Wikipedia

Abdullah Öcalan

Abdullah Öcalan(/ˈoʊdʒəlɑːn/OH-jə-lahn;[10]Turkish:[œdʒaɫan];born 4 April 1948 or 1949), also known asApo[10][11](short for Abdullah inTurkish;Kurdishfor "uncle" ),[12][13]is a founding member of the militantKurdistan Workers' Party(PKK).[14][15]

Abdullah Öcalan
Öcalan in 1997
Born(1948-04-04)4 April 1948(age 76)[1]or(1949-04-04)4 April 1949(age 75)[2]
Ömerli,Turkey
NationalityKurdish[3][4][5][6][7]
CitizenshipTurkey
EducationFaculty of Political Science, Ankara University[8]
OccupationsFounder and leader of militant organizationPKK,[9]political activist, writer,political theorist
Organization(s)Kurdistan Workers' Party(PKK),Kurdistan Communities Union(KCK)
Spouse
Kesire Yıldırım
​
(m.1978)​
Relatives
Philosophy career
Notable ideas
Democratic confederalism

Jineology

Öcalan was based in Syria from 1979 to 1998.[16]He helped found the PKK in 1978, and led it into theKurdish–Turkish conflictin 1984. For most of his leadership, he was based in Syria, which providedsanctuaryto the PKK until the late 1990s.

After being forced to leave Syria, Öcalan was abducted by theTurkish National Intelligence Organization(MIT) inNairobi,Kenya in February 1999 and imprisoned onİmralı islandin Turkey,[17]where aftera trialhe was sentenced to death under Article 125 of the Turkish Penal Code, which concerns the formation of armed organizations.[18]The sentence was commuted to aggravated life imprisonment when Turkeyabolished the death penalty.From 1999 until 2009, he was the sole prisoner[19]inİmralı prisonin theSea of Marmara,where he is still held.[20][21]

Öcalan has advocated a political solution to the conflict since the1993 Kurdistan Workers' Party ceasefire.[22][23]Öcalan's prison regimehas oscillated between long periods of isolation during which he is allowed no contact with the outside world, and periods when he is permitted visits.[24]He was also involved in negotiations with the Turkish government that led to a temporaryKurdish–Turkish peace processin 2013.[25]

From prison, Öcalan has published several books.Jineology,also known as the science of women, is a form offeminismadvocated by Öcalan[26]and subsequently a fundamental tenet of theKurdistan Communities Union(KCK).[27]Öcalan's philosophy ofdemocratic confederalismis applied in theDemocratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria(DAANES),[28]an autonomouspolityformed in Syria in 2012.

Early life and education

Öcalan was born in Ömerli, a village inHalfeti,Şanlıurfa Provincein eastern Turkey.[29]While some sources report his date of birth as 4 April 1949,[2]no official birth records exist. He has claimed not to know exactly when he was born, estimating the year to be 1946 or 1947.[30]He is the oldest of seven children.[31]He attended elementary school in a neighboring village and wanted to join theTurkish army.[32]He applied to the military high school but failed in the admission exam.[33]In 1966 he began to study at a vocational high school inAnkara(Turkish:Ankara Tapu-Kadastro Meslek Lisesi)[33]and attended meetings of anti-communists but also of circles active in left wing politics[34]interested in improving Kurdish rights.[33]He was also a very conservative Muslim in his youth and he admiredNecip Fazıl Kısakürek.[35]After graduating in 1969, Öcalan began working at theTitle DeedsOffice ofDiyarbakır.It was at this time his political affiliation began to reform.[34]He was relocated one year later to Istanbul[33]where he participated in the meetings of theRevolutionary Cultural Eastern Hearths(DDKO).[36][37]Later, he entered theIstanbul Law Facultybut after the first year transferred toAnkara Universityto study political science.[38]

His return to Ankara was facilitated by the state in order to divide theDev-Genç(Revolutionary Youth Federation of Turkey), of which Öcalan was a member. PresidentSüleyman Demirellater regretted this decision, since the PKK was to become a much greater threat to the state thanDev-Genç.[39]

Öcalan was not able to graduate from Ankara University,[40]as on 7 April 1972 he was arrested after participating in a rally against the killing ofMahir Çayan.[34]He was charged with distributing the left-wing political magazineŞafak(published byDoğu Perinçek) and was held for seven months at theMamakPrison.[41]In November 1973, the Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education, (Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği,ADYÖD[tr]) was founded and shortly after he was elected to join its board.[42]In the ADYÖD several students close to the political views ofHikmet Kıvılcımlıwere active.[42]In December 1974,ADYÖDwas closed down.[43]In 1975, together withMazlum DoğanandMehmet Hayri Durmuş[ku],he published a political booklet which described the main aims for aRevolution in Kurdistan.[44]During meetings in Ankara between 1974 and 1975, Öcalan and others came to the conclusion thatKurdistanwas acolonyand preparations ought to be made for a revolution.[45]The group decided to disperse into the different towns inTurkish Kurdistanin order to set up a base of supporters for an armed revolution.[45]At the beginning, this idea had only a few supporters, but following a journey Öcalan made through the cities ofAğrı,Batman,Diyarbakır,Bingöl,KarsandUrfain 1977, the group counted over 300 adherents and had organised about thirty armed militants.[45]

The Kurdistan Workers' Party

In 1978, in the midst of the right- and left-wing conflicts which culminated in the1980 Turkish coup d'état,Öcalan founded theKurdistan Workers' Party(PKK).[46]In July 1979 he fled to Syria.[47]

Since its foundation, the party focused on ideological training.[48]Marxism-Leninism,the history and estate of Kurdistan had a central role in the party.[48]Öcalan elaborated on the importance of ideology to the extent to where he condemnedideologylessnessand equated ideology with religion which according to him had replaced the latter.[48]"If you break the link between yourself and ideology you will beastialize".[49]With the support of the Syrian Government, he established two training camps for the PKK in Lebanon where the Kurdish guerrillas should receive political and military training.[44]

In1984, the PKK initiated a campaignof armed conflict by attacking government forces[50][51][52]in order to create an independent Kurdish state. Öcalan attempted to unite the Kurdish liberation movements of the PKK and the one active againstSaddam Husseinin Iraq. In negotiations between theKurdistan Democratic Party(KDP) and the PKK, it was agreed that the latter was able to move freely inIraqi Kurdistan.He also met twice withMasoud Barzani,the leader of the KDP inDamascus,to resolve some minor issues they had once in 1984 and another time in 1985. But due to pressure from Turkey the cooperation remained timid.[53]During an interview he gave to the TurkishMilliyetin 1988, he mentioned the goal wasn't to gain independence from Turkey at all costs, but remained firm on the issue of the Kurdish rights, and suggested that negotiations should take place for a federation to be established in Turkey.[54]In 1988, he also met withJalal Talabaniof thePatriotic Union of Kurdistan(PUK) in Damascus, with which he signed an agreement and after some differences after the foundation of a Kurdish Government in Iraqi Kurdistan in 1992 he later had a better relationship.[53]

