42]

Headquarters 6th (United Kingdom) Division marked its formation with a parade and flag presentation in York on 5 August 2008.[43]It focused on preparing brigades for Afghanistan and was based atImphal Barracks,Fulford,York.During summer 2009, the divisional headquarters was significantly reinforced and transformed into Combined Joint Task Force 6 before deploying to Afghanistan asRegional Command Southin November 2009.[44] The division headquarters closed in April 2011.[45]

Afghanistan War Formation

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(November 2009)

Regional Command South[46]–Kandahar Airfield

Task Force Helmand–British 11th Light Brigade

Task Force Kandahar–Canadian 1st Mechanized Brigade Group

Task Force Leatherneck–US 2nd Marine Expeditionary Brigade

Task Force Uruzgan–Dutch 11th Airmobile Brigade

Task Force Zabul–Romanian 2nd Mountain Brigade

Task Force Stryker -US 5th Brigade Combat Team,2nd Infantry Division[47]

Reformation (2019)

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Force Troops Commandwas renamed as 6th (United Kingdom) Division on 1 August 2019, and formed up then consisting of1st Signal Brigade,11th Signal Brigade,1st Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Brigade,77th Brigadeand theSpecialised Infantry Group,under theField Army.[48][49]In August 2021, the Specialised Infantry Group was redesignated as theArmy Special Operations Brigade.[50][51]

Structure at disbandment

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Headquarters, 6th (United Kingdom) Division,atTrenchard Lines,Upavon Station,Wiltshire

Army Special Operations Brigade

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77th Brigade

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Disbandment

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By November 2024, the division was no longer active, having been disbanded and the Army Special Operations Brigade and 77 Brigade moved to Field Army Troops.[52]

See also

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Notes

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Footnotes

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Citations

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  1. ^Reid 2004,p. 61.
  2. ^Oman 1908,pp. 385–386, 394–395, 430, 466, 478, 555.
  3. ^Oman 1911,pp. 86–88, 134, 144, 167, 185, 200, 312, 340, 351, 563–564, 584, 619.
  4. ^Oman 1914,pp. 163–164, 229, 360, 363, 371, 382, 418, 433, 458–466, 471, 501–502, 581, 597.
  5. ^Oman 1922,pp. 5, 17, 26, 29–30, 43–47, 67, 182.
  6. ^Oman 1922,pp. 370–371, 455, 464, 529, 603, 645, 648, 668–679, 686–696, 739, 770–771.
  7. ^Oman 1930,pp. 7, 44 53, 120, 134, 170–176, 196–200, 225–229, 262–263, 272–277, 285.
  8. ^Oman 1930,pp. 319, 321, 328, 331, 342–343, 347, 357–364, 370, 444–447, 455, 475, 486–495, 496, 513, 553–554, 559.
  9. ^Glover 2015,pp. 11–22, 31;Weller 2010,p. 34;Siborne 1900,p. 786.
  10. ^Siborne 1900,pp. 167–168.
  11. ^Glover 2014,p. 103.
  12. ^Siborne 1900,p. 122.
  13. ^abMcGuigan & Burnham 2017,pp. 161, 164.
  14. ^Glover 2014,pp. 106, 108.
  15. ^Siborne 1900,pp. 473, 488, 510–514, 535–537.
  16. ^Glover 2014,pp. 106, 154, 163–164.
  17. ^Haythornthwaite 2007,p. 217.
  18. ^Siborne 1900,pp. 659, 679, 688, 695, 703, 713, 716, 732, 741, 747, 754.
  19. ^Ross-of-Bladensburg 1896,pp. 48–50.
  20. ^Raugh 2004,p. 51.
  21. ^Dunlop 1938,p. 72.
  22. ^Creswicke 1900a,Chart of Staff Appointments Made at the Commencement of the War.
  23. ^Maurice 1906,pp. 8–9, 434–435, 444, 480.
  24. ^Creswicke 1900a,p. 132.
  25. ^abMaurice 1907,pp. 21–38, 73, 80–87.
  26. ^abCreswicke 1900b,p. 41.
  27. ^Creswicke 1900b,p. 50.
  28. ^Maurice 1907,pp. 103–105.
  29. ^Pakenham 1992,p. 408.
  30. ^Creswicke 1901,pp. 98, 138.
  31. ^"6th Division".The Long, Long Trail.Retrieved20 May2020.
  32. ^Marden, Thomas Owen (2006)."A Short History of the 6th Division, Chapter V".Hugh Rees.
  33. ^Marden, Thomas Owen (2006)."A Short History of the 6th Division, Chapter VII".Hugh Rees.
  34. ^Marden, Thomas Owen (2006)."A Short History of the 6th Division, Chapter X".Hugh Rees.
  35. ^abMarden, Thomas Owen (2006)."A Short History of the 6th Division, Chapter XI".Hugh Rees.
  36. ^Playfair, Vol. I, page 97.
  37. ^ab"6th Infantry Division".Unit Histories.Retrieved20 May2020.
  38. ^Long 1953,p. 535.
  39. ^Cave, Terry (2012).The Battle Honours of the Second World War 1939-1945 and Korea 1950-1953 (British and Colonial Regiments).Andrews UK. p. 55.ISBN978-1-84342-694-3.
  40. ^Press release from MoD quoting BrowneArchived18 February 2012 at theWayback Machine
  41. ^"DEFENCE".Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).House of Commons. 26 July 2007. col. 95.Retrieved12 November2019.
  42. ^"Army Commands"(PDF).26 July 2016. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 4 March 2016.
  43. ^"mod.uk".Archived fromthe originalon 31 March 2012.
  44. ^6th Division at Ministry of Defence websiteArchived15 October 2012 at theWayback Machine
  45. ^Military headquarters dissolved at Imphal BarracksYork Press, 4 April 2011
  46. ^Institute for the Study of WarArchived2 February 2012 at theLibrary of CongressWeb Archives November 2009 Page
  47. ^Tunnel, Colonel Harry."Task Force Stryker Network-Centric Operations in Afghanistan"(PDF).Archived(PDF)from the original on 27 February 2021.
  48. ^"Army restructures to confront evolving threats".Ministry of Defence.London. 31 July 2019.Retrieved1 August2019.
  49. ^"Army sixth division focuses on cyber, electronic warfare, intelligence, information operations".The Cyber Security Source.Twickenham. 31 July 2019.Retrieved1 August2019.
  50. ^"First glimpse of 'Future Soldier'".Soldier Magazine. 1 August 2021. p. 14.
  51. ^"New British Army brigade: reshaping UK special operations for the better?".IISS.Retrieved4 September2021.
  52. ^"Formations, Divisions & Brigades | The British Army".10 November 2024.

References

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Further reading

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