A Bridge Too Faris a 1977epicwar filmdirected byRichard Attenborough.It depictsOperation Market Garden,a failed Allied operation in the Nazi-occupiedNetherlandsduringWorld War II;the film'sscreenplay,byWilliam Goldman,is based on abook of the same titleby historianCornelius Ryan.[5]It stars anensemble cast,featuringDirk Bogarde,James Caan,Michael Caine,Sean Connery,Edward Fox,Elliott Gould,Gene Hackman,Anthony Hopkins,Hardy Krüger,Laurence Olivier,Ryan O'Neal,Robert Redford,Maximilian SchellandLiv Ullmann.
| A Bridge Too Far | |
|---|---|
 Original film poster | |
| Directed by | Richard Attenborough |
| Screenplay by | William Goldman |
| Based on | A Bridge Too Far byCornelius Ryan |
| Produced by |
|
| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth |
| Edited by | Antony Gibbs |
| Music by | John Addison |
Production company | Joseph E. Levine Productions |
| Distributed by | United Artists |
Release date |
|
Running time | 176 minutes |
| Countries | |
| Languages |
|
| Budget | $25 million[3] |
| Box office | $50.7 million[4] |
Independently produced by Richard andJoseph E. Levine,it was the second film based on a book by Ryan to be adapted for the screen (afterThe Longest Day) (1962).[6]It was the second film based on the events of Operation Market Garden, followingTheirs Is the Glory(1946).[7]A co-production between the United Kingdom and the United States,[8]the film was shot on location in theNetherlands,in many of the real locations where the historical events took place.
Although released to a tepid critical response,A Bridge Too Farreceived several awards. At the31st BAFTA Awardsit won four out of eight nominated categories, includingBest Supporting Actorfor Edward Fox andBest ScoreforJohn Addison—who himself had served in the BritishXXX Corpsduring Market Garden. Attenborough was nominated forBest Direction,and the film was nominated forBest Motion Picture.It was a success at the box office, becoming the sixth-most popular movie of 1977.
Plot
editOperation Market Gardeninvolves 35,000 men being flown 300 miles (480 km) from airfields in England and dropped behind enemy lines in theNetherlands.Two divisions of US paratroopers are responsible for securing the road and bridges as far asNijmegen.A British division, under Major-GeneralRoy Urquhart,is to land nearArnhemand hold the bridge there, backed by a brigade ofPolishparatroopers under GeneralStanisław Sosabowski.XXX Armoured Corpsis to push up the road over the captured bridges and reach Arnhem within two days.
As Major-General Urquhart briefs his officers, some are surprised that they are going to attempt a landing so far from their objectives. Although the consensus is that resistance will consist entirely of inexperienced old men andHitler Youth,reconnaissancephotos show German tanks at Arnhem. GeneralBrowningnevertheless dismisses the photos and ignores reports from theDutch underground.
The Arnhem bridge is the prime target, as the last means of escape for the German forces in the Netherlands and it is a direct route to Germany. However the road to it is only a single lane linking the key bridges, and vehicles have to squeeze onto the verge to pass. The road is also elevated, causing anything moving along it to stand out.
Although the airborne drops surprise the enemy and meet little resistance, theSon bridgeis demolished by the Germans just before it can be secured. Furthermore, many of thejeepseither do not arrive or are destroyed in an ambush, in addition to their nonfunctional radio sets.
Meanwhile, XXX Corps's progress is slowed by German resistance, the narrowness of the road, and the need to construct aBailey bridgeto replace the bridge at Son. They are halted at Nijmegen, where soldiers of the82nd Airborne Divisionperform a daylight crossing to capture theNijmegen bridge,and XXX Corps is further delayed waiting for infantry to secure the town.
The Germans close in on the isolated British paratroopers occupying Arnhem near the bridge, and although Sosabowski's troops finally arrive after being delayed in England they are too late to reinforce the British. After days of intense fighting againstSSinfantry andpanzersthe outgunned troops are either captured or forced to withdraw toOosterbeek.Urquhart receives orders to retreat, while the other Allied commanders blame the various difficulties encountered for their failure to provide support.