In the early 1990s, interviews given to bothDoğu Perinçekand Hasan Bildirici he mentioned his willingness to achieve a peaceful solution to the conflict.[55]In another given toOral Çalışlar,he emphasized the difference between independence and separatism. He articulated the view that different nations were able to live in independence within the same state if they had equal rights.[56]Then in 1993, upon request of Turkish presidentTurgut Özal,Öcalan met with Jalal Talabani for negotiations following whichÖcalan declared a unilateral cease firewhich had a duration from 20 March to 15 April.[57][58]Later he prolonged it in order to enable negotiations with the Turkish government. Soon after Özal died on 17 April 1993,[59]the initiative was halted by Turkey on the grounds that Turkey did not negotiate with terrorists.[57]During an International Kurdish Conference inBrusselsin March 1994, his initiative for equal rights for Kurds and Turks within Turkey was discussed.[60]It is reported by Gottfried Stein, that at least during the first half of the 1990s, he used to live mainly in a protected neighborhood in Damascus.[60]On 7 May 1996, in the midst of another unilateral cease-fire declared by the PKK, an attempt to assassinate him in a house in Damascus, was unsuccessful.[61][62]

Following the protests which arose against the prohibition of the PKK in Germany, Öcalan had several meetings with politicians from Germany who came to hold talks with him.[63]In the summer of 1995 the president of theFederal Office for the Protection of the Constitution(Verfassungsschutz) Klaus Grünewald came to visit him,[63][64]And with the German MPHeinrich Lummerof theChristian Democratic Union of Germany(CDU) he held meetings in October 1995 inDamascusand March 1996, during which they discussed the PKK's activities in Germany.[63]Öcalan assured him that the PKK would support a peaceful solution for the conflict. Back in Germany, Lummer made a statement in support for further negotiations with Öcalan.[65]With time, the United States (1997),[66]European Union,Syria,Turkey, andother countrieshave included the PKK on their lists of terrorist organizations.[67][68]AGreek parliamentarydelegation from thePASOKcame to visit him in theBeqaa valleyon 17 October 1996.[63]During his stay in Syria he has published several books concerning the Kurdish revolution.[60]On at least one occasion, in 1993, he was detained and held by Syria'sGeneral Intelligence Directorate,but later released.[69]Until 1998, Öcalan was based in Syria. As the situation deteriorated in Turkey, the Turkish government openly threatened Syria over its support for the PKK.[70]As a result, the Syrian government forced Öcalan to leave the country but still refused turning him over to the Turkish authorities. In October 1998, Öcalan prepared for his departure from Syria and during a meeting inKobane,he unsuccessfully attempted to lay the foundations for a new party which failed due to Syrian intelligence's obstruction.[71]

Exile in Europe

Öcalan left Syria on 9 October 1998 and for the next four months, he toured several European countries advocating for a solution of the Kurdish-Turkish conflict.[72]Öcalan first went to Russia where theRussian parliamentvoted on 4 November 1998 to grant him asylum.[73]On 6 November 109Greek parliamentariansinvited Öcalan to stay in Greece, a move which was repeated byPanayioitis Sgouridis[el],[73]the deputy speaker of theGreek Parliamentat the time.[74]Öcalan then chose to travel toItaly,where he landed on 12 November 1998 at theairportinRome.[75]

In 1998 the Turkish government requested the extradition of Öcalan from Italy,[76]where he applied for political asylum upon his arrival. He was detained by the Italian authorities due to an arrest warrant issued by Germany.[77]But Italy did not extradite him to Germany, who refused to hold a trial on Öcalan in its country.[78]The German chancellorGerhard Schröderas well as the Minister of the InteriorOtto Schilypreferred that Öcalan would be tried by an unspecified "European Court".[75]Italy also didn't extradite him to Turkey.[77]The Italian prime ministerMassimo D'Alemaannounced it was contrary to Italian law to extradite someone to a country where the defendant is threatened with a capital punishment.[79]But Italy also didn't want Öcalan to stay, and pulled several diplomatic strings to compel him to leave the country,[72]which was accomplished on 16 January[80]when he departed toNizhny Novgorodin hope to find a safe haven in Russia.[72]But in Russia he was not as much welcomed as in October, and he had to wait for a week at the airport ofStrigino International Airportin Nizhny Novgorod.[72]From Russia, he took an airplane fromSaint Petersburgto Greece where he arrived inAthensupon the invitation ofNikolas Naxakis,a retired Admiral on 29 January 1999.[72]He spent the night as a guest of the popular Greek authorVoula DamianakouinNea Makri.[72]

Following this, Öcalan attempted to travel toThe Hague,to pursue a settlement of his legal situation at theInternational Criminal Court,but theNetherlandswould not let his plane land and sent him back to Greece where he landed on the islandCorfuin theIonean Sea.[72]Öcalan then decided to fly toNairobiat the invitation of Greek diplomats.[81]At that time he was defended byBritta Böhler,a high-profile German attorney who argued that the crimes he was accused of would have to be proven in court and attempted to reach that the International Court inThe Haguewould assume the case.[82]

Abduction, trial, and imprisonment

Öcalan was abducted in Kenya on 15 February 1999, while on his way from the Greek embassy toJomo Kenyatta International Airportin Nairobi, in an operation by the Turkish National Intelligence Organization (Turkish:Millî İstihbarat Teşkilatı,MIT) with the help of theCIA.[83]According to the Turkish newspaperVatan,the Americans transferred him to the Turkish authorities, who flew him back to Turkey for trial.[84]

Following his capture, the Greek Government was in turmoil and Foreign MinisterTheodoros Pangalos,Interior MinisterAlekos Papadopoulosand the Minister of Public OrderPhilipos Petsalnikosresigned from their posts.[85]Costoulas, the Greek ambassador who protected him, said that his own life was in danger after the operation.[86]According to Nucan Derya, Öcalan's interpreter inKenya,the Kenyans had warned the Greek ambassador that "something" might happen if he didn't leave four days prior and that they were given the assurance by Pangalos that Öcalan would have safe passage to Europe. Öcalan was determined to travel toAmsterdamand face the accusations of terrorism.[87]Öcalan's capture led thousands of Kurds to holdworldwide protestscondemning his capture at Greek and Israeli embassies. Kurds living in Germany were threatened with deportation if they continued to hold demonstrations in support of Öcalan. The warning came after three Kurds were killed and 16 injured during the1999 attackon the Israeliconsulatein Berlin.[88][89]A group named theRevenge Hawks of Aposet fire to a department store inKadıköyIstanbul, causing the death of 13 people.[90]In several European capitals and larger cities[91]as well as in Iraq,Iranand also Turkey protests were organized against his capture.[92]

Trial

Main article:Trial of Abdullah Öcalan
Öcalan supporters in London, April 2003

He was brought toİmralıisland, where he was interrogated for a period of 10 days without being allowed to see or speak to his lawyers.[93]Astate security courtconsisting of one military and two civilian judges was established on İmralı island to try Öcalan.[94]A delegation of three Dutch lawyers who intended to defend him were not allowed to meet with their client and detained for questioning at the airport on the grounds that they acted as "PKK militants" and not lawyers; they were sent back to theNetherlands.[81]On the seventh day a judge took part in the interrogations, and prepared a transcript of it.[93][95]The trial began on 31 May 1999 on the İmralı island[96]in theSea of Marmara,and was organized by the Ankara State Security Court.[97]During the trial, he was represented by theAsrın Law Office.[98]His lawyers had difficulty in representing him adequately as they were allowed only two interviews per week of initially a duration of 20 minutes, and later 1 hour, of which several were cancelled due to "bad weather" or because the authorities didn't give the permission needed for them.[93]Also his lawyers were unaware of what the charges might be, and received the formal indictment only after excerpts of it were already presented to the press.[95]The trial was accompanied by arrests of scores of Kurdish politicians from thePeople's Democracy Party(HADEP).[99]In mid-June 1999, theGrand National Assembly of Turkeyapproved the removal of military judges from the State Security Courts, in an attempt to address criticism from theEuropean Court of Human Rights[100]and a civilian judge assumed the post of the military judge.[94]Shortly before the verdict was read out by JudgeTurgut Okyay,when asked about his final remarks, he again offered to play a role in the peace finding process.[101]Öcalan was charged with treason and separatism and sentenced to death on 29 June 1999.[102]He was also banned from holding public office for life.[103]

