Wikipedia

Abbeville

For other places with the same name, seeAbbeville (disambiguation).

Abbeville(French:[abvil]ⓘ;West Flemish:Abbekerke;Picard:Advile) is acommunein theSommedepartmentand inHauts-de-Franceregionin northernFrance.

Abbeville
Abbekerke(West Flemish)
Advile(Picard)
Subprefectureandcommune
The belfry, entrance to the Boucher-de-Perthes Museum [fr]
Thebelfry,entrance to theBoucher-de-Perthes Museum[fr]
Coat of arms of Abbeville
Coat of arms
Location of Abbeville
Map
Abbeville is located in France
Abbeville
Abbeville
Abbeville is located in Hauts-de-France
Abbeville
Abbeville
Coordinates:50°06′21″N1°50′09″E/ 50.1058°N 01.8358°E/50.1058; 01.8358
CountryFrance
RegionHauts-de-France
DepartmentSomme
ArrondissementAbbeville
CantonAbbeville-1
Abbeville-2
IntercommunalityBaie de Somme
Government
• Mayor(2020–2026)Pascal Demarthe[1]
Area
1
26.42 km2(10.20 sq mi)
Population
(2021)[2]
22,595
• Density860/km2(2,200/sq mi)
Demonym(s)Abbevillois, Abbevilloises
Time zoneUTC+01:00(CET)
• Summer (DST)UTC+02:00(CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
80001/80100
Elevation2–76 m (6.6–249.3 ft)
(avg. 8 m or 26 ft)
1French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2(0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

It is thechef-lieuof one of thearrondissementsof Somme. Located on the riverSomme,it was the capital ofPonthieu.

Geography

edit

Location

edit
A map of Abbeville and the surrounding communes

Abbeville is located on the riverSomme,20 km (12 mi) from its modern mouth in theEnglish Channel.The majority of the town is located on the east bank of the Somme, as well as on an island.[3]It is located at the head of the Abbeville Canal, and is 45 km (28 mi) northwest ofAmiensand approximately 200 kilometres (120 mi) fromParis.It is also 10 kilometres (6.2 mi)as the crow fliesfrom theBay of Somme[fr]and theEnglish Channel.In themedieval period,it was the lowest crossing point on the Somme and it was nearby thatEdward III'sarmy crossed shortly before theBattle of Crécyin 1346.

Just halfway betweenRouenandLille,it is the historical capital of theCounty of Ponthieuand maritimePicardy.

Quarters, hamlets and localities

edit
  • Émonville Park takes its name from one of its owners Arthur Foulc d'Émonville, an amateur botanist, who bought a part of thePriory of Saints Peter and Paul[fr]in order to accommodate a garden and to construct a mansion, which now houses the study and heritage section of the Robert Mallet municipal library. The remains of the priory include the entrance arch, current main entrance of the garden located onPlace Clemenceau,as well as some buildings which make up the Saint-Pierre School, including the remarkable Chapel of Saint-Pierre-Saint-Paul (now in a very poor state). This place is considered by some to be the origin of Abbeville, because it was the location of the first château of the Counts of Ponthieu, calledcastrum.It is assumed that this place could have been the location of the farm of Abbatisvilla, dependent upon the Abbey of Saint-Riquier.[4]
  • The suburbs of La Bouvaque and Thuison are located to the north of the city. The municipal park of La Bouvaque, bordered by theBoulevard de la République,consists of the La Bouvaque pond and Collart meadows, former settling ponds of theBéghin-Say[fr]sugar factory. It was in Thuison that theCarthusian monasteryof Saint-Honoré was founded in 1301 byWilliam of Mâcon[fr],Bishop of Amiens.[5]This was a property of theOrder of the Temple,sold to the latter by Gérard de Villars, the lastmaster of the province of France[fr].[6]The sale was confirmed byHugues de Pairaud,thenvisitor of France[fr].[7]
  • The suburb of Saint Gilles
  • Rouvroy is to the west, and the origin of the name comes from Rouvray (fromLatinroborem,Middle Frenchrobre,meaning "oak" ) indicates the presence of an oak wood or a remarkable oak.
  • Mautort, beside Rouvroy, is a former stronghold located betweenCambronand Abbeville. It is at the origin of the noble name ofde Mautort,surviving in the name of the Tillette de Mautort family or, for example, ofGeorges-Victor Demautort[fr].The nametortis attested inOld Frenchwith the sense ofdétourandMau(from the Latinmalus,meaning "bad" ). TheChurch of Saint-Silvin de Mautort[fr],emblematic of the quarter, was initially a simple chapel of sailors founded in the 11th century and underwent many changes during the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries.
  • Menchecourt, in the north-west, is known for its sugar factory (closed in 2008 and demolished in 2010) and for its football club.

Transport

edit
Abbeville railway station (1905 postcard)

Abbeville stationis served by trains on the line betweenBoulogne-sur-MerandAmiensand betweenCalaisandParis.Abbeville was the southern terminus of theRéseau des Bains de Mer,the line toDompierre-sur-Authieopened on 19 June 1892 and closed on 10 March 1947.

Abbeville is located just near theA16 autoroute,and is about 1 hour 50 minutes by car from Paris.

Climate

edit

Abbeville has an oceanic climate due to its proximity to the ocean.[citation needed]The summers and winters are temperate and rainy, days of snow are fairly common (18 days of snow per year on average). There are 26 days of storm per year with a maximum in the months of July and August, the rains are frequent and distributed regularly in the year with precipitation totalling 781.3 millimetres (30.76 in) and 128 days with precipitation. The sunshine is average (1678 hours of sunshine) because of its position in the north and the oceanic influence also helps to prevent temperatures from being too high with only three days of intense heat (temperature > = 30 °C) and from being too cold with 6 days of heavy frost (temperature = -5 °C). The highest temperature was 37.8 °C (100.0 °F) on 1 July 1952 and the record low is −17.4 °C (0.7 °F), which occurred during a particularly cold spell on 17 January 1985.