Urquhart escapes with less than a fifth of his original 10,000 troops while those who are too badly injured to flee stay behind to cover the withdrawal. At British headquarters, Urquhart confronts Browning about his personal sentiments regarding the operation and the latter contradicts his earlier optimism.
Back in OosterbeekKate ter Horst,whose home has been converted into a makeshift hospital by the British, abandons its ruins. Passing through the front yard, now a graveyard for fallen troops, she and her children leave with an elderly doctor, pulling a few possessions in a cart, while wounded British troops sing "Abide with Me"as they await capture.
Cast and roles
editNote: Characters ordered by rank
British
edit| Actor | Character | Based on | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dirk Bogarde | Lieutenant-GeneralFrederick 'Boy' Browning | — | GOCI British Airborne Corps,and atHQFirst Allied Airborne Armyas itsdeputy commander,British Armyat Nijmegen. |
| Edward Fox | Lieutenant-GeneralBrian Horrocks | — | GOC, XXX Corps,[a]BritishSecond Army.[9] |
| Sean Connery | Major-GeneralRoy Urquhart | — | GOC,1st British Airborne Division,Arnhem |
| Donald Douglas | BrigadierGerald Lathbury | — | Brigade Commander, 1st Parachute Brigade, British Army in Arnhem. |
| Gerald Sim | ColonelSims | Arthur Austin Eagger[10] | Senior Medical Officer, 1st Airborne Corps, RAMC, British Army. |
| Richard Kane | Colonel Weaver | Graeme Warrack | Senior Medical Officer, Headquarters RAMC, 1st British Airborne Division, at the Main Dressing Station in the Schoonoord Hotel of the Oosterbeek Perimeter. |
| Philip Raymond | Colonel McEwan | Edward H. Goulburn | C.O. 2nd Armoured Grenadier Guards Battalion. |
| Michael Caine | Lieutenant-ColonelJ.O.E. Vandeleur | — | CO, 3rd Battalion (Infantry), theIrish Guards,theGuards Armoured Division,XXX Corps,British Army |
| Anthony Hopkins | Lieutenant-ColonelJohn Frost | — | Commanding Officer, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment,1st Parachute Brigade,1st British Airborne Division at Arnhem road bridge |
| Michael Byrne | Lieutenant-ColonelGiles Vandeleur | — | Acting CO, 2nd Battalion (Armoured), the Irish Guards, the British Guards Armoured Division. Cousin to 'Joe'. |
| Donald Pickering | Lieutenant-Colonel C.B. MacKenzie | — | Principal General Staff Officer (Chief of Staff), Headquarters, 1st Airborne Division, British Army, Divisional HQ at the Hartenstein Hotel |
| Christopher Good | MajorHarry Carlyle | Allison Digby Tatham-Warter. | Officer Commanding, A Company, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, Arnhem.[11] |
| Frank Grimes | Major Fuller | Brian Urquhart | G-2 (Intelligence Officer) for the 1st Airborne Corps,[12]British Army stationed at the HQ located inMoor Park Golf Club,Hertfordshire,England. |
| Stephen Moore | Major Robert Steele | Anthony Deane–Drummond | Second–in–command of the divisional signals for1st Airborne Division,later attached to1st Parachute Brigade. |
| John Stride | Grenadier GuardsMajor | Captain Lord Carrington | British Grenadier Guards Commander who argues with Major Cook after 82nd capture Nijmegen Bridge. |
| Michael Graham Cox | CaptainJimmy Cleminson | — | T/Capt., 5 Platoon, B Company, 3rd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army, Arnhem |
| Keith Drinkel | LieutenantCornish | Eric MacKay | 9th Parachute Squadron Royal Engineers, 1st Airborne Division. |
| Denholm Elliott | RAFMeteorology Officer | — | |
| Jeremy Kemp | RAF Briefing Officer | — | RAF, although the briefing probably took place at the 1st Airborne Corps HQ inMoor Park Golf Club,Hertfordshire,England |
| Mark Sheridan | SergeantTomblin | — | 2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| George Innes | Sergeant MacDonald | — | British 1st Airborne Division radio operator at the Hartenstein Hotel |
| Alun Armstrong | CorporalDavies | — | 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| Paul Copley | PrivateWicks | Dennis Wicks | Batmanto Lieutenant Colonel Frost, CO, 2nd Battalion The Parachute Regiment, British Army |