On the same day,Amnesty International(AI) demanded a re-trial[95]andHuman Rights Watch(HRW) questioned the fact that witnesses brought by the defense were not heard in the trial.[102]In 1999 theTurkish Parliamentdiscussed a so-called Repentance Bill which would commute Öcalans death sentence to 20 years imprisonment and allow PKK militants to surrender with a limited amnesty, but it didn't pass due to resistance from the far-right around theNationalist Movement Party(MHP).[104]In January 2000 the Turkish government declared the death sentence was delayed until theEuropean Court of Human Rights(ECHR) reviewed the verdict.[105]Upon the abolition of the death penalty in Turkey in August 2002,[106]in October of that year, the security court commuted his sentence tolife imprisonment.[107]

In an attempt to reach a verdict which was more favorable to Öcalan, he appealed at the ECHR atStrasbourg,which accepted the case in June 2004.[108]In 2005, the ECHR ruled that Turkey had violated articles 3, 5, and 6 of theEuropean Convention of Human Rightsby refusing to allow Öcalan to appeal his arrest and by sentencing him to death without a fair trial.[109]Öcalan's request for a retrial was refused by Turkish courts.[110]

Detention conditions

Main article:Imprisonment of Abdullah Öcalan
Protest for freedom of Öcalan in Germany, 21 January 2016

After his capture, Öcalan was held in solitary confinement as the only prisoner on İmralı island in theSea of Marmara.Following the commutation of the death sentence to a life sentence in 2002,[111]Öcalan remained imprisoned on İmralı, and was the sole inmate there. Although former prisoners atİmralıwere transferred to other prisons, more than 1,000 Turkish military personnel were stationed on the island to guard him. In November 2009, Turkish authorities announced that they were ending his solitary confinement by transferring several other prisoners to İmralı.[112]They said that Öcalan would be allowed to see them for ten hours a week. The new prison was built after the Council of Europe'sCommittee for the Prevention of Torturevisited the island and objected to the conditions in which he was being held.[113][114]From 27 July 2011 until 2 May 2019 his lawyers have not been allowed to see Abdullah Öcalan.[115]From July 2011 until December 2017 his lawyers filed more than 700 appeals for visits, but all were rejected.[116]

There have been held regular demonstrations by the Kurdish community to raise awareness of the isolation of Öcalan.[117]In October 2012 several hundred Kurdish political prisoners went on hunger strike for better detention conditions for Öcalan and the right to use the Kurdish language in education and jurisprudence. The hunger strike lasted 68 days until Öcalan demanded its end.[118]Öcalan was banned from receiving visits almost two years from 6 October 2014 until 11 September 2016, when his brother Mehmet Öcalan visited him forEid al-Adha.[119]In 2014 the ECHR ruled in that there was a violation of article 3 in regards of him being to only prisoner on İmarli island until 17 November 2009, as well as the impossibility to appeal his verdict.[120]On 6 September 2018 visits from lawyers were banned for six months due to former punishments he received in the years 2005–2009, the fact that the lawyers made their conversations with Ocalan public, and the impression that Öcalan was leading the PKK through communications with his lawyers.[115]He was again banned from receiving visits until 12 January 2019 when his brother was permitted to visit him a second time. His brother said his health was good.[121]The ban on the visitation of his lawyers was lifted in April 2019, and Öcalan saw his lawyers on 2 May 2019.[115]

On 27 February 2025, Öcalan issued a message from prison calling for the PKK to hold a congress dissolving itself and lay down its weapons.[122]In response, the PKK announced that it had begun a ceasefire on 1 March.[123]

In 2008, the Justice Minister of Turkey,Mehmet Ali Şahin,said that between 2006 and 2007, 949 people were convicted and more than 7,000 people prosecuted for calling Öcalan "esteemed" (Sayın).[124]

The Kurdish people

Involvement in peace initiatives

In November 1998, Öcalan elaborated on a 7-point peace plan according to which the Turkish attacks on Kurdish villages should stop, the refugees would be allowed to return, the Kurdish people would be granted autonomy within Turkey, the Kurds would receive the equal democratic rights as the Turks and the Turkish government supported village guards system shall come to an end and the Kurdish language and culture was to be officially recognized.[125]In January 1999 during his stay in Europe, Öcalan saw the parties liberation struggle focus to have developed from guerrilla warfare to dialogue and negotiations.[126]After his capture Öcalan called for a halt in PKK attacks, and advocated for a peaceful solution for the Kurdish conflict inside the borders of Turkey.[127][128][129][page needed]In October 1999, eight PKK militants around the former European PKK spokesman Ali Sapan turned themselves in to Turkey on request of Öcalan.[130]Depending on their treatment, the other PKK militants would turn themselves in as well, his attorney announced.[130]But the eight, as well as another group which surrendered a few weeks later in Istanbul, were imprisoned and the peace initiative was dismissed by the Turkish Government.[131]Öcalan called for the foundation of a "Truth and Justice Commission" by Kurdish institutions in order to investigatewar crimescommitted by both the PKK and Turkish security forces. A similar structure began functioning in May 2006.[132]In March 2005, Öcalan issued theDeclaration of Democratic confederalism in Kurdistan[133]calling for a border-free confederation between the Kurdish regions of Southeastern Turkey (called "Northern Kurdistan"by Kurds[134]), Northeast Syria ( "Western Kurdistan"), Northern Iraq ("South Kurdistan"), and Northwestern Iran ("East Kurdistan"). In this zone, three bodies of law would be implemented:EU law,Turkish/Syrian/Iraqi/Iranian law and Kurdish law. This proposal was adopted by the PKK programme following the "Refoundation Congress" in April 2005.[135]

Öcalan had his lawyer Ibrahim Bilmez[136]release a statement on 28 September 2006 calling on the PKK to declare a ceasefire and seek peace with Turkey. Öcalan's statement said, "The PKK should not use weapons unless it is attacked with the aim of annihilation," and "it is very important to build a democratic union between Turks and Kurds. With this process, the way to democratic dialogue will be also opened".[137]He worked on a solution for the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, which would include a decentralization and democratization of Turkey within the frame of theEuropean Charter of local Self-Government,which was also signed by Turkey, but his 160-page proposal on the subject was confiscated by the Turkish authorities in August 2009.[138]