Climate data for Abbeville, 1981–2010 except sun 1991–2010, records from 1921
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.2
(63.0) 		19.9
(67.8) 		25.2
(77.4) 		29.3
(84.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		35.2
(95.4) 		41.3
(106.3) 		37.3
(99.1) 		32.8
(91.0) 		27.8
(82.0) 		21.8
(71.2) 		16.1
(61.0) 		41.3
(106.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 6.4
(43.5) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.9
(62.4) 		19.4
(66.9) 		21.9
(71.4) 		22.2
(72.0) 		19.2
(66.6) 		15.0
(59.0) 		10.1
(50.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		14.1
(57.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 4.1
(39.4) 		4.4
(39.9) 		7.1
(44.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		12.7
(54.9) 		15.2
(59.4) 		17.5
(63.5) 		17.7
(63.9) 		15.1
(59.2) 		11.7
(53.1) 		7.5
(45.5) 		4.5
(40.1) 		10.6
(51.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.0
(41.0) 		8.3
(46.9) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.1
(55.6) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		8.4
(47.1) 		4.5
(40.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		7.0
(44.6)
Record low °C (°F) −17.4
(0.7) 		−15.2
(4.6) 		−9.8
(14.4) 		−3.6
(25.5) 		−1.6
(29.1) 		0.0
(32.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		4.9
(40.8) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−8.2
(17.2) 		−14.6
(5.7) 		−17.4
(0.7)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 63.3
(2.49) 		49.3
(1.94) 		56.7
(2.23) 		52.5
(2.07) 		59.4
(2.34) 		66.0
(2.60) 		59.1
(2.33) 		70.2
(2.76) 		65.1
(2.56) 		81.7
(3.22) 		79.6
(3.13) 		79.7
(3.14) 		782.6
(30.81)
Average precipitation days 11.4 9.4 11.5 10.1 10.8 9.7 9.1 9.2 10.4 12.0 12.3 12.0 128.0
Average snowy days 4.1 3.6 3.0 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 2.9 16.4
Averagerelative humidity(%) 89 87 85 82 82 83 83 83 85 88 90 90 85.6
Mean monthlysunshine hours 70.6 78.5 125.0 172.2 195.5 209.3 216.9 209.2 158.8 117.4 69.8 56.6 1,679.7
Source 1:Meteo France[8][9]
Source 2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity, snowy days 1961–1990)[10]

Demography

edit

Itsinhabitants are calledAbbevilloisin French.

Demographic evolution

edit
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
179318,125—
180018,052−0.06%
180617,660−0.37%
182118,654+0.37%
183119,162+0.27%
183618,247−0.97%
184117,582−0.74%
184618,072+0.55%
185119,158+1.17%
185619,304+0.15%
186120,058+0.77%
186619,385−0.68%
187218,208−1.04%
187619,381+1.57%
188119,283−0.10%
188619,837+0.57%
189119,851+0.01%
189619,669−0.18%
YearPop.±% p.a.
190120,388+0.72%
190620,704+0.31%
191120,373−0.32%
192121,472+0.53%
192620,320−1.10%
193119,335−0.99%
193619,345+0.01%
194616,780−1.41%
195419,502+1.90%
196222,005+1.52%
196823,999+1.46%
197525,398+0.81%
198224,915−0.27%
199023,787−0.58%
199924,567+0.36%
200924,325−0.10%
201423,559−0.64%
202022,895−0.48%
Source: EHESS[11]and INSEE[12]

Age structure

edit

The population of the commune is relatively old.

Population by age of Abbeville, 2017
90+
363
75–89
2372
60–74
4070
45–59
4606
30–44
3679
15–29
4099
0–14
3757

Total: 22946

male
female
Source: INSEE[13]
Population by age of Somme, 2017
90+
6268
75–95
44651
60–74
94707
45–59
112570
30–44
103905
15–29
107620
0–14
102724

Total: 572445

male
female
Source: INSEE[14]

Economy

edit

Abbeville is the seat of theChambre de commerce et d'industrie d'Abbeville – Picardie maritime[fr].It manages ports, theaerodromeand industrial areas of thearrondissementof Abbeville.

Abbeville manufactured textiles, and in particular, linens and tablecloths when the Van Robais family created la Manufacture Royale des Rames in 1665;[citation needed]however after the Edict of Nantes was revoked and the subsequent migration of Protestants away from the area, the cloth business succumbed.[15]Also affecting the economy of the town was the closure of the river port on theSomme Riverdue to excessive silt.[15]It also has cordage factories, carpet factories, and spinning mills. Finally, it also fabricates locks, has breweries, and produces food and, until 2007, sugar,[3][16][better source needed][15]

Culture, festivals, sport and leisure

edit

Culture

edit
Miniature de saint Matthieu,St. Riquier Gospels,municipal library

Festivals

edit

Floral town

edit

Abbeville was awarded three flowers in 2007 by theConseil des Villes et Villages Fleuris de France[Council of Floral Cities and Villages of France] in theContest of floral cities and villages[fr].[19]

Sport

edit

Abbeville has featured as the departure point for Stage 4 of the2012 Tour de Franceand the departure point for Stage 1 of the2011 Tour de Picardie.The commune has also been on the route of theGrand Prix de la Sommeone-day cycle race. Abbeville will feature as the departure point for Stage 6 of the2015 Tour de France,on 9 July.

Games

edit
  • Chess club, Exchequer of Picardy Maritime (EPM).
  • Poker club, (PCA Poker Club Abbeville), a club which has finished first at France's Team Poker Championships (CNEC).

In literature

edit

Voltaire,in hisDictionnaire philosophique(1769), wrote an articleTorture,in which he set out an account of the martyrdom of theChevalier de La Barre:

When the Knight of La Barre, grandson of a lieutenant general of the armies, young man of great wit and great hope, but with the giddiness of unbridled youth, was convicted of having sung ungodly songs, and even to have passed before a procession of Capuchin without removing his hat, the judges of Abbeville, comparable to the Roman senators, ordered, not only that his tongue be torn out, his hand was cut off, and his body be burned slowly; but they still applied torture to find out how many songs he had sung, and how many processions he had seen pass the hat on the head. It wasn't in the 13th or 14th century that this adventure came, it was in the 18th.

Victor Hugoevoked the trips he made to Abbeville in his accounts of travel.

André Maurois,inLes Silences du Colonel Bramble(1918) amusingly described the intact commercial spirit of the inhabitants of Abbeville in the last months of the war. Maurois'Ni ange ni bete(Neither Angel, Nor Beast) is also set in Abbeville.

Christian Morel de Sarcus[fr],in his novelDéluges,Éditions Henry, November 2004 (2005 Prix Renaissance), evokes the bombing of 1940 and the floods of the Somme of 2001.

Toponymy

edit

The Romans occupied it and named itAbbatis Villa.[3][20]

The name of the city is attested in various forms over the centuries:Brittania(in the 3rd century),Abacivo villa(6th century),Bacivum palatium,CloieandCloye(in the 7th century),Abacivum villa,Basiu,Haymonis villa,Abbatis villa,Abbevilla(in the 11th century),Abbavilla,[21]Abedvilla,Abatis villa,Abbasvilla,Abbisvilla,Abbevilein 1209,Abbevilla in ponticioin 1213,Abisvil,Abevillein 1255,Abbevillein 1266,Abbisville,Abbeville en Pontiu(13th century),Albeville,Aubevillein 1358,Albevillein 1347,Aubbeville,Aubeville,Abevile(1383),Abbativillaand, finally,Abbeville,meaning the "Villa of the Abbé" because it once depended on theAbbey of Saint-Riquier[fr].