| Ben Cross | TrooperBinns | — | 2nd Battalion, 1st Parachute Brigade, 1st British Airborne Division |
| David Auker | 'Taffy' Brace | — | Medic, 1st British Airborne Division |
Americans
edit| Actor | Role | Based on | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Paul Maxwell | Major GeneralMaxwell Taylor | — | CG, 101st Airborne Division, US Army at the Son bridge and later St-Oedenrode |
| Ryan O'Neal | Brigadier GeneralJames Gavin | — | Division Commander, US82nd Airborne Division,US Army at the bridge across the River Maas inGrave,later at the Maas-Waal canal and the bridge across the River Waal inNijmegen |
| Elliott Gould | ColonelRobert Stout | Robert Sink[citation needed] | CO,506th Parachute Infantry Regiment,101st Airborne Division. |
| Arthur Hill | US Army Surgeon Colonel | David Gold | Chief Division Surgeon, 101st Airborne Division Clearing Station. |
| Robert Redford | MajorJulian Cook | — | Commanding Officer, 3rd Battalion,504th PIR,82nd Airborne, US Army, seizing key bridges over the Maas-Waal Canal and the river assault crossing of the Waal. |
| Nicholas Campbell | CaptainGlass | LeGrand King Johnson[13] | CO, F Company, 2nd Battalion, 502PIR. |
| Garrick Hagon | LieutenantRafferty | — | Lieutenant, 101st Military Police Platoon, 101st Airborne Division, Division Field Hospital, US Army |
| John Ratzenberger | Lieutenant Wall | 1Lt.James Megellas | Lieutenant, Company H, 504th PIR, 82nd Airborne Division, US Army, at River Waal crossing. |
| James Caan | Staff SergeantEddie Dohun | Charles Dohun[13] | First Sergeant of Company F, 2nd Battalion,502nd Parachute Infantry Regiment,101st Airborne DivisionU.S. Army(attacking Best). |
Other Allies
edit| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Gene Hackman | Major GeneralStanisław Sosabowski | Brigade Commander, Polish1st Independent Parachute Brigade,Polish Armed Forces |
| Peter Faber | CaptainArie Bestebreurtje | Liaison officer with the 82nd Airborne Division, Office of Strategic Services,[14]Royal Dutch Army[b] |
| Siem Vroom | Dutch undergroundleader | |
| Erik van 't Wout | Underground leader's son | |
| Marlies van Alcmaer | Underground leader's wife |
Germans
edit| Actor | Role | Based on | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Wolfgang Preiss | GeneralfeldmarschallGerd von Rundstedt | — | Commander,OB West |
| Walter Kohut | GeneralfeldmarschallWalter Model | — | Commander,Army Group B |
| Hardy Krüger | Generalmajor der Waffen-SSKarl Ludwig | Heinz Harmel | Division Commander,10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg. |
| Maximilian Schell | General der Waffen-SSWilhelm Bittrich | — | Corps Commander,II SS Panzer Corps. |
| Hans von Borsody | General der InfanterieGünther Blumentritt | — | Chief of Staff,OB West |
| Fred Williams | SS-HauptsturmführerViktor Eberhard Gräbner | — | Commander, reconnaissance battle group of9th SS Panzer Division Hohenstaufen |
| Lex van Delden | SS-OberscharführerMatthias Boschmann | — | Bittrich's orderly. |
| Hartmut Becker | German ArmyFeldgendarmeriesentry | — |
Dutch civilians
edit| Actor | Role | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| Laurence Olivier | Dr Jan Spaander | |
| Liv Ullmann | Kate ter Horst | |
| Mary Smithuysen | Old Dutch lady | |
| Hans Croiset | Old Dutch lady's son | |
| Josephine Peeper | Cafe waitress | |
| Tom van Beek | Jan ter Horst | |
| Erik Chitty | Organist | |
| Albert van der Harst | Medic | |
| Richard Attenborough | Lunatic wearing glasses | Uncredited cameo |
Production
editAir filming was done in the first weeks of September 1976, culminating in a series of air drops of a total of 1,000 men.[c]Supplies were dropped from a number ofDakotaaircraft. The Dakotas were gathered by the film company Joseph E. Levine Presents Incorporated. All aircraft were required to be CAA (Civil Aviation Authority) or FAA (Federal Aviation Administration) registered and licensed to carry passengers. An original deal for the purchase of 10 fell through when two airframes were rejected as passenger configured without the necessary jump doors.