On 31 May 2010, Öcalan said he was abandoning the ongoing dialogue with Turkey, as "this process is no longer meaningful or useful". Öcalan stated that Turkey had ignored his three protocols for negotiation: (a) his terms of health and security, (b) his release, and (c) a peaceful resolution to the Kurdish issue in Turkey. Though the Turkish government had received Öcalan's protocols, they were never released to the public. Öcalan said he would leave the top PKK commanders in charge of the conflict, but that this should not be misinterpreted as a call for the PKK to intensify its armed conflict with Turkey.[139][140]

In January 2013,peace negotiationsbetween the PKK and the Turkish Government were initiated and from between January[141]and March he met several times with politicians ofPeace and Democracy Party(BDP) on Imralı Island.[142]On 21 March, Öcalan declared a ceasefire between the PKK and the Turkish state. Öcalan's statement was read to hundreds of thousands of Kurds in Diyarbakır who had gathered to celebrate the Kurdish New Year (Newroz). The statement said in part, "Let guns be silenced and politics dominate... a new door is being opened from the process of armed conflict to democratization and democratic politics. It's not the end. It's the start of a new era."[143]Soon after Öcalan's declaration, the functional head of the PKK,Murat Karayılanresponded by promising to implement a ceasefire.[144]During the peace process, the pro-KurdishPeoples' Democratic Party(HDP) entered parliament during theparliamentarian election of June 2015.[145]The ceasefire ended after in July 2015 two Turkish police officers were killed inCeylanpinar.[146]

Political ideological shift

Since his incarceration, Öcalan has significantly changed his ideology through exposure to Westernsocial theoristssuch asMurray Bookchin,Immanuel WallersteinandHannah Arendt.[28]Abandoning his oldMarxism-Leninist[28]andStalinistbeliefs,[127][147][148]Öcalan fashioned his ideal society calleddemocratic confederalism.[148][28]In early 2004, Öcalan attempted to arrange a meeting withMurray Bookchinthrough Öcalan's lawyers, describing himself as Bookchin's "student" eager to adapt Bookchin's thought to Middle Eastern society. Bookchin was too ill to meet with Öcalan.[148]

Democratic confederalism

Main article:Democratic confederalism

Democratic confederalismis a "system of popularly elected administrative councils, allowing local communities to exercise autonomous control over their assets, while linking to other communities via a network of confederal councils."[149]Decisions are made by communes in each neighborhood, village, or city. All are welcome to partake in the communal councils, but political participation is not mandated. There is no private property, but rather "ownership by use, which grants individuals usage rights to the buildings, land, and infrastructure, but not the right to sell and buy on the market or convert them to private enterprises".[149]The economy is in the hands of the communal councils, and is thus (in the words of Bookchin) 'neither collectivised nor privatised - it is common.'[149]Feminism,ecology,anddirect democracyare essential in democratic confederalism.[150]

With his 2005 "Declaration of Democratic Confederalism in Kurdistan", Öcalan advocated for a Kurdish implementation of Bookchin'sThe Ecology of Freedomvia municipal assemblies as a democratic confederation of Kurdish communities beyond the state borders of Syria, Iran, Iraq, and Turkey. Öcalan promoted a platform of shared values: environmentalism, self-defense, gender equality, and a pluralistic tolerance for religion, politics, and culture. While some of his followers questioned Öcalan's conversion fromMarxism-Leninismtosocial ecology,the PKK adopted Öcalan's proposal and began to form assemblies.[127]It became also the ideology of theDemocratic Union Party(PYD) and is applied in theAutonomous Administration of North and East Syria(AANES).[28]

On women's rights

Öcalan is a supporter of the liberation of the women, he writes in his Freedom Manifesto for Women that all slavery is based on thehousewifizationof women.[151]He deems the woman often as being trapped in a situation where she accepts traditional gender roles and a disadvantaged relationship with a man.[151]

Personal life

According to his own account, while his father is Kurdish, his mother is Turkmen.[152]According to some sources, Öcalan's grandmother was an ethnic Turk.[153][154]Öcalan's mother, Esma Öcalan (Uveys)[155]was rather dominant and criticised his father, blaming him for their dire economic situation. He later explained in an interview that it was in his childhood he learned to defend himself from injustice.[156]Like manyKurds in Turkey,Öcalan was raised speakingTurkish;according to Amikam Nachmani, lecturer at theBar-Ilan Universityin Israel, Öcalan did not knowKurdishwhen he met him in 1991. Nachmani: "He [Öcalan] told me that he speaks Turkish, gives orders in Turkish, and thinks in Turkish. "[157]In 1978 Öcalan married Kesire Yildirim, who he had met at the Ankara University[158]and was of a better household than the regular revolutionaries around Öcalan.[159]They had a difficult marriage with reportedly many disputes and discussions.[160]In 1988, while representing the PKK inAthens,Greece,his wife unsuccessfully attempted to overthrow Öcalan, following which Yildirim went underground.[159]

After his sister Havva was married to a man from another village in anarranged marriage,he felt regret. This event led Öcalan to his policies towards theliberation of womenfrom the traditional suppressed female role.[156]Öcalan's brotherOsmanbecame a PKK commander until he defected from the PKK with several others to establish the Patriotic and Democratic Party of Kurdistan.[161]His other brother, Mehmet Öcalan, is a member of the pro-KurdishPeace and Democracy Party(BDP).[162]Fatma Öcalan is the sister of Abdullah Öcalan[163]andDilek Öcalan,a former parliamentarian of theHDP,is his niece.[164]Ömer Öcalan,a current member of parliament for the HDP, is his nephew.[165][166]

Honorary citizenships

Several localities have awarded him with an honorary citizenship:

Publications

Wikimedia Commons has media related toAbdullah Öcalan.

Öcalan is the author of more than 40 books, four of which were written in prison. Many of the notes taken from his weekly meetings with his lawyers have been edited and published. He has also written articles for the newspaperÖzgür Gündemwhich is a newspaper that reported on the Kurdish-Turkish conflict, under the pseudonym of Ali Firat.[173]

Books

  • Interviews and Speeches.London: Kurdistan Solidarity Committee; Kurdistan Information Centre, 1991. 46 p.
  • "Translation of his 1999 defense in court".Archived fromthe originalon 20 October 2007.Retrieved24 April2007.
  • Prison Writings: The Roots of Civilisation.London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto, 2007.ISBN978-0-7453-2616-0.
  • Prison Writings Volume II: The PKK and the Kurdish Question in the 21st Century.London: Transmedia, 2011.ISBN978-0-9567514-0-9.
  • Democratic Confederalism.London: Transmedia, 2011.ISBN978-3-941012-47-9.
  • Prison Writings III: The Road Map to Negotiations.Cologne: International Initiative, 2012.ISBN978-3-941012-43-1.
  • Liberating life: Women's Revolution.Cologne, Germany: International Initiative Edition, 2013.ISBN978-3-941012-82-0.
  • Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 1.Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2015.ISBN978-82-93064-42-8.
  • Defending a Civilisation.[when?]
  • The Political Thought of Abdullah Öcalan.London: Pluto Press, 2017.ISBN978-0-7453-9976-8.
  • Manifesto for a Democratic Civilization, Volume 2.Porsgrunn, Norway: New Compass, 2017.ISBN978-82-93064-48-0