There are alsoHablevillein 1607 andAblevillein 1643, with transitional addition of an L.

AbbekerkeandAbbegem[22]inFlemish.

Heraldry

edit

Abbeville boasted of having never been taken and was calledAbbeville la pucelle( "the virgin" ). It was also granted many privileges from the Capetian kings, to reward its loyalty.[23]


Arms of Abbeville
 Charles Vgranted to Abbeville, byletters patentof 19 June 1369 dated toVincennes,to focus on its coat of arms the leader of France and the motto: "Fidelis".[24]

The Abbeville arms are blazonedAzure three bendlets or, a bordure gules, a chief azure semé of fleurs-de-lis or.[25]

Decree of 2 June 1948: "Beautiful city, victim of the two World Wars, holder of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918, was the scene of violent fighting in 1940, during the Battle of the Somme. Suffered many bombardments from May 1940 toLiberation,which have caused the destruction of more than one-third of its houses and very painful human losses. Its severely affected population in its flesh and in possessions, did no less face the occupant businesses with a wonderful patriotism. Liberated on 2 September 1944, after severe fighting in streets, which was valiantly attended by its volunteer combatants inflicting severe losses on the enemy. In all circumstances proved worthy of a beautiful past of glory and loyalty to the motherland ". (3 June 1948 Olympics)

Citation to the order of the army of 12 August 1920: "By its military situation has been the object of repeated attacks by enemy aviation; despite its suffering and its mourning it has kept its patriotic faith intact." (14 August 1920 Olympics)

Details: Charles V granted to Abbeville, by letters patent of 19 June 1369, Vincennes, to focus on its coat of arms the chief of France and the motto: "Fidelis".

The Mayor's office of Abbeville uses this form, which voluntarily reverse the arms of Ponthieu. The mistake is often made. Even Robert Louis erred in "The Armorial of the Somme", which earned an added erratum. Since then, the error is taken from copy to copy. Jacques Dulphy.
Official



Sobriquet

edit

Theblason populaireof the people of Abbeville is"chés bourgeois d'Adville".

Politics and administration

edit

Abbeville was the capital of theformer provinceofPonthieu.Today, it is one of the threesub-prefecturesof theSommedepartment.

edit

Presidential Elections Second Round:

Election Winning Candidate Party %
2022 Marine Le Pen RN 51.23
2017[26] Emmanuel Macron EM 55.64
2012 François Hollande PS 56.90
2007 Ségolène Royal PS 53.08
2002 Jacques Chirac RPR 82.62


Intercommunality

edit

The commune is part of theCommunauté d'agglomération de la Baie de Sommeof which it has the headquarters.

History

edit
Main article: [[:History of Abbeville[fr]]]

Prehistory

edit

Palaeolithic

edit
Hand axeof Menchecourt-les-Abbeville, shown at the1867 International Exposition)–Muséum de Toulouse

The subsoil contains many vestiges of thePleistocene.This discovery was a founding element ofprehistoryas a science.

The name Abbeville has been adopted to name a category ofpaleolithic[3]stone tools.These stone tools are also known ashandaxes.Various handaxes were found near Abbeville byJacques Boucher de Perthesstarting in 1838 and he was the first to describe the stones in detail, pointing out in the first publication of its kind, in 1846, that the stones were chipped deliberately byearly man,so as to form a tool.[27]These stone tools which are some of the earliest found in Europe, were chipped on both sides so as to form a sharp edge, were known asAbbevillianhandaxes orbifaces,[28]but recently the term 'Abbevillian' is becoming obsolete as the earlier form of stone tool, not found in Europe, is known as theOldowanchopper. Some of these artifacts are displayed at theMusee Boucher-de-Perthes.[29]

A more refined and later version of handaxe production was found in the Abbeville/Somme River district. The more refined handaxe became known as theAcheuleanindustry, named afterSaint-Acheul,today a suburb ofAmiens.

It retained some importance into theBronze Age.[3]

Antiquity

edit

Although the research of Jacques Boucher de Perthes has highlighted an occupation of the site of Abbeville (Menchecourt-les-Abbevillequarter) from theAcheuleanera, in Roman times it was a succession of marshes, similar to marsh ofSaint-Gilleswhich remains today. Further to the north, the entire plateau between theAuthieand theSommewas covered inprimary forest.The Romans had to break through this forest massif for the passage of the road fromAmiensto the village ofPoncheson the one hand, and on the other to the west by the road linking the Beauvaisis inBoulogne-sur-Mer.The couple Abbeville / Saint-Valery-sur-Somme is the key to the historical enigma of the landing ofMagnus Maximusand his Britto-Roman troops in the spring of 383 AD (St-Valery = Leuconos > Pors Liogan; Abbeville = Talence > Tolente). The road to Paris passes near the Vieux-Rouen-sur-Bresle, which has been identified with the character Himbaldus (Château-Hubault).[30]

Middle Ages

edit

Early Middle Ages

edit

In the 7th century, the Benedictine monks ofSaint-Valéry,Saint-Josse,Saint-Saulve de Montreuil,Forest-Montiers,BalanceandValloirescleared the woods that were close to their monasteries. The Frankish kingDagobert Ithen gave part of the forest ofCrécy,the hermitage became theAbbey of Saint-Riquier[fr]:it is the Act of birth of the abbatial field of Abbeville. The name, Abbeville, comes from theLatinand means "town(or more exactly)field of Abbots"(of Saint-Riquier).

The first historical mention of Abbeville, in the Chronicle ofHariulf[fr],[note 1]dates to 831 AD. It was a small island in theSomme,inhabited by fishermen who took refuge there with their boats and had fortified it againstbarbarian invasionsfrom the north. The AbbotAngilbertbuilt a castle to defend this island, which depended on theAbbeyofSaint-Riquier.[20][29]It was an important fort city responsible for the defense of the Somme.

In 992,Hugh Capetfortified the city and gave it to his daughter, Gisèle, on her marriage toHugh I,Count of Ponthieuwho resided in Montreuil.

High Middle Ages

edit
The Virgin and Child known asVirgin of Abbeville,from 1270, would come from the Ursuline convent of Abbeville,Paris,Louvre(1907).

From the 12th century, the Abbot opened a leprosy hospice, themaladrerie des Frères du Val,moved toGrand-Laviersin the following century, before urban sprawl. Then accessible to boats, Abbeville became a port of theEnglish Channel[note 2]under the dependence of the Abbots ofSaint-Riquier.Subsequently, the silting up of theBay of Somme[fr]forced the sea to recede by 12 kilometres (7.5 mi), but the city continued to be a trading port. Abbeville became the capital of thePonthieuand rapidly spread on both banks of theRiver Somme,right on the slope of the hillsides and left into the marshes.

In 1095,Guy ICount of Ponthieufounded the Abbey Saint-Pierre of Abbeville and on 24 May 1098, he wasdubbedas aKnightbyLouis the Fat.