Eleven Dakotas were procured. Two ex-Portuguese Air Force,6153 and 6171 (N9984Q and N9983Q), and two fromAir Djibouti,operating fromDjiboutiinFrench Somaliland,F-OCKU and F-OCKX (N9985Q and N9986Q) were purchased byJoseph E. Levine.ThreeDanish Air ForceK-685, K-687, and K-688, and fourFinnish Air ForceC-47s,DO-4, DO-7, DO-10 and DO-12, were loaned for the duration of the parachute filming.
Aircraft 6171 doubled as the camera ship on most formations, with a camouflagedPiper Aztec,G-AWDI. A camera was mounted in the astrodome, one on the port upper mainplane surface, with a third camera on the outside of the forward port cabin window and a fourth under the aircraft centre section. In addition, centre escape hatches were removed to make additional camera ports available, provided that no troops were aboard during filming. A second Aztec, G-ASND, was a backup camera ship on some shots, but it was not camouflaged. AnAlouette,G-BDWN, was also employed. After a mishap with G-AWDI, two locally hiredCessna 172s,PH-GVP and PH-ADF, were also used. TenHorsaglider replicas were built, but a windstorm damaged almost all of them. Seven or eight were hastily repaired for the shoot.
The replica gliders were tail-heavy and required a support post under the rear fuselage, with camera angles carefully chosen to avoid revealing this. Dakota 6153 was fitted with tow gear andHorsareplicas were towed at high speed, though none went airborne. A two-seatBlaníksailplane, provided by a member of theLondon Gliding Club,Dunstable,was towed aloft for the interior takeoff shots.
FourHarvardsportrayed American and German fighters. Their original identities were PH-KLU, PH-BKT, B-64 and B-118, the former two aircraft loaned by theRoyal Netherlands Air Force.These were flown by members of theGilze Rijen Aero Club,which also provided anAusterIII, PH-NGK, which depicted an Auster V, RT607, in wartime camouflage.SpitfireMk. IX, MH434, depicting a photo reconnaissance variant, coded AC-S, was lent by the Hon. Patrick Lindsay, and was flown by aerobatic championNeil Williams.[15]
Sufficient American tanks, jeeps, and trucks of World War II vintage were found because many of the vehicles were being discarded from European military (almost entirely reserve) units, especially fromGreeceandTurkey.