See also

References

  1. ^"FACTBOX-Who is PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan?".Reuters.24 July 2009.
  2. ^ab"International Initiative: Celebrate Öcalan's birthday with us".ANFNews.Retrieved18 April2020.
  3. ^Türkmen, Gülay (2020)."Religion in Turkey's Kurdish Conflict".InDjupe, Paul A.;Rozell, Mark J.;Jelen, Ted G.(eds.).The Oxford Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion.Oxford University Press.doi:10.1093/acref/9780190614379.001.0001.ISBN978-0-19-061438-6.
  4. ^"Profile: Abdullah Ocalan ( Greyer and tempered by long isolation, PKK leader is braving the scepticism of many Turks, and some of his own fighters)".Al Jazeera. 21 March 2013.Retrieved30 October2024.
  5. ^Özcan, Ali Kemal.Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Öcalan.London: Routledge, 2005.
  6. ^Phillips, David L. (2017).The Kurdish Spring: A New Map of the Middle East.Routledge.ISBN978-1-351-48036-9.
  7. ^Butler, Daren (21 March 2013)."Kurdish rebel chief Ocalan dons mantle of peacemaker".UK Reuters.Archived fromthe originalon 14 July 2018.
  8. ^Öcalan, Abdullah (2015).Capitalism: The Age of Unmasked Gods and Naked Kings.New Compass. p. 115.
  9. ^Paul J. White,Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: The Kurdish national movement in Turkey,Zed Books, 2000,"Professor Robert Olson, University of Kentucky"
  10. ^abPolitical Violence against Americans 1999.Bureau of Diplomatic Security.2000. p.123.ISBN978-1-4289-6562-1.
  11. ^"Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)".Encyclopædia Britannica.Retrieved25 July2013.
  12. ^Mango, Andrew (2005).Turkey and the War on Terror: 'For Forty Years We Fought Alone'.Routledge: London. p. 32.ISBN978-0-203-68718-5.The most ruthless among them was Abdullah Öcalan, known as Apo (a diminutive for Abdullah; the word also means 'uncle' in Kurdish).
  13. ^Jongerden, Joost (2007).The Settlement Issue in Turkey and the Kurds: An Analysis of Spatial Policies, Modernity and War.Leiden, the Netherlands: Brill. p.57.ISBN978-90-04-15557-2.In 1975 the group settled on a name, the Kurdistan Revolutionaries (Kurdistan Devrimcileri), but others knew them as Apocu, followers of Apo, the nickname of Abdullah Öcalan (apo is also Kurdish for uncle).
  14. ^Powell, Colin (5 October 2001)."2001 Report on Foreign Terrorist Organizations".Foreign Terrorist Organizations.Washington, DC: Bureau of Public Affairs, U.S. State Department.Retrieved24 June2017.
  15. ^"AMs criticise Kurdish leader's treatment".BBC News.20 March 2019.Retrieved21 May2020.
  16. ^"Jailed PKK leader Abdullah Ocalan granted rare family visit".Rudaw.3 March 2020.Retrieved30 September2020.
  17. ^Weiner, Tim(20 February 1999)."U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel (Published 1999)".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved7 January2021.
  18. ^"Öcalan v Turkey (App no 46221/99) ECHR 12 May 2005 | Human Rights and Drugs".www.hr-dp.org.Retrieved7 January2021.
  19. ^"Prison island trial for Ocalan".BBC News.24 March 1999.
  20. ^Marlies Casier, Joost Jongerden,Nationalisms and Politics in Turkey: Political Islam, Kemalism and the Kurdish Issue,Taylor & Francis, 2010,p. 146.
  21. ^Parliamentary Assembly Documents 1999 Ordinary Session (fourth part, September 1999), Volume VII.Council of Europe. 1999. p. 18.ISBN978-92-871-4139-2– via books.google.com.
  22. ^Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006).Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan.Routledge. p. 205.ISBN978-0-415-36687-8.
  23. ^Mag. Katharina Kirchmayer,The Case of the Isolation Regime of Abdullah Öcalan: A Violation of European Human Rights Law and Standards?,GRIN Verlag, 2010,p. 37
  24. ^"Jailed PKK leader visit ban lifted, Turkish minister says".Reuters.16 May 2019.
  25. ^"What kind of peace? The case of the Turkish and Kurdish peace process".openDemocracy.Retrieved7 January2021.
  26. ^Argentieri, Benedetta (3 February 2015)."One group battling Islamic State has a secret weapon – female fighters".Reuters.Archived fromthe originalon 22 August 2019.Retrieved24 November2016.
  27. ^Lau, Anna; Baran, Erdelan; Sirinathsingh, Melanie (18 November 2016)."A Kurdish response to climate change".openDemocracy.Archived fromthe originalon 12 November 2017.Retrieved24 November2016.
  28. ^abcdeNovellis, Andrea."The Rise of Feminism in the PKK: Ideology or Strategy?"(PDF).Zanj: The Journal of Critical Global South Studies.2:116.Archived(PDF)from the original on 15 July 2021.
  29. ^"A Short Biography".Kurdistan Workers' Party.Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2015.Retrieved2 February2015.
  30. ^Kutschera, Chris (1999)."Abdullah Ocalan's Last Interview".Archived fromthe originalon 17 October 2013.Retrieved15 October2013.
  31. ^Aliza Marcus,Blood and Belief,New York University Press, 2007. (p. 16)[ISBN missing]
  32. ^Marcus, Aliza (2009).Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence.NYU Press. p. 17.ISBN978-0-8147-9587-3.
  33. ^abcdMarcus, Aliza (2009), pp. 17–18
  34. ^abcBrauns, Nikolaus; Kiechle, Brigitte (2010).PKK – Perspektiven des kurdischen Freiheitskampfes: zwischen Selbstbestimmung, EU und Islam(in German). Schmetterling-Verlag. p. 39.ISBN978-3-89657-564-7.
  35. ^Uğur Mumcu (Haziran 2020). Kürt Dosyası. SBF'de Şafak Bildirisi Dağıtılıyor. Uğur Mumcu Araştırmacı Gazetecilik Vakfı. p. 7.ISBN9786054274512
  36. ^Marcus, Aliza (2009) p. 23
  37. ^Yılmaz, Kamil (2014).Disengaging from Terrorism – Lessons from the Turkish Penitents.Routledge. p. 32.ISBN978-1-317-96449-0.
  38. ^Koru, Fehmi(8 June 1999)."Too many questions, but not enough answers".Turkish Daily News.Archived fromthe originalon 13 February 2009.Retrieved22 December2008.
  39. ^Nevzat Cicek (31 July 2008)."'Pilot Necati' sivil istihbaratçıymış ".Taraf(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon 9 August 2008.Retrieved4 January2009.Abdullah Öcalan'ın İstanbul'dan Ankara'ya gelmesine keşke izin verilmeseydi. O zamanlar Dev-Genç'i bölmek için böyle bir yol izlendi... Kürt gençlerini Marksistler'in elinden kurtarmak ve Dev-Genç'in bölünmesi hedeflendi. Bunda başarılı olundu olunmasına ama Abdullah Öcalan yağdan kıl çeker gibi kaydı gitti. Keşke Tuzluçayır'da öldürülseydi!