On the occasion of theFirst Crusade,Abbeville was the meeting point of many troops from the northern provinces.Godefroy de Bouillonreviewed them on the current location of theChurch of the Holy Sepulchre[fr].

With the rapid development of the salt trade (fromRue),woad(waidein Picard) and industry of wool cloth, the bourgeois increased in number and political importance: They asked for achartergranted in the course of the 12th century and which was confirmed in 1184[3][29]by CountJohn I of Ponthieuwho died in Palestine. To commemorate the event, they built abelfryin 1126. A century later, Jeanne de Dammartin,Countess of Ponthieu(1220–1278), allowed the religious to convert an additional part of forests into cropland, allowing the development of the local economy. Afterwards it was governed by theCounts of Ponthieu.Together with that county, it came into the possession of theAlençonand other French families, and afterwards into that of theHouse of Castile.[31]In 1214, the Abbeville militia took part in theBattle of Bouvines.

In the middle of the 13th century, Abbeville was "one of the best cities of the Kings of France". Its port was one of the first of the Kingdom and its considerable trade.

In 1259, theEstates-General of the Kingdomstood at Abbeville andHenry III of Englandhas met withLouis IX of Franceto sign theTreaty of Paris,which settled the question of the conquests ofPhilip Augustus.

In 1272,Ponthieuwith Abbeville, passed by marriage to thekings of England,butPhilip Vtook over the city, claiming thatEdward II of Englandhad not fulfilled its duty ofvassal.Edward II complied with the feudal law, and Abbeville fell under English rule. However many challenges rose between the bourgeois and their new masters.

Late Middle Ages

edit

Throughout theHundred Years' War,the town was alternately occupied by English and French forces, causing the inhabitants of the town enormous suffering. They were tested by excessive taxes and terrible epidemics. Over the decades, the region was devastated bylooting,epidemicsandwolves.The city thus appealed to the King of France twice, in 1406 and in 1415.

Affected by theEnglish expedition of 1346[fr],Abbeville resisted the English army, and served as a home base forJean Marant[fr]who refuelledCalais besiegedby the English.

In 1360, it was transferred, with theCounty of Ponthieuof which it was the capital, to the Crown of England by theTreaty of Brétigny.That same year,John II of Francestayed there after returning from captivity.

Belfry of Abbeville[fr],bas-relief in bronze byEmmanuel Fontaine[fr]in memory ofRingois(inaugurated in 1887)

In 1361, Abbeville, again English, poorly welcomed its new masters. Ringois, a bourgeois of the city, refusing to take the oath of obedience toEdward III of England,was taken to English soil and hurled from the top of the Tower ofDover Castleinto the sea in 1368.[32]During this period, a revolt ofJacqueswas defeated by the Abbeville militia in the vicinity ofSaint-Riquier.The soldiers ofCharles Vcaptured the city by surprise, but the English recaptured it shortly after and it remained in their possession until 1385.

Like other Picardy cities, it then passed underBurgundianrule at the end of theBattle of Mons-en-Vimeu[fr]in 1421. In 1430,Henry VI of Englandwas received at Abbeville.

In 1435, the city was ceded toPhilip the Good,theDuke of Burgundy,by theTreaty of Arras.[31]

Louis XIbought Abbeville from the Duke of Burgundy in 1463 and visited the city on 27 September of the same year. In December, by letters patent, he confirmed the privileges of the city, attached by his predecessors,[33]but in 1465Charles the Boldrevoked the grant by taking the lead of theLeague of the Public Weal.

In 1466, the municipality enacted safety regulations recommending to reduce or not use flammable materials (such as walls in timber or straw roofs) in construction, in order to reduce the risk of fire. However, it clashed with general hostility, and the regulations were finally just applied.[clarification needed][34]

Louis XI failed before Abbeville in 1471, but recovered Picardy on the death of the Duke of Burgundy in 1477.

Early modern era

edit

In 1477 it was annexed by KingLouis XI of France,[3]and was held by two illegitimate branches ofthe royal familyin the 16th and 17th centuries, being in 1696 reunited to the crown.[31]In 1480, then 1483, a plague epidemic ravaged Abbeville.Charles VIIIvisited the town in 1493.

16th century

edit

On 3 October 1514,Louis XIImarriedMary Tudorin Abbeville, the daughter ofHenry VII of England.[20][29]

On 23 June 1517,Francis Icame to Abbeville with theQueenand metCardinal Wolsey,representing theKing of England,toform a leagueagainstCharles V.In 1523, the English finally fell alongside Charles V in the wars of Francis I and the city had to suffer many frequent requisitions. That same year, an outbreak ofplagueravaged Abbeville. A further epidemic of plague struck Abbeville in 1582.

In 1531, Francis I performed a new tour in the city. The most serious blows to Abbeville were the series of English raids by theDuke of Suffolkon the sides of the estuary in 1544, after thefall of Boulogne and Montreuil.KingHenry IIwas received in Abbeville in 1550.

During theWars of Religion,theProtestantgovernor was massacred with his family, by the people. In 1568, François Cocqueville, a Protestant leader of war, entered thePonthieuwith 3,000 soldiers.[35]He plundered and sacked theAbbey of Dommartin[fr],towns, churches and castles ofAuthieandSaint-Valery-sur-Sommeregion.[35]Chased by theMarshal de Brissac,Cocqueville was captured with several of his own and they were beheaded on the marketplace of Abbeville.[36]

TheSt. Bartholomew's Day massacrecaused no casualties in Abbeville due to the moderation ofLéonor d'Orléans,theDuke of Longuevilleand governor ofPicardy.However, Abbeville had embraced theCatholic Leagueand suffered from theWars of Religion,and it was relieved when it was recognised, byHenry IVin April 1594, despite the clergy who persisted in its resistance. Following this, on 18 December 1594, the King of France Henry IV visited Abbeville.

17th century

edit

At the beginning of the 17th century aplagueepidemic wreaked havoc. More than 8,000 people perished, thus depopulating Abbeville.

On 21 December 1620, KingLouis XIIIvisited the town. His sisterHenriettawent there several times.

In 1635 and 1636 the town suffered from thewaragainst theHoly Roman EmpireandSpain.They destroyed many villages located in the surrounding area. Richelieu stayed in the city in October. A plague epidemic raged again during the years 1635, 1636 and 1637.

In 1656, 6,000 soldiers, who had participated in theEnglish Civil War,landed in France and took their quarters in Abbeville from where they left to go and reinforce the army ofTurenneen route toValenciennes.Shortly after, Balthazar de Fargues[note 3]sold the place toJohn of Austriaand after meeting the price, he refused to deliver it to him, raising troops for himself who were then spread throughout thePonthieuto ransom the inhabitants. Finally stopped, he was tried and hanged atPlace Saint-Pierreon 17 March 1665.

