TheAbbey of Saint-Étienne,also known asAbbaye aux Hommes( "Men's Abbey" ) by contrast with theAbbaye aux Dames( "Ladies' Abbey" ), is a formerBenedictinemonasteryin theFrenchcity ofCaen,Normandy,dedicated toSaint Stephen.It was founded in 1063[1]byWilliam the Conquerorand is one of the most importantRomanesquebuildings in Normandy.
Founding
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The concurrent founding of the Abbey of Saint-Étienne to the west of theCaen Castleand theAbbey of Sainte-Trinité(Abbaye aux Dames) to its East were to enhance the development of the new ducal capital, and may have been a result of the reconciliation process of William,Duke of Normandy(soon after to become William I,King of England), andPopeLeo IX.William fell out with the pope when he married his cousinMatilda of Flandersafter 1049 despite Leo's interdiction.LanfrancofPavia,PriorofBec Abbey,who himself had initially expressed concerns regarding the marriage, acted on William's behalf to secure Leo's forgiveness. For this successful service, Lanfranc was madeabbotof Saint-Étienne, a position he held until his appointment to Canterbury in 1070.[2]
The dedication took place in 1077. William's wife Matilda died in 1083 and was buried in the Abbaye aux Dames. After his own death in 1087 inRouen,the body of King William was sent to Caen to be buried in Saint-Étienne, according to his wishes. The funeral, attended by the bishops and abbots of Normandy as well as his sonHenry,was disturbed by theassertionof a citizen of Caen who alleged that his family had been illegally despoiled of the land on which the church was built. After hurried consultations the allegation was shown to be true, and the man was compensated. A further indignity occurred when the corpse was lowered into the tomb. The corpse was too large for the space, and when attendants forced the body into the tomb it burst, spreading a disgusting odour throughout the church.[3]
William's tomb has been disturbed several times since 1087, the first time in 1522 when the grave was opened on orders from the papacy. The intact body was restored to the tomb at that time. In 1562, during theFrench Wars of Religion,the grave was again opened and the original tombstone of black marble, similar to that of Matilda in the Abbaye aux Dames, was destroyed. William's bones were scattered and lost, with the exception of one thigh bone. This lone relic was reburied in 1642 with a new marker, which was replaced 100 years later with a more elaborate monument. This tomb was again destroyed during theFrench Revolution,but was eventually replaced with the current early 19th-centuryledger stonein white marble.[4]
Architecture
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The abbey was to be built inCaen stone,and construction began in 1066.[1]For many decades during the 11th century, there was a mutually fruitful competition between Saint-Étienne and its sister building Sainte-Trinité. The west façade was built at the end of the 11th century.[2]
An important feature added to both churches in about 1120 was theribbed vault,[2]used for the first time in France. The two abbey churches are considered forerunners of theGothic.The originalRomanesqueapsewas replaced in 1166 by an early Gothicchevet,complete withrose windowsandflying buttresses.Nine towers and spires were added in the 13th century. The interior vaulting shows a similar progression, beginning with earlysexpartite vaulting(using circular ribs) in the nave and progressing to quadripartite vaults (using pointed ribs) in the sanctuary.
Later history
editAs a consequence of theWars of Religion,the highlantern towerin the middle of the church collapsed and was never rebuilt.
The Benedictine abbey was suppressed during theFrench Revolutionand the abbey church became a parish church.
From 1804 to 1961, the abbey buildings accommodated a prestigious high school, the Lycée Malherbe. During theNormandy Landings,inhabitants of Caen found refuge in the church; on the rooftop there was a red cross, made with blood on a sheet, to show that it was a hospital (to avoid bombings).
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abDiscover Caen
- ^abc"Abbey of Saint-Etienne at Caen, Abbaye-aux-Hommes", Norman Connections Project
- ^Bates, David(2001).William the Conqueror.Stroud, UK: Tempus. pp. 207–208.ISBN0-7524-1980-3.
- ^Douglas, David C.(1964).William the Conqueror: The Norman Impact Upon England.Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp.362–363.ISBN9780520003484.OCLC399137.
Further reading
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- Conant, Kenneth J.,Carolingian and Romanesque Architecture: 800 to 1200(4th, illustrated, reprint ed.). Yale University Press. 1993.ISBN978-0-300-05298-5.
- Bouet, Georges, 1868:Analyse architecturale de l'abbaye de Saint-Etienne de Caen.Caen: Le Blanc-Hardel
- Davy, R., 1954:Le grand orgue de L'Abbaye aux Hommes à Caen.Caen: Caron
- Gouhier, P., Fortier, J.A., 1974:L'Abbaye aux Hommes: Saint-Etienne de Caen.Nancy: Cefag
- Hippeau, Célestin, 1855:L'Abbaye de Saint-Étienne de Caen, 1066-1790.Caen: A. Hardel
- Decauville Lachênée, Abel, 1895:Le Lycée et l'Abbaye de St-Étienne de Caen.Caen: Chez tous les libraires
- Sauvage, R.N., 1911:Le Fonds de l'abbaye de Saint-Étienne de Caen aux archives du Calvados.Caen: H. Delesques
External links
edit- Visiting information(in French)