  40. ^"Ocalan Used Charisma, Guns, Bombs".AP News.Retrieved14 May2021.
  41. ^"Who is who in Turkish politics"(PDF).Heinrich Böll Stiftung.pp.11–13. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 15 November 2019.Retrieved15 November2019.
  42. ^abJongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012)."The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer".European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(14).doi:10.4000/ejts.4613.hdl:1854/LU-3101207.ISSN1773-0546.Archived fromthe originalon 16 February 2020.Retrieved18 May2019.
  43. ^Jongerden, Joost; Akkaya, Ahmet Hamdi (1 June 2012)."The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer".European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey(14).doi:10.4000/ejts.4613.hdl:1854/LU-3101207.ISSN1773-0546.Archived fromthe originalon 16 February 2020.Retrieved18 May2019.
  44. ^abStein, Gottfried (1994).Endkampf um Kurdistan?: die PKK, die Türkei und Deutschland(in German). Aktuell. p. 67.ISBN3-87959-510-0.
  45. ^abcYilmaz, Özcan (2015).La formation de la nation kurde en Turquie(in French). Graduate Institute Publications. p. 137.ISBN978-2-940503-17-9.
  46. ^"Kurdish leader Ocalan apologizes during trial".CNN. 31 May 1999. Archived fromthe originalon 9 December 2001.Retrieved11 January2008.
  47. ^Andrew Mango (2005).Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone (Contemporary Security Studies).Routledge. p. 34.ISBN978-0-415-35002-0.Archived fromthe originalon 25 September 2015.Retrieved24 September2015.
  48. ^abcÖzcan, Ali Kemal (2005).Turkey's Kurds: A Theoretical Analysis of the PKK and Abdullah Ocalan(PDF).Routledge.p. 104.
  49. ^Özcan, Ali Kemal (2005) p. 105
  50. ^"Letter to Italian Prime Minister Massimo D'Alema".Human Rights Watch.21 November 1998.
  51. ^"Turkey: No security without human rights".Amnesty International.October 1996.Archived5 August 2010 at theWayback Machine
  52. ^Ulkumen Rodophu; Jeffrey Arnold; Gurkan Ersoy (6 February 2004)."Special Report: Terrorism in Turkey"(PDF).Archived28 May 2008 at theWayback Machine
  53. ^abKutschera, Chris (15 July 1994)."Mad Dreams of Independence".MERIP.Retrieved25 September2020.
  54. ^Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005).Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient(in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 173.ISBN978-2-7068-1885-1.
  55. ^Gunes, Cengiz (2013).The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey: From Protest to Resistance.Routledge. p. 127.ISBN978-1-136-58798-6.
  56. ^Gunes, Cengiz (2013), pp. 127–128
  57. ^abNahost Jahrbuch 1993: Politik, Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft in Nordafrika und dem Nahen und Mittleren Osten(in German). Springer-Verlag. 2013. p. 21.ISBN978-3-322-95968-3.
  58. ^White, Paul J. (2000)."Appendix 2".Primitive Rebels Or Revolutionary Modernizers?: The Kurdish National Movement in Turkey.London: Zed Books. pp. 223–.ISBN978-1-85649-822-7.OCLC1048960654.
  59. ^"Obituary: Turgut Ozal".The Independent.19 April 1993.Archivedfrom the original on 6 May 2022.Retrieved22 July2019.
  60. ^abcStein, Gottfried (1994), p. 69
  61. ^Gunes, Cengiz (2013), p. 134
  62. ^"Confessions of a former Turkish National Intelligence official".Medya News.5 November 2021.Retrieved10 November2021.
  63. ^abcdCigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005).Öcalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient(in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 222.ISBN978-2-7068-1885-1.
  64. ^"Kurden: Tips vom PKK-Chef – Der Spiegel".www.spiegel.de.December 1995.Retrieved3 December2020.
  65. ^Özcan, Ali Kemal (2006), p. 206
  66. ^"Foreign Terrorist Organizations".U.S. Department of State.28 September 2012.
  67. ^"MFA – A Report on the PKK and Terrorism".Retrieved23 January2015.
  68. ^"Turco-Syrian Treaty".20 October 1998. Archived fromthe originalon 9 February 2002.Retrieved9 February2002.
  69. ^"(unknown original Turkish title)"[[PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan Arrested in Syria]].Günaydın(in Turkish). translated byForeign Broadcast Information Service.16 December 1993. p. 72.hdl:2027/uiug.30112106671198.FBIS-WEU-93-240.
  70. ^G. Bacik; BB Coskun (2011)."The PKK problem: Explaining Turkey's failure to develop a political solution"(PDF).Studies in Conflict & Terrorism.34(3):248–265.doi:10.1080/1057610X.2011.545938.ISSN1057-610X.S2CID109645456.Retrieved13 July2016.[permanent dead link‍]
  71. ^Ünver, H. Akın (2016)."Transnational Kurdish geopolitics in the age of shifting borders".Journal of International Affairs.69(2):79–80.ISSN0022-197X.JSTOR26494339.
  72. ^abcdefg"A Most Unwanted Man".Los Angeles Times.19 February 1999.Retrieved15 February2021.
  73. ^abRadu, Michael (2005).Dilemmas of Democracy and Dictatorship: Place, Time and Ideology in Global Perspective.Transaction Publishers. p. 73.ISBN978-1-4128-2171-1.
  74. ^Varouhakis, Miron (2009)."Fiasco in Nairobi, Greek Intelligence and the Capture of PKK Leader Abdullah Ocalan in 1999"(PDF).Central Intelligence Agency(CIA).p. 6. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 6 May 2009.Retrieved3 December2020.
  75. ^abTraynor, Ian (28 November 1998)."Italy 'may expel Kurd leader'".The Guardian.Retrieved15 February2021.
  76. ^Italian diplomacy tries to free herself from the tangle in which it is located, between Turks and Kurds, "internationalizing" the crisis:Buonomo, Giampiero (2000)."Ocalan: la suggestiva strategia turca per legittimare la pena capitale".Diritto&Giustizia Edizione Online.Archived fromthe originalon 24 March 2016.Retrieved16 March2016.
  77. ^abRefugees, United Nations High Commissioner for."Refworld | Amnesty International Report 1999 – Italy".Refworld.Retrieved17 October2020.
  78. ^Gökkaya, Hasan (15 February 2019)."Der mächtigste Häftling der Türkei".Die Zeit.Retrieved17 October2020.
  79. ^Stanley, Alessandra (21 November 1998)."Italy Rejects Turkey's Bid For the Extradition of Kurd".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved17 October2020.
  80. ^Gunter, Michael M. (2000)."The Continuing Kurdish Problem in Turkey after Öcalan's Capture".Third World Quarterly.21(5): 850.doi:10.1080/713701074.ISSN0143-6597.JSTOR3993622.S2CID154977403.
