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Adalaj Stepwell

Adalaj StepwellorRudabai Stepwellis astepwelllocated in the small town ofAdalaj,close toGandhinagarcity in theIndianstateofGujarat.It was built in 1498 in the memory of Rana Veer Singh of theVaghela dynasty.

Adalaj Stepwell
Interior
Map
General information
Architectural styleHinduandarchitecture
Town or cityGandhinagar
CountryIndia
Coordinates23°10′01″N72°34′49″E/ 23.16691°N 72.58024°E/23.16691; 72.58024
Construction started1499
Completed16th century
Technical details
SizeFive storied deep well
Design and construction
Architect(s)Local

Stepwell

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While inGujaratiandMarwari language,the stepwell is called avav(leading down to the level of water), in other Hindi-speaking regions ofNorth India,it is known as abaoli(also spelt, 'bawdi', 'bawri' and 'bavadi').[1]

Stepwells like the one in Adalaj were once integral to the semi-arid regions of Gujarat, as they provided water for drinking, washing, and bathing. These wells were also venues for colorful festivals and sacred rituals.[2][3][4][5]

Stepwells, also called stepped ponds, built between the 5th and 19th centuries, are common inWestern India;over 120 such wells are reported in the semi-arid region of Gujarat alone, of which the well atAdalajis one of the most popular. Stepwells are also found in more arid regions of theIndian subcontinent,extending intoPakistanto collect rainwater during seasonal monsoons. While many such structures are utilitarian in construction, they sometimes include significant architectural embellishments, as in the Adalaj stepwell, which attracts many tourists. In the past, these stepwells were frequented by travelers and caravans as stopovers along trade routes.[2][4][5][6]

India's first rock-cut stepwells are dated from 200–400 AD. Subsequently, the wells at Dhank (550–625) and construction of stepped ponds atBhinmal(850–950) took place.[7]

The city ofMohenjo-darohas wells, which may be the predecessor of the step well; as many as 700 wells have been discovered in just one section of the city, leading scholars to believe that cylindricalbrick lined wellswere invented by the people of theIndus Valley civilization.[2][4][8]Between third and second millennium BC, at the "Great Bath", at the site ofMohenjodaroof theHarappan civilization,filling of water was achieved from a large well located in one of the rooms in front of the open courtyard of the building–complex.[9]

While early stepwells were made of stone, later step wells were made of mortar, stucco, rubble, and laminar stones. The well cylinder was the basic form used to deepen the wells. It is also inferred that the Stepwells in