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Abingdon Abbey

Abingdon Abbey(formally Abbey of Saint Mary) was aBenedictinemonastery inAbingdon-on-Thamesin the modern county ofOxfordshirein theUnited Kingdom.[1]Situated near to theRiver Thames,it was founded inc.675 AD and was dedicated toMary, mother of Jesus.[2]It was disestablished in 1538 during thedissolution of the monasteries.A few physical remnants of the Abbey buildings survive within Abingdon-on-Thames.

The Long Gallery at Abingdon Abbey.

History

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Early history

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View fromAbingdon Lockof the watercourse to the abbey cut by the monks between 955 and 963.

The abbey is thought to have been founded in 675 either byCissa,viceroy ofCentwine,king of theWest Saxons,or by his nephewHean,in honour of theVirgin Mary,for twelveBenedictinemonks.[3]Cissa was buried here, as well.

Endowed by successive West Saxon kings, it grew in importance and wealth until its destruction by theDanesin the reign ofKing Alfred,and the sequestration of its estates by Alfred because the monks had not made him a sufficient requital for vanquishing their enemies. By the 950s the abbey was in a decayed state, but in about 954 KingEadredappointedÆthelwold,laterBishop of Winchester,abbot. He was one of the leaders of theEnglish Benedictine Reform,and Abingdon then became the second centre of the Reform (afterGlastonbury).[4]There is a collection of 136 charters granted to this abbey by various Saxon kings.[a]TheDomesday Bookof 1086 states that the abbey was a wealthy and powerful landowner.[5][c][d]

TheChronicle of the Monastery of Abingdon(Historia Ecclesie Abbendonensis) was written at the abbey in the twelfth century.[8]

Sutton Courtenay

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The Abbey, Sutton Courtenay,was therectoryof the abbey.

InSutton Courtenay,Abingdon Abbey constructedThe Abbeyas amonastic grange,used as an administrative centre for the abbey's land and tithe holdings.[9]However, the owner of thehideof land,Alwin the priest[10](whose father[11]owned the land before him ),[12]agreed with theabbotthat he should retain Sutton with reversion first to his son and thereafter to the abbey, on condition of giving inMiltonchapelry immediately.[13]Almost certainly in the late twelfth century, Abingdon Abbey took two thirds of the tithes and therectorthe remaining third.[14]In 1258, following a dispute, the land was formally appropriated to the abbey and avicaragewas ordained.[15]As it was close to Abingdon Abbey, it was probably run by the monks themselves rather than being left to a steward.[9]In 1278, however,Hugh de Courtenay,Lord of theManor of Sutton,sued the abbey foradvowson.An allegedly biased jury was empanelled and in 1284 it found unexpectedly for Courtenay.[16]Solomon of Rochester,the chief justice of theeyre,who presided over the jury, was the first to bepartitionedby the Courtenays.[17]The abbot of Abingdon Abbey alleged that in 1290, Solomon of Rochester had seized the goods in it belonging to the abbey. He also claimed that Solomon had extorted 40 marks from the abbey for alleged dilapidations to the rectory house.[18]He was not convicted of any offence.

Abbots

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Main article:Abbot of Abingdon
The "AbingdonMissal",dated to 1461, depicts the donor and the Abbey's abbot William Ashenden kneeling to the bottom left of thecrucifixion.The manuscript is held by theBodleian Library,Oxford.

Abbots after theNorman ConquestincludedFaritius,physician toHenry I of England(1100–17), and Richard of Hendred, for whose appointment the King's consent was obtained in 1262. He was present at theCouncil of Lyonin 1272. The last abbot was Thomas Pentecost alias Rowland, who was among the first to acknowledge theRoyal Supremacy.With the rest of his community he signed the surrender of his monastery in 1538, receiving the manor ofCumnorfor life or until he had preferment to the extent of £223 per annum. The revenues of the abbey (26 Hen. VIII) were valued at £1876, 10s, 9d.

Burials

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Ælfric of Abingdonwas originally buried here, before being translated toCanterbury Cathedral.Sideman (bishop)was buried here, too, as wereMargaret, Countess of Pembroke,andFulk FitzRoy.

Other burials

Extant buildings

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Trendell's Folly in the Abbey Gardens, dating to the 19th century. The Abbey Church was originally situated on this site.