  81. ^abZaman, Amberin(18 February 1999)."Washingtonpost.com: Turkey Celebrates Capture of Ocalan".www.washingtonpost.com.Retrieved17 December2020.
  82. ^"Von der RAF-Sympathisantin zur Anwältin Öcalans".Die Welt.3 February 1999.Retrieved6 March2020.
  83. ^Weiner, Tim (20 February 1999)."U.S. Helped Turkey Find and Capture Kurd Rebel".The New York Times.
  84. ^"Öcalan bağımsız devlete engeldi".Vatan(in Turkish). 15 October 2008. Archived fromthe originalon 18 October 2008.Retrieved15 October2008.Öcalan yakalandığında ABD, bağımsız bir devlet kurma isteğindeydi. Öcalan, konumu itibariyle, araç olma işlevi bakımından buna engel bir isimdi. ABD bölgede yeni bir Kürt devleti kurabilmek için Öcalan'ı Türkiye'ye teslim etti.
  85. ^Murphy, Brian (18 February 1999)."Three Greek Cabinet Ministers Resign Over Ocalan Affair".www.washingtonpost.com.Retrieved22 August2020.
  86. ^Ünlü, Ferhat (17 July 2007)."Türkiye Öcalan için Kenya'ya para verdi".Sabah(in Turkish). Archived fromthe originalon 12 January 2008.Retrieved18 December2008.
  87. ^"Ocalan interpreter tells how trap was set".The Irish Times.Retrieved22 August2020.
  88. ^"Kurds seize embassies, wage violent protests across Europe".CNN.17 February 1999.
  89. ^Yannis Kontos,"Kurd Akar Sehard Azir, 33, sets himself on fire during a demonstration outside the Greek Parliament in Central Athens, Greece, on Monday, 15 February 1999"Archived19 September 2018 at theWayback Machine,Photostory,July 1999
  90. ^Shatzmiller, Maya (2005).Nationalism and Minority Identities in Islamic Societies.McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP. p. 249.ISBN978-0-7735-2847-5.
  91. ^Gunter, Michael M. (2000), p. 851
  92. ^van Bruinessen, Martin;Bouyssou, Rachel (1999)."Öcalan capturé: et après? Une question kurde plus épineuse que jamais".Critique Internationale(4). Sciences Po University Press:39–40.doi:10.3917/crii.p1999.4n1.0039.ISSN1290-7839.JSTOR24563462.
  93. ^abcde"University of Minnesota Human Rights Library".hrlibrary.umn.edu.Retrieved11 September2020.
  94. ^abChiapetta, Hans (April 2001)."Rome, 11/15/1998: Extradition or Political Asylum for the Kurdistan Workers Party's Leader Abdullah Ocalan?"(PDF).Pace International Law Review.13:145.doi:10.58948/2331-3536.1206.Archived(PDF)from the original on 14 April 2019.
  95. ^abc"Amnesty International calls for a retrial of PKK leader Abdullah Öcalan"(PDF).Amnesty International.29 June 1999.Archived(PDF)from the original on 21 April 2021.Retrieved11 September2020.
  96. ^"Trial Of Abdullah Ocalan".The Irish Times.Retrieved9 May2021.
  97. ^"Human Rights Watch: Ocalan Trial Monitor".www.hrw.org.Retrieved11 September2020.
  98. ^Fisher, Tony (30 October 2018)."Turkey Report, Trial of Kurdish Lawyers"(PDF).eldh.eu.European Association of Lawyers for Democracy & World Human Rights.Archived(PDF)from the original on 29 December 2020.Retrieved11 September2020.
  99. ^Laizer, Sheri (1999)."Abdullah Ocalan: A plea for justice".Socialist Lawyer(31):6–8.ISSN0954-3635.JSTOR42949064.
  100. ^Morris, Chris (18 June 1999)."Military judge barred from Ocalan trial".news.bbc.co.uk.Retrieved19 May2021.
  101. ^"Ocalan sentenced to death".The Guardian.29 June 1999.Retrieved11 September2020.
  102. ^abHacaoglu, Selcan (29 June 1999)."The Argus-Press".Retrieved24 May2016– via Google News Archive Search.
  103. ^"Text of the Ocalan verdict".BBC News.29 June 1999.
  104. ^"Bill to spare life of Ocalan withdrawn by Ecevit".The Irish Times.Retrieved10 March2020.
  105. ^"Turkey delays execution of Kurdish rebel leader Ocalan".CNN. 12 January 2000. Archived fromthe originalon 26 May 2006.
  106. ^"Turkey abolishes death penalty".The Independent.3 August 2002.Archivedfrom the original on 23 February 2019.
  107. ^Luban, David (2014).International and Transnational Criminal Law.Wolters Kluwer Law & Business.ISBN978-1-4548-4850-9.
  108. ^"29. Juni 2004 – Vor 5 Jahren: Abdullah Öcalan wird zum Tod verurteilt".WDR(in German). 29 June 2004.Retrieved8 October2020.
  109. ^"HUDOC Search Page".cmiskp.echr.coe.int.Retrieved23 January2015.
  110. ^"There will absolutely be no retrial for Abdullah Öcalan".Daily Sabah.29 March 2013.Retrieved18 August2019.
  111. ^"Kurd's Death Sentence Commuted to Life Term".Los Angeles Times.4 October 2002.Retrieved10 March2020.
  112. ^"PKK leader Ocalan gets company in prison".United Press International.Retrieved10 March2020.
  113. ^Villelabeitia, Ibon (18 November 2009)."Company at last for Kurdish inmate alone for ten years".The Scotsman.Archived fromthe originalon 13 August 2011.Retrieved27 November2009.
  114. ^Erduran, Esra (10 November 2009)."Turkey building new prison for PKK members".Southeast European Times.Archivedfrom the original on 19 November 2009.Retrieved27 November2009.
  115. ^abc"Öcalan-Anwälte: Kontaktverbot faktisch in Kraft".ANF News(in German). Archived fromthe originalon 17 May 2019.Retrieved17 May2019.
  116. ^"Lawyers' appeal to visit Öcalan rejected for the 710th time".Firat News Agency.Archived fromthe originalon 26 December 2018.Retrieved17 February2018.
  117. ^"Demonstrations for Öcalan in Europe".ANF News.Archived fromthe originalon 26 December 2018.Retrieved27 December2018.
  118. ^White, Paul (2015).The PKK.London: Zed Books. p. 88.ISBN978-1-78360-037-3.
  119. ^"Inhaftierter PKK-Chef: Erstmals seit zwei Jahren Familienbesuch für Öcalan".Der Spiegel.12 September 2016.Retrieved14 January2019.
  120. ^"Terrorism and the European Convention on Human Rights"(PDF).European Court of Human Rights.18 March 2014.Archived(PDF)from the original on 1 July 2013.
  121. ^"PKK's Ocalan visited by family in Turkish prison, first time in years".Kurdistan24.Archived fromthe originalon 30 August 2019.Retrieved14 January2019.
  122. ^"Imprisoned Kurdish leader urges his PKK militant group to disarm to make peace with Turkey".Associated Press.20 February 2025.Retrieved27 February2025.
  123. ^"Kurdish group PKK declares ceasefire with Turkey".BBC.1 March 2025.Retrieved1 March2025.
  124. ^Gunes, Cengiz; Zeydanlioglu, Welat (2013).The Kurdish Question in Turkey: New Perspectives on Violence, Representation, and Reconciliation.Routledge.ISBN978-1-135-14063-2.