In 1657, Louis XIV came twice to Abbeville with his mother,Anne of Austria.

By the mid-16th century, thewoadtrade shrank after the promotion of thepastelof the Pays du Midi, and it took to restructuring crafts.Colbertused it, and underLouis XIV,the city developed through the installation of Van Robais, manufacturers of sheets and tapestries from the Netherlands who, in 1665, created theManufacture royale des Rames[fr](drapery workshops).

In 1685, it suffered a serious blow at theRevocation of the Edict of Nantes,the Protestant temple was destroyed and the persecuted workers who were the majority of skilled labour left the town, including those of Van Robais. The population decreased very strongly and never fully recovered from this exodus of talent.[3]

In 1693 thePonthieubecame the refuge of a considerable number ofBretonsandNormanswho had left their country because offamine[fr],but they almost all perished of misery.

18th century

edit

At the end of the reignofLouis XIVthe country was covered with troops. The city crowded of sick and wounded. In 1708, after thecapture of Lille,the troops of theDuke of MarlboroughandEugene of Savoycame forward frequently at the gates of Abbeville,ransoming[fr]the farms and villages. The winter of 1709 was terrible; people perished from cold, hunger and misery. At this time industry was quite dark and the State was required to help sheets manufacturers.

In 1717,Peter the Greatpassed through Abbeville.

TheLa Barre Monument.

In July 1766, theChevalier de La Barre,accused of having, a year earlier, failed to give a duesaluteto a religious procession forCorpus Christiby refusing to remove his hat and singing ungodly songs. However, the story is more complex and revolves around a mutilated cross.[citation needed]He was executed on thePlace du Grand-Marchéfor blasphemy. Subject to the issue, his legs were crushed. The right hand and the determined language, his decapitated corpse was finally delivered to the flames with theDictionnaire philosophiqueofVoltaireon the same place. Today, a paving stone, engraved with his name and the date of his execution, is visible on the place of execution (Place Max-Lejeune), near the town hall. The martyrdom of the Chevalier de La Barre served as Voltaire's banner in his fight against religious fanaticism.[37]

On 2 November 1773, the powder magazine exploded killing 150 people and damaging nearly 1,000 houses.

Administratively, the people of Abbeville formed asubdelegation[fr]whose competence has been confused with that of the delegation of the same name (located in theGeneralitatofAmiens). On the eve of theRevolution,Abbeville was the chef-lieu of a main electoralBailiwick(without secondary Bailiwick).

Abbeville was fairly important in the 18th century, when the Van Robais Royal Manufacture (one of the first major factories in France) brought great prosperity (but some class controversy) to the town. Voltaire, among others, wrote about it.

Contemporary era

edit

French Revolution

edit

There were no significant excesses during periods ofRevolutionand theTerror.

In 1793, onPlace Saint-Pierrethe furniture of the churches was burned, along with images and the feudal titles. TheChurch of Saint-vulfran[fr]became theTemple of Reason.

On 8 June 1794, a festival was celebrated in honour of theSupreme Being.Abbeville suffered from famine in 1794 and 1795.

On 5 January 1795, the Hotel of Grutuze, built underCharles VII,attended by the directors of the district, was destroyed by a fire.

In 1797, theSociety of Emulation of Abbeville[fr],one of the oldest learned societies of France, was created.

In 1798 and 1799, the winter was severe and a part of the town[38]was flooded.

Consulate and Empire

edit

On 18 brumaire year X (9 November 1801), there was a terriblehurricanethat caused more than 1,300,000francsworth of damage in thearrondissement.

On 29 prairial year XI (18 June 1803),Napoleonpassed through the town for the first time. During the preparations of the expedition he was planning against the United Kingdom, the First Consul often spent time in Abbeville by going to thecamp of Boulogne.

In 1813, as part of the reorganisation of the cavalry which had beendecimated in Russia,the arrondissement offered the government 43 men mounted and equipped.

Early in 1814, withinvasion becoming more imminent every day,the urbanNational Guardwas reorganised across the whole of theEmpire.30 pieces of artillery were placed on the walls, and to complete the defense system, trees were felled in the vicinity to make 30,000 palisades and 14,000 shields. On 20 February, a column of cavalry forming the vanguard of the 3rd Corps of the Prussian army, commanded byBaron de Geismar,arrived inDoullens,before heading to Abbeville. Immediately, the Abbevillois ran to arms. 800 rifles were made available and a vigorous resistance began when the population learned that this supposed vanguard of the Prussian army had more than 1,500 to 2,000 men in its ranks, bothCossacksandSaxonLancers,who eventually made their way to Paris.

In early April, after theBattle of Parisand theabdication of Napoleon,2,000LancersandPrussiancuirassierscommanded byGeneral Röderarrived from Paris and the surrounding countryside, and committed all kinds of excesses during their stay.

On 27 April 1814,Louis XVIIIentered the town and was received with an outpouring of joy. He stayed at theAbbey of Saint-Pierre.

During theFirst Restoration,many distinguished people and about 10,000 British troops passed through Abbeville, to return to their country. TheDuke of Berry,accompanied by the10th Regiment of Cuirassiers[fr]and the108th Infantry Regiment[fr],stayed there.

On 21 March 1815, King Louis XVIII, who was on the way to exile, spent a night in the town.

In 1815, after theBattle of Waterloo,the town was again put into defence. However, after numerous desertions, the garrison was reduced to 400 men.

July monarchy, Second Republic and Second Empire

edit
The railway station (on a postcard of 1905)
ThePlace Saint-Pierre,before 1914

Victor Hugocame to Abbeville three times, as a tourist: In 1835, he stayed there successively from July 26 (after going down toL'Écu de Brabant), then on 4 and 5 August (staying atL'Hôtel d'Angleterre). In August and September 1837, he came to Amiens after having descended the Somme by Steamboat. Finally, in 1849, leaving the city in the rain on 11 September.

In 1847, there was the arrival of the railway in Abbeville with the opening of the Amiens-Abbeville section of the line of theLongueau–Boulogne railway.In 1856, theAbbeville railway stationwas inaugurated, which is still in service.

End of 19th century and Belle Epoque

edit

Abbeville was the birthplace ofRear AdmiralAmédée Courbet(1827–1885), whose victories on land and at sea made him anational heroduring theSino-French War(August 1884 to April 1885). Courbet died in June 1885, shortly after the end of the war, atMakungin thePescadores Islands,and his body was brought back to France and buried in Abbeville on 1 September 1885 after astate funeralatLes Invalidesa few days earlier. Abbeville's old Haymarket Square (Place du Marché-au-Blé) was renamed Place de l'Amiral Courbet in July 1885, shortly after the news of Courbet's death reached France, and an extravagant baroque statue of Courbet was erected in the middle of the square at the end of the nineteenth century. The statue was damaged in a devastating Germanbombing raid duringWorld War II.[citation needed]It was an allied base duringWorld War I.[20]

In 1896, the SocialistJules Guesdecame to lecture in Abbeville. In the aftermath, a group of theFrench Workers' Partyand a House of the people are created. 1899, the phone has already arrived in Abbeville but its operation does not any satisfaction.