The scenes set around the Arnhem bridge were shot inDeventer,where a similar bridge over theIJsselwas still available. Although a replica of the original road bridge in Arnhem existed, by the mid-1970s modern urban development surrounded it, making it impossible to use as a setting for a 1940s city. A few scenes were shot inZutphen,where the old municipality house and the main church can be seen. Additional scenes were filmed atTwickenham Studios.[8]
TheMotion Picture Association of Americainitially gave the film anR ratingfor its use of the word "fuck"and depictions of war violence, but United Artists lobbied it to change it to a PG rating so that younger audiences could see the film. Cuts were also made to the film when released in the United Kingdom to avoid an AA rating from theBritish Board of Film Censors.[8]
Finance
editIn order to keep costs down, all the star-name actors agreed to participate on a "favoured-nation" basis (i.e. they would all receive the same weekly fee), which in this case was $250,000 per week (the 2012 equivalent of $1,008,250 or £642,000).[16]
Shooting of the American-led assault on the Bridge at Nijmegen was dubbed the "Million-Dollar Hour". Because of heavy traffic, the crew had permission to film on the bridge only between eight and nine o'clock on October 3, 1976. Failure to complete the scene would have necessitated rescheduling at a cost—including Redford's overtime—of at least a million dollars. For this reason, Attenborough insisted that all actors playing corpses keep their eyes closed.[5]
After United Artists agreed to pay $6 million for US and Canada distribution rights,[17]the film went on to become the sixth-most popular movie at the 1977 US box office.
Reception
editThe film received a favourable, but tepid response from critics.[18]Critics agreed that the film was impressively staged[19]and historically accurate, although many found it too long and too repetitive. OnRotten Tomatoes,59% of 29 critics gave the film a positive review, with an average rating of 6.1/10. Its critics consensus reads: "A Bridge Too Faris a war movie too long, although top-notch talent on both sides of the camera keeps the end result consistently watchable. "[20]According toMetacritic,the film received "generally favorable" reviews based on aweighted averagescore of 63 out of 100 from 13 critics.[21]
Vincent CanbyofThe New York Timessaid further, "The movie is massive, shapeless, often unexpectedly moving, confusing, sad, vivid and very, very long."[22] James CaanandAnthony Hopkinswere cited by many critics for the excellence of their performances in a film with hundreds of speaking roles and cameos by many of the period's top actors.[18] Generals Urquhart and Horrocks acted as military advisers to the film, adding to its historical accuracy. However, some reviewers suggested that the film contains historical inaccuracies and needs to be viewed as a 'Hollywood' interpretation of events.Robin Neillandscommented, "A countless number of veterans have urged me to ignore most of the story in the filmA Bridge Too Far".[23]
Stanley KauffmannofThe New Republicwrote "A picture of conventional length on this subject might have scored some conventional ironies. But why did anyone think that a film about a failed WWII operation, without any novelty of information or deepening of history or even differently spectacular action, should run five minutes less than three hours? A Film Too Long".[24]
Roger Ebertgave the film two out of four, describing it as
such an exercise in wretched excess, such a mindless series of routine scenes, such a boringly violent indulgence in all the blood and guts and moans they could find, that by the end we're prepared to speculate that maybe Levine went two or even three bridges too far. The movie's big and expensive and filled with stars, but it's not an epic. It's the longest B-grade war movie ever made.[25]
Gene Siskelgave the film two-and-a-half out of four and wrote,
More often than not,A Bridge Too Farisn't a story; it's a parade of famous faces. As for the battle footage, it is more often tedious than glamorous. The paratroop landing provides a spectacular five minutes. Other action footage is routine.[26]
John Pym ofThe Monthly Film Bulletinwrote that "by the end of this extravagant film, we have a fair idea of the who-did-what logistics of a costly military operation. The root problem withA Bridge Too Far,however, is that the top-heavy complement of stars never allows for any focus of attention. "[27] Charles Champlinof theLos Angeles Timeswrote,
In strictly cinematic terms, the appeal ofA Bridge Too Faris easy to state: it is spectacular in the size and range of its effects, earnestly well-acted by a starry and able cast, well-paced and swift despite its length, and marked by an evident attempt to give the balanced truth of a tragic episode from history.[28]
Gary Arnold ofThe Washington Postcalled it "an unusually conscientious and impressive war epic" that justified its high budget...