There is nothing to see today of the abbey church. Apparent ruins in the Abbey Gardens are Trendell's Folly, built in the nineteenth century. Some of the stones may come from St Helen's Church.[19]

Associated monastic buildings do, however, survive, including the Abbey Exchequer, the timber-framed Long Gallery, the abbey bakehouse, (all in the care of the Friends of Abingdon Civic Society) the abbey gateway, St John's hospitium (apilgrims'hostel) and theChurch of St Nicolas.One of the original fireplaces was removed and is now still intact in Lacies Court,Abingdon School.[20]

The existing buildings include:

  • Checker Hall (Unicorn Theatre)[21]
  • The Checker.[22]
  • The Long Gallery.[22]
  • The Lower Hall.[22]
  • Thames Street, the Mill and the Mill stream.[22]

See also

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References

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Notes

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  1. ^See Eadwig's Charter to Abingdon Abbey c.957
  2. ^See Abingdon Abbey > History > Early history > By the 950s the abbey was in a decayed state, but in about 954 KingEadredappointedÆthelwold,laterBishop of Winchester,abbot. He was one of the leaders of theEnglish Benedictine Reform,and Abingdon then became the second centre of the Reform (afterGlastonbury).
  3. ^"At the timeÆthelwold(afterwardsBishop of Winchester) took charge, the abbey was in a ruinous and impoverished condition ".[b] In the course of Æthelwold's nine year rule, and as re-established and largely rebuilt by him, the abbey became the first of theBenedictinehouses in England to undergo reform ". "From Æthelwold's time onwards its prosperous days may be reckoned, and during the next century or so great wealth was accumulated. InDomesdayits possessions in Berks were given as second only in extent to the King's "– PDF page 5, actual page 27.[6]
  4. ^"ThereÆthelwoldfounded [in c.954 AD] – re-founded as he saw it – a monastery, staffed by former inmates ofGlastonbury Abbeyand clergy from London and Winchester, and was ordained its abbot. Abingdon subsequently received extensive grants of land fromKing Eadredand fromQueen Eadgifu,Eadred's mother. "[7]

Citations

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  1. ^"MAGiC MaP: Abingdon Abbey (extant buildings)".Natural England - Magic in the Cloud.
  2. ^Aveling 1913,p. 1.
  3. ^"Abingdon Abbey".www.berkshirehistory.com.Royal Berkshire History, UK.Retrieved5 February2012.
  4. ^Blair, John (2005).The Church in Anglo-Saxon Society.Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 350.ISBN978-0-19-921117-3.
  5. ^"Abingdon (St Mary), abbey of".Open Domesday.Retrieved1 August2022.
  6. ^Preston 1919,p. 27.
  7. ^Higham & Ryan 2015,p. 314.
  8. ^Foot, Sarah; Robinson, Chase F. (25 October 2012).The Oxford History of Historical Writing: Volume 2: 400-1400.OUP Oxford. pp.458–459.ISBN978-0-19-163693-6.
  9. ^abDavid Nash Ford (2004)."The Abbey at Sutton Courtenay".Royal Berkshire History.Retrieved16 March2020.
  10. ^"Alwin the priest".Open Domesday.Retrieved1 August2022.
  11. ^"Alwin the priest's father".Open Domesday.Retrieved1 August2022.
  12. ^"Sutton [Courtenay]".Open Domesday.Retrieved1 August2022.
  13. ^Preston 1919,p. 28.
  14. ^Preston 1919,p. 104-5.
  15. ^Preston 1919,p. 106.
  16. ^Preston 1919,p. 107-9.
  17. ^Preston 1919,p. 109-110.
  18. ^Rolls of Parliament,i. 58-9.
  19. ^"Visit Abbey Gardens & Abbey Meadow".Abingdon-on-Thames Town Council.Retrieved1 August2022.
  20. ^"Lacies Court, Abingdon School".Abingdon-on-Thames Town Council.Retrieved1 August2022.
  21. ^"Unicorn Theatre".The Friends of Abingdon Abbey Buildings Trust.Retrieved1 August2022.
  22. ^abcd"History of the Buildings".The Friends of Abingdon Abbey Buildings Trust.Retrieved1 August2022.

Sources

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  • Aveling, Francis (1913).Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume 1 - Abbey of Abingdon.Catholic Encyclopedia.
  • Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. (2015).The Anglo-Saxon World.Yale University Press.ISBN978-0-300-21613-4.
  • Preston, A.E.(1919)."Sutton Courtenay and Abingdon Abbey"(PDF).Berkshire, Buckinghamshire, and Oxfordshire Archaeological Journal.XXV.Retrieved1 August2022.
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