In 1899, Abbeville industry had a mill, a table linen factory, a rope factory, a factory of weight scales, three smelters, a boiler works, a locksmith for buildings, a wood grinding mill, a distillery, etc.

On 7 July 1907 was the inauguration of theLa Barre Monument,gathering many Republicans, delegates from Socialist groups and free-thinkers.

World War I and the conferences of Abbeville

edit

DuringWorld War I,the town was never occupied by the German troops (as evidenced by the monument built on the Mont de Caubert).

In 1916, during theBattle of the Somme,it served as a military hospital (the 3rd Australian General Hospital). As with Amiens and Beauvais, the town was partially destroyed and theaftermath of war[fr]is significant nearby, particularly due tounexploded ordnancestill found in the soil.

In 1918, it was the seat of two Anglo-French conferences (conferences of Abbeville): That of 25 March, between Field MarshalHaigand GeneralsWilsonandFoch,who convened theDoullensconference. During the second conference on 2 May, Foch demanded authority on the Italian front but only obtained a power of coordination. It was at the Conference of Abbeville (1 and 2 May 1918) while the armies weakened that Foch oppositeClemenceauandLloyd Georgewould have considered a fallback to the south to protect the capital. In the event that the French and British armies were separated and they could no longer defend both access to the ports of the English Channel and Paris, the British army would have then withdrawn and stood on the Somme.

On May 31, 1918,Americanwar poetJohn Allan Wyethwas aSecond Lieutenantin the33rd U.S. Infantry Division,which was largely composed of soldiers from theIllinois Army National Guard.Lt. Wyeth and his fellowDoughboyswere stationed in nearbyHuppy,when Germanaeroplanesbegan a bombing raid on Abbeville. At the time, such air raids were a nightly affair and Abbeville was in the process of being evacuated. Lt. Wyeth later versified his memories of the air raid in thesonnetHuppy.[39]

Interwar period

edit

On 3 May 1936, voters in the 1st District of Abbeville did not derogate from a broad popular movement. In the 2nd round, they choseMax Lejeune[fr]as the MP who, at 27 years old, was the youngest elected to the chamber.

World War II

edit
The German advance until 21 May 1940

On 12 September 1939 aconference in Abbevilletook place in whichFrance and the United Kingdomdecided to not continue theattack on Germany,which resulted in a tougher situation oneastern front.On 9 May 1940, authorities inBelgiumarrested a number of bothfar rightandfar leftactivists and put them in custody of aFrench Armyunit stationed near Abbeville. On 20 May, when the advancing German Army cut off the area (see following), a group of French soldiers carried out a massacre and killed a number of members of the right wingVerdinasoandRexist Partyand of theBelgian Communist Party.Altogether, twenty two suspects of varying political stripe were selected and executed without trial.

In the development of the 1940Battle of France,the Germans had massed the bulk of their armoured force in Panzer Group von Kleist, which attacked through the comparatively unguarded sector of theArdennesand achieved a breakthrough at Sedan withair support.The group raced to the coast of theEnglish Channelat Abbeville, thus isolating (20 May 1940)[3]theBritish Expeditionary Force,Belgian Army,and some divisions of theFrench Armyin northern France.[citation needed]

Charles de Gaulle(17–18 May 1940), then a colonel, launched a counterattack in the region ofLaon(see the map) with 80 tanks to destroy the communication of the Germanarmoured troops.His newly formed4e Division cuirasséereachedMontcornet,resulting in theBattle of Montcornet.Without support, the 4th DCR was forced to retreat. TheAbbeville massacretook place on 20 May 1940. Abbeville was taken by the Germans from the2nd Panzer DivisionofGeneralmajorRudolf Veiel,also on 20 May 1940. There was anothercounter-attackwith theBattle of Abbeville.After Laon (24 May), de Gaulle was promoted to temporary general: "On 28 May (...) the 4th DCR attacked twice to destroy a pocket captured by the enemy south of the Somme near Abbeville. The operation was successful, with over 400 prisoners taken and the entire pocket mopped up except for Abbeville (...) but in the second attack the 4th DCR failed to gain control of the city in the face of superior enemy numbers."[40]The Germans were forced back about 50 kilometres (31 mi). The AlliedAerodrome Abbevillewas used by the German Luftwaffe during most of the war.

After five years, in September 1944, Abbeville was liberated by the Polish1st Armoured Division(which was attached to the 1st Canadian Army) under GeneralStanisław Maczek,which entered Abbeville through the suburb of Rouvroy. World War II was not kind to the architecture of the town as the famous 17th-century GothicCathedral of St. Vulfranwas nearly destroyed.[3]It, along with the town hall with its tower from the 13th century were saved, albeit damaged.[29]

Floods of 2001

edit

In the spring of 2001, the city, like the Somme Valley, had to sufferfloods.These lasted several weeks, because of the saturation of thewater table,the result of a year of exceptional precipitation. The station was inaccessible, the tracks being covered by several centimetres of water.

Military life

edit

Units which have been stationed in Abbeville:

Places and monuments

edit

The city was very picturesque until the early days of theSecond World Warwhen it was bombed mostly to rubble in one night by the Germans. The town overall is now mostly modern and rebuilt.

Collegiate Church of Saint-Vulfran

edit
The Saint-Vulfran Collegiate Church

The Collegiate Church of Saint-Vulfran(Wulfram of Sens) was constructed from 1488 and into the 16th and 17th centuries, although the original design was not completed. Thenavehas only two bays and thechoiris insignificant. However, the façade is a masterpiece offlamboyantGothic architecture,which made the city famous, and is flanked by two Gothic towers.[31]Wulfram, its patron saint who is celebrated on 20 March, was bornc. 650 AD,inMilly(Gâtinais), and was Lord at the Court ofChlothar III,Abbot ofFontenelle,Archbishop ofSensin 682, and an evangeliser ofFrisia.He died at Saint-Wandrille (Fontenelle Abbey) in 720. The building was classified as ahistorical monumentin 1840.[41]

Theatre

edit

Built in 1911, thetheatre[fr]is one of the few in the region that boasts an Italian room. Registered as anhistorical monumentin 2003.

Belfry

edit
Thebelfryand the Boucher-de-Perthes Museum
See also:Belfry (architecture)

Classified as aWorld Heritage Sitein 2005 and registered as anhistoric monumentin 1926, thebelfry[fr]is one of the oldest in France, built in 1209. On 20 May 1940, during a bombing, its roof was damaged and it was only in 1986 that it was rebuilt. The belfry is one of the fifty-sixbelfries of Belgium and Franceregistered in 2005 by theWorld Heritage CommitteeofUNESCOin recognition of its testimony to the rise of municipal power in the region and its architecture.[42]It has housed themuseum[fr]of the city since 1954.