in terms of careful period recreation, visual spectacle (the sequences depicting paratroop landings are particularly awesome), the mixture of exciting combat episodes with vivid human interest vignettes, an effort to establish a coherent, many-faceted view of a complicated and ill-fated military adventure, and a generally superior level of filmmaking intelligence and craftsmanship.[29]
A "making-of" documentary included in a special edition DVD ofA Bridge Too Farsays that, at the time of its release, "the film was shunned by American critics and completely ignored at Oscar time for daring to expose the fatal inadequacies of the Allied campaign".[30]
Accolades
edit| Award | Category | Nominee | Result |
|---|---|---|---|
| Evening Standard British Film Awards | Best Film | A Bridge Too Far | Won |
| 31st British Academy Film Awards | Best Film | A Bridge Too Far | Nominated |
| Best Direction | Richard Attenborough | Nominated | |
| Best Editing | Antony Gibbs | Nominated | |
| Best Production Design | Terence Marsh | Nominated | |
| Best Sound | Peter Horrocks,Gerry Humphreys,Simon Kaye,Robin O'Donoghue,and Les Wiggins | Won | |
| Best Actor in a Supporting Role | Edward Fox | Won | |
| Best Film Music | John Addison | Won | |
| Best Cinematography | Geoffrey Unsworth | Won | |
| 1977 National Society of Film Critics Awards | Best Supporting Actor | Edward Fox | Won |
Promotion
edit| Author | William Goldman |
|---|---|
| Language | English |
| Genre | non-fiction |
Publication date | 1977 |
| Publication place | United States |
To promote the film, scriptwriterWilliam Goldmanwrote a book titledStory of A Bridge Too Faras a favour to Joseph E. Levine.[31]It was published in December 1977 and divided into three sections:
- "Reflections on Filmmaking in General andA Bridge Too Far".This section features some essays later reprinted in Goldman'sAdventures in the Screen Trade.[31]
- "A Bridge Too Far:The Story in Pictures "– 150 sequential photographs from the film with Goldman's captions.
- "Stars and Heroes" – some of the movie's actors and the men they play tell Goldman their thoughts on the film and the battle.
Notes
edit- ^Carried the primary responsibility for the 'Garden' ground offensive part of the operation
- ^Escaping in 1941 to the UK, he studied at the Royal Military Academy and later, in Edinburgh, he was trained as an OSS agent and assigned to operations behind enemy lines in occupied Holland.
- ^A member of the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment claims there were no more than 200 men involved. Parachute drops were conducted by the 1st Battalion The Parachute Regiment, only 100 jumpers plus support, 10 man sticks per Dakota.[citation needed]
References
edit- ^"A Bridge Too Far(1977) ".Lumiere.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2018.Retrieved2 August2017.
- ^"A Bridge Too Far (1977)".BFI.Archived fromthe originalon 9 December 2015.Retrieved2 August2017.
- ^McKenna, A.T. (2011). "Joseph E. Levine and A Bridge Too Far (1977): A Producer's Labour of Love".Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television.31(2):211–227.doi:10.1080/01439685.2011.572606.S2CID144254805.
- ^"A Bridge Too Far,Box Office Information ".Box Office Mojo.Archivedfrom the original on 13 July 2014.Retrieved26 May2014.
- ^abGoldman 1977
- ^Ryan, Cornelius(1959).The Longest Day(1st ed.). New York City: Simon & Schuster.ASINB002YJG2WU.Archivedfrom the original on 3 March 2021.Retrieved21 July2019.
- ^"Theirs Is the Glory." Arnhem, Hurst and Conflict on Film,Co-authored by David Truesdale and Allan Esler Smith. Page x, Introduction. Published 2016 by Helion and Company.ISBN978-1-911096-63-4
- ^abc"AFI|Catalog".catalog.afi.com.