  125. ^Abdullah Öcalan proposes 7-point peace planArchived6 December 2008 at theWayback MachineKurdistan Informatie Centrum Nederland
  126. ^Interview with Abdullah Ocalan "Our First Priority Is Diplomacy"Archived8 December 2008 at theWayback MachineMiddle East Insightmagazine, January 1999
  127. ^abcEnzinna, Wes (24 November 2015)."A Dream of Secular Utopia in ISIS' Backyard".The New York Times.Retrieved20 May2016.
  128. ^Kurdistan Turkey: Abdullah Ocalan, The End of a Myth?The Middle Eastmagazine, February 2000
  129. ^van Bruinessen, Martin.Turkey, Europe and the Kurds after the capture of Abdullah Öcalan1999
  130. ^abZaman, Amberin(7 October 1999)."Kurds' Surrender Awakens Turkish Doves".Washington Post.Retrieved5 July2021.
  131. ^Marcus, Aliza (2007)."Turkey's PKK: Rise, Fall, Rise Again?".World Policy Journal.24(1): 78.doi:10.1162/wopj.2007.24.1.75.ISSN0740-2775.JSTOR40210079.
  132. ^Öldürülen imam ve 10 korucunun itibarı iade edildiArchived8 February 2009 at theWayback Machine,ANF News Agency, 30 May 2006.
  133. ^"PKK ilk adına döndü".Hürriyet Daily News(in Turkish). 9 January 2009.Archivedfrom the original on 11 February 2009.Retrieved9 January2009.
  134. ^PKK Program (1995)Kurdish Library, 24 January 1995
  135. ^PKK Yeniden İnşa BildirgesiArchived6 February 2009 at theWayback MachinePKK web site, 20 April 2005
  136. ^Kurdish leader calls for cease-fireArchived24 March 2007 at theWayback MachineNewsFlash
  137. ^Kurdish rebel boss in truce plea,BBC News
  138. ^Gunter, Michael (2014).Out of Nowhere: The Kurds of Syria in Peace and War.Oxford University Press. pp.64–65.ISBN978-1-84904-435-6.
  139. ^"Turkey – PKK steps up attacks in Turkey".Retrieved23 January2015.
  140. ^"Hürriyet – Haberler, Son Dakika Haberleri ve Güncel Haber".Archived fromthe originalon 26 April 2012.Retrieved1 March2012.
  141. ^"Kurdish Deputies Meet Ocalan on Imrali Island".Bianet – Bagimsiz Iletisim Agi.Retrieved25 December2020.
  142. ^"Jailed Kurdish PKK rebel leader Ocalan expected to make ceasefire call".ekurd.net.Retrieved25 December2020.
  143. ^"Inhaftierter Kurden-Chef stößt Tür zum Frieden auf".Reuters(in German). 21 March 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 18 August 2019.Retrieved18 August2019.
  144. ^"Hoffnung auf Frieden für die Kurden | DW | 23 March 2013".DW.COM(in German).Retrieved25 December2020.
  145. ^Yildiz, Güney (8 June 2015)."Turkey's HDP challenges Erdogan and goes mainstream".BBC.Retrieved25 December2020.
  146. ^"Acquittal of nine Ceylanpinar murder suspects upheld".IPA News.16 April 2019.Retrieved25 December2020.
  147. ^Alex De Jong (15 March 2015)."Stalinist caterpillar into libertarian butterfly? The evolving ideology of the PKK in ISIS' Backyard".libcom.org.Retrieved20 May2020.
  148. ^abcBiehl, Janet (16 February 2012)."Bookchin, Öcalan, and the Dialectics of Democracy".New Compass. Archived fromthe originalon 1 April 2016.Retrieved27 January2014.
  149. ^abcPaul White, "Democratic Confederalism and the PKK's Feminist Transformation," inThe PKK: Coming Down from the Mountains(London: Zed Books, 2015), pp. 126–149.
  150. ^Öcalan, Abdullah (2011).Democratic Confederalism.London: Transmedia Publishing Ltd. p. 21.ISBN978-3-941012-47-9.
  151. ^abKäser, Isabel (2021).The Kurdish Women's Freedom Movement.Cambridge University Press.p. 130.doi:10.1017/9781009022194.005.ISBN978-1-316-51974-5.S2CID242495844.
  152. ^"Pişmanım, asmayın".www.hurriyet.com.tr(in Turkish). 23 February 1999.Retrieved24 November2020.
  153. ^Blood and Belief: The Pkk and the Kurdish Fight for Independence, by Aliza Marcus, p. 15, 2007
  154. ^Perceptions: journal of international affairs – Vol. 4, no. 1, SAM (Center), 1999, p. 142
  155. ^Cigerli, Sabri; Saout, Didier Le (2005).Ocalan et le PKK: Les mutations de la question kurde en Turquie et au moyen-orient(in French). Maisonneuve et Larose. p. 187.ISBN978-2-7068-1885-1.
  156. ^abMarcus, Aliza (2009).Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence.NYU Press. pp.16–17.ISBN978-0-8147-9587-3.
  157. ^Turkey: Facing a New Millennium: Coping With Intertwined Conflicts, Amikam Nachmani, p. 210, 2003
  158. ^Marcus, Aliza (2012).Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence.NYU Press. p. 42.ISBN978-0-8147-5956-1.
  159. ^abMarcus, Aliza (2012) p. 43
  160. ^Marcus, Aliza (2012).Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence.NYU Press.p. 42.ISBN978-0-8147-5956-1.
  161. ^Kutschera, Chris (July 2005)."PKK dissidents accuse Abdullah Ocalan".The Middle East Magazine.Archived fromthe originalon 7 February 2009.Retrieved22 December2008.
  162. ^"BDP wants autonomy for Kurds in new Constitution",Hürriyet Daily News,4 September 2011
  163. ^"Travel ban for the sister and brother of Öcalan".ANF News.Retrieved6 April2020.
  164. ^"HDP MP Dilek Öcalan Sentenced to 2 Years, 6 Months in Prison".Bianet.1 March 2018.[permanent dead link‍]
  165. ^"HDP Urfa candidate, Öcalan: We are a house for all peoples".ANF News.Archived fromthe originalon 1 March 2020.Retrieved14 January2019.
  166. ^"Different identities enter Parliament with the HDP".ANF News.Archived fromthe originalon 1 March 2020.Retrieved14 January2019.
  167. ^abc"'Öcalan factor' in the Italian debate ".Ahval.Archived fromthe originalon 22 October 2018.Retrieved17 July2022.
  168. ^Zand, Bernhard; Höhler, Gerd (28 March 1999)."Spiegel-Gesspräch: 'Öcalan war eine heiße Kartoffel' – Der Spiegel 13/1999".Der Spiegel.
  169. ^ab"Il Molise per il Kurdistan e per la pace: *Castelbottaccio e Castel del Giudice danno la cittadinanza onoraria ad Abdullah Öcalan"(in Italian). 2 May 2018.Retrieved22 October2018.
  170. ^abc"Martano: cittadinanza onoraria a Ocalan".Il Gallo(in German). 14 February 2017.Retrieved22 October2018.
  171. ^"Berceto (PR) Cittadinanza onoraria per Abdullah Öcalan".Gazzetta dell'Emilia(in Italian).Retrieved6 October2019.
  172. ^"Protest gegen türkischen Druck auf italienische Stadtverwaltungen".ANF News(in German).Retrieved10 March2020.
  173. ^Marcus, Aliza (2007).Blood and Belief: The PKK and the Kurdish Fight for Independence.NYU Press. p. 191.ISBN978-0-8147-5711-6.

Further reading

Wikiquote has quotations related toAbdullah Öcalan.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abdullah_Öcalan&oldid=1278276603"