Boucher de Perthes Museum

edit
ThePlace Max-Lejeunein the heart of Abbeville

TheBoucher de Perthes Museum[fr]is partly situated in the now unusedbell towerof the 13th century which is inscribed on the World Heritage list.[42]It is a tribute toJacques Boucher de Crèvecœur de Pertheswho also has a lycée named after him. The museum features artwork and artifacts from the 16th century onwards, along with other exhibitions that periodically change.

Château de Bagatelle

edit

Manufacture des Rames

edit

Classified as anhistoric monumentin 1986,[43]the Manufacture des Rames specialised in the production of luxury linen. The building was partly constructed in 1710.

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

edit

TheChurch of the Holy Sepulchre[fr],situated in the heart of the old town centre, is acollegiateGothicchurch from the 11th century. The thirty-one stained glass windows were designed byAlfred Manessier(1911–1993) and were made inChartres.The church was classified as anhistorical monumentin 1907.[44]

Other churches

edit

Archaeological sites

edit

La Barre Monument

edit

TheLa Barre Monumentwas erected in 1907 by public subscription, in commemoration of the martyrdom of theChevalier de La Barre.Located near the station, next to the bridge on the Somme canal, the La Barre Monument is an annual rallying point, on the first Sunday of July, for defenders of secularism and freethinkers.

Other memorials

edit
The Abbeville war memorial

Parks and public gardens

edit
TheRobert MalletMunicipal Library (former hôtel of Emonville) and gardens

Other monuments

edit
Abbeville railway station in February 2010
The town hall of Abbeville
  • The HotelRambures,of the 18th century, inscribed as anhistoric monumentin 1977.
  • The Hotel Buigny inscribed as an historic monument in 1933.
  • Abbeville railway station,of "seaside regional" style, is built around a frame of wood with red brick cladding, inscribed as an historical monument in 1984.
  • Thebathhouse of Abbeville[fr],built in 1909–1910 byCaisse d'Épargneon the plans of the architects Greux and Marchand. The sculptures are ofLouis-Henri Leclabart[fr](1876–1929), creator of the war memorial of Abbeville and the Delique Stadium. Registered as an historical monument in 2003.
  • In the town centre, a dozen old houses dating from the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries were classified as historical monuments or registered as historical monuments between 1924 and 1974.
  • The town hall, inaugurated in 1960.

Twin towns – sister cities

edit
See also:List of twin towns and sister cities in France

Abbeville istwinnedwith:

Notable people

edit

See also

edit

Bibliography

edit
  • Hugo, Victor(1987).Œuvres Complètes –Voyages[Complete Works – Travel]. Bouquins (in French). Paris: Éditions Robert Laffont.
  • Lesueur, Charles.Abbeville pendant la Guerre de 1914–1918[Abbeville during the War of 1914–1918] (in French).
  • Louandre, François-César.Recherches sur la topographie du Ponthieu, avant le siecle XIVe[Research on the topography of Ponthieu, before the fourteenth century] (in French).
  • Louandre, François-César (1829).Biographie d'Abbeville et de ses environs[Biography of Abbeville and its surroundings] (in French). Devérité.
  • Louandre, François-César (1834).Histoire ancienne et moderne d'Abbeville et de son arrondissement[Ancient and modern history of Abbeville and its arrondissement] (in French). A. Boulanger.
  • Louandre, François-César (1837).Lettres et bulletins des armées de Louis XI, adressés aux officiers municipaux d'Abbeville[Letters and newsletters of the armies of Louis XI, addressed to municipal officers of Abbeville] (in French). with explanations and notes.
  • Maisse, Gérald (2005). Paillart, F. (ed.).Occupation et Résistance dans la Somme 1940–1944[Occupation and Resistance in the Somme 1940–1944] (in French). Abbeville.ISBN978-2-85314-019-5.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Mallet, Robert.Les Riches heures d'Abbeville[The Rich hours of Abbeville] (in French).
  • Mallet, Robert.Mes souvenirs sur la vie abbevilloise[My memories of the Abbeville life] (in French).
  • Micberth, Michel-Georges; Louandre, François César (1998) [1883].Histoire d'Abbeville et du comté de Ponthieu jusqu'en 1789[History Abbeville and Ponthieu County until 1789]. Monographies des villes et villages de France (in French).
  • Morel de Sarcus, Christian (2004).Déluges[Floods] (in French). Éditions Henry. (memory of the bombing of 1940 and the floods of the Somme in 2001).
  • Prarond, Ernest (1850).Notice sur les rues d'Abbeville[Instructions on the streets of Abbeville] (in French).
  • Prarond, Ernest (1854).Notices historiques, topographiques et archéologiques sur l'arrondissement d'Abbeville[Historical, topographical and archaeological records of the arrondissement of Abbeville] (in French).
  • Prarond, Ernest (1875).Abbeville à table, études gourmandes et morales[Abbeville to table, gourmet and ethical studies] (in French).
  • Prarond, Ernest (1871).La Topographie historique et archéologique d'Abbeville[The historical and archaeological topography of Abbeville] (in French).
  • Prarond, Ernest (1873).La Ligue à Abbeville, 1576–1594[The League in Abbeville, 1576–1594] (in French). Paris Dumoulin.
  • Prarond, Ernest (1886).Les Convivialités de l'échevinage, ou l'Histoire à table[The convivialities of the aldermen, or table history] (in French).
  • de Wailly, Henri (1980).Le Coup de faux: l'assassinat d'une ville (Abbeville 1940)[The false strike: The assassination of a city (Abbeville 1940)] (in French). Copernic.
  • de Wailly, Henri (1990).De Gaulle sous le casque, Abbeville 1940[De Gaulle under the helmet, Abbeville 1940] (in French). Librairie académique Perrin.
  • de Wailly, Henri (1995).La Victoire évaporée: Abbeville 1940[The Evaporated Victory: Abbeville 1940] (in French). Librairie académique Perrin.
  • de Wailly, Henri (2012).L'Offensive blindée d'Abbeville 27 mai – 4 juin 1940[The Abbeville Armored Offensive 27 May 27 to 4 June 1940] (in French). Economica.
Online
Encyclopaediae
  • Asimov, Isaac (1964). "Boucher De Crèvecœur de Perthes".Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Living Stpries of More than 1000 Great Scientists from the Age of Greece to the Space Age.Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, Inc.LCCN64016199.
  • Canby, Courtlandt (1984)."Abbeville".Encyclopedia of Historic Places.Vol. I: A-L. New York, NY: Facts on File Publications.ISBN0-87196-397-3.LCCN80025121.
  • Cohen, Saul B., ed. (1998). "Abbeville".The Columbia Gazetteer of the World.Vol. 1: A to G. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.ISBN0-231-11040-5.LCCN98071262.
  • Darvill, Timothy, ed. (2008). "Abbeville, France".The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Archaeology(2nd ed.). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-953404-3.LCCN2008279152.
  • Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010)."Abbeville".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 1: A-ak Bayes (15th ed.). Chicago, IL: Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.ISBN978-1-59339-837-8.LCCN2008934270.
  • Van Valkenburg, Samuel (1997). "Abbeville". In Johnston, Bernard (ed.).Collier's Encyclopedia.Vol. I: A to Ameland (1st ed.). New York, NY: P. F. Collier.LCCN96084127.