- ^Fox had known General Horrocks as a friend before working on the film and took care to portray him accurately. Later he would cite this as his favourite film role.A Bridge Too Far (1977) British Film Institute,archived fromthe originalon 12 March 2008,retrieved19 October2009
- ^O.B.E. (Military Division) of the Order "in recognition of gallant and, distinguished services in Sicily" Supplement to The London Gazette, March 23, 1944
- ^The major did not die of wounds at Brigade HQ but was taken prisoner, moved to the St Elizabeth Hospital and later conducted an escape (Operation Pegasus) with the Dutch Resistance to bring out 138 escapees of the battle, returning to his post with the remnants of his companyEvasion Report: 21st September – 23rd October 1944(www.pegasusarchive.org)
- ^Ambrose et al 1999, p.132
- ^ab"War Stories".www.101airborneww2.com.Retrieved20 May2023.
- ^"Capt. Arie D. Bestebreurtje – World War II Special Operations Soldier".B26.com. Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2014.Retrieved14 June2014.
- ^Hurst, Flt. Lt. K.J.,DC-3Project Officer for the film;AIR International,July 1977, Volume 13, Number 1, pp. 33-34, Talkback column
- ^Entirely Up To You, Darling;page 152-3; paperback; Arrow Books; published 2009.ISBN978-0-099-50304-0
- ^A., C. (15 June 1977). "The final decision will be mine".The Washington Post.ProQuest146729580.
- ^abMorgan, Jason (9 January 2006)."A Bridge Too Far".FilmCritic.Archived fromthe originalon 7 September 2011.Retrieved6 September2010.
- ^Canby, Vincent (16 June 1977)."Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'".The New York Times.Archivedfrom the original on 10 December 2020.Retrieved2 April2018.
- ^"A Bridge Too Far".Rotten Tomatoes.Retrieved7 September2024.
- ^"A Bridge Too Far".Metacritic.CBS Interactive.Retrieved7 April2021.
- ^Canby, Vincent(16 June 1977). "Film: It's a Long War In 'Bridge Too Far'".The New York Times.p. 74.
- ^Neillands, Robin (2005).The Battle for the Rhine 1944.London: Cassell. pp. 87 and 93.ISBN978-1-40722-127-4.
- ^"Senses and Nonsenses".The New Republic.2 July 1977.
- ^Ebert, Roger(17 June 1977)."A Bridge Too Far".RogerEbert.com.Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2021.Retrieved30 November2018.
- ^Siskel, Gene(16 June 1977). "Big-budget 'Bridge' overspans itself".Chicago Tribune.p. 6, Section 2.
- ^Pym, John (July 1977). "A Bridge Too Far".The Monthly Film Bulletin.44(522): 142.
- ^Champlin, Charles(12 June 1977). "World War II Writ Large in 'Bridge Too Far'".Los Angeles Times.Calendar, p. 1, 13.
- ^Arnold, Gary (16 June 1977). "An Epic War Movie At the Head of Its Class".The Washington Post.p. C1.
- ^Papamichael, Stella."A Bridge Too Far: Special EditionDVD (1977) ".BBC.Archivedfrom the original on 1 March 2010.Retrieved5 September2010..
- ^abEgan, p. 145
Sources
edit- Goldman, William(1977),William Goldman's Story of a Bridge Too Far,Coronet Books,ISBN978-0-340-22340-6[NB: Book has no page numbers]
- Ryan, Cornelius(1974),A Bridge Too Far,London:Hamish Hamilton,ISBN978-0-340-19941-1
- Ambrose, Stephen E. & Immerman, Richard H.,Ike's spies: Eisenhower and the espionage establishment,University Press of Mississippi, 1999.ISBN0-385-14493-8OCLC6863017
Further reading
edit- Arthur, Max.Forgotten Voices of the Second World War: A new history of world war two in the words of the men and women who were there,Ebury Press, 2004ISBN0091897351OCLC57691717
- Waddy, Colonel John (1977), "The Making of a Bridge Too Far",After the Battle,no. 17, London: Plaistow Press, pp.10–34
External links
edit
- A Bridge Too FaratIMDb
- A Bridge Too FaratBox Office Mojo
- A Bridge Too Farat theTCM Movie Database
- A Bridge Too Farat theAFI Catalog of Feature Films
- "A Bridge Too Far".at British Cinema Greats.Archived from the original on 29 March 2008.Retrieved28 February2007.