Notes

edit
  1. ^Also written as Hariulphe
  2. ^In fact, sea vessels docked instead at that time inGrand-Laviers,but the goods can be brought by large boats into the heart of the city, as evidenced by the suburb "du Guindal".
  3. ^Balthazar de Méalet de Fargues, seigneur of Cincehours, Captain-major of the regiment of Bellebrune

References

edit
  1. ^"Répertoire national des élus: les maires"(in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.
  2. ^"Populations légales 2021"(in French).The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies.28 December 2023.
  3. ^abcdefghijVan Valkenburg 1997,p. 8
  4. ^"Chapelle St Pierre St Paul".association du prieuré.
  5. ^Lefebvre, F.A. (1885).La chartreuse de Saint-Honoré à Thuison près d'Abbeville.Bray et Retaux. p.25.571.
  6. ^Lefebvre, 1885, p.381
  7. ^Lefebvre, 1885, p.383
  8. ^"Données climatiques de la station de Abbeville"(in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe originalon 20 November 2018.Retrieved12 January2016.
  9. ^"Climat Picardie"(in French). Meteo France. Archived fromthe originalon 20 November 2018.Retrieved12 January2016.
  10. ^"Normes et records 1961–1990: Abbeville (80) – altitude 70m"(in French). Infoclimat.Retrieved12 January2016.
  11. ^Des villages de Cassini aux communes d'aujourd'hui:Commune data sheet Abbeville,EHESS(in French).
  12. ^Population en historique depuis 1968,INSEE
  13. ^"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017, Commune d'Abbeville (80001)".INSEE.Retrieved1 September2020.
  14. ^"Évolution et structure de la population en 2017, Département de la Somme (80)".INSEE.Retrieved1 September2020.
  15. ^abcdCohen 1998,p. 3
  16. ^Anon 2007
  17. ^"Bibliothèque municipale (section" étude et patrimoine ") d'Abbeville".CR2L de Picardie.Archived fromthe originalon 26 February 2014.Retrieved28 May2015.
  18. ^"Les Nuits du Blues (présentation du programme 2011)".Archived fromthe originalon 13 October 2007.
  19. ^"Le palmarès des villes et villages fleuris".Le Courrier Picard, Oise Edition.5 July 2008.
  20. ^abcdCanby 1984,p. 2
  21. ^Hippolyte Cocheris, Conservateur de la Bibliothèque Mazarine, Conseiller général du département de Seine-et-Oise, DICTIONNAIRE DES ANCIENS NOMS DES COMMUNES DU DÉPARTEMENT DE SEINE-ET-OISE, 1874
  22. ^"Origine des noms flamands".Archived fromthe originalon 5 July 2015.Retrieved26 May2015.
  23. ^"Historique d'Abbeville".ot-abbeville.fr.
  24. ^Estienne, Jacques; Louis, Mireille (1972).Armorial du Département et des Communes de la Somme.Abbeville: F. Paillart.
  25. ^"Abbeville, Porte de la Baie de Somme – un peu d'histoire"(in French).Retrieved31 May2015.
  26. ^"Résultats élections: Abbeville".Le Monde.
  27. ^Asimov 1964,p. 223
  28. ^Darvill 2008,p. 1
  29. ^abcdeHoiberg 2010,p. 11
  30. ^See bibliography and external links
  31. ^abcdOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Abbeville".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 11.
  32. ^L'héroïsme de Ringois nous est connu par un passage desGrandes chroniques de France(Règne de Charles V. p. 97)
  33. ^Lettres patentes de Louis XI.Crotoy. December 1463. p.154.
  34. ^Leguay, Jean-Pierre (2005).Les catastrophes au Moyen Âge.Les classiques Gisserot de l'histoire. Paris: J.-P. Gisserot. p. 186.ISBN2-87747-792-4.
  35. ^abPoullain de Saint-Foix, Germain-François (1766).Histoire de l'Ordre du Saint-Esprit.Vol. 1. Paris: Vve Duchesne. pp. 45–46.
  36. ^Louandre, F.-C.Hist. ancienne et moderne d'Abbeville.p. 303.
  37. ^See in particular the article"Torture"that he added in hisDictionnaire philosophiquefollowing the event.
  38. ^Saint-Jacques quarter, chaussée d'Hocquet, suburbs of Planches and de Rouvroy
  39. ^John Allan Wyeth (2008),This Man's Army: A War in Fifty-Odd Sonnets,pages xxxii, 12.
  40. ^Anon 2014
  41. ^Base Mérimée:Eglise Saint-Vulfran ou ancienne collégiale,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  42. ^ab"Belfries of Belgium and France".UNESCO World Heritage Centre.United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization.Retrieved5 November2021.
  43. ^Base Mérimée:Ancienne manufacture des Rames,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  44. ^Base Mérimée:Eglise du Saint-Sépulcre,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  45. ^Base Mérimée:Eglise Notre-Dame-de-la-Chapelle,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  46. ^Base Palissy:Chaire à prêcher,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  47. ^"L'église Saint-Jacques d'Abbeville va être détruite".La Tribune de l'art.Retrieved27 May2015.
  48. ^Base Mérimée:Carrière Carpentier,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  49. ^Base Mérimée:Carrière de Menchecourt,Ministère français de la Culture.(in French)
  50. ^"Abbeville".Archived fromthe originalon 30 September 2012.and"Abbeville – Monument aux morts 1939/1945".Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2011.
  51. ^"Argos en Grèce".abbeville.fr(in French). Abbeville.Retrieved19 April2021.
  52. ^"Burgess Hill en Grande-Bretagne".abbeville.fr(in French). Abbeville.Retrieved19 April2021.
  53. ^"Saint Vulflagius of Abbeville".3 June 2009.
  54. ^Dubois, Claude (1990)."DROGBA AU SCA".abbsport.com.
  55. ^Le Courrier picard,23 May 1965
edit
Wikisourcehas the text of a 1921Collier's Encyclopediaarticle aboutAbbeville.
Wikisourcehas the text of theNuttall EncyclopædiaarticleAbbeville.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abbeville&oldid=1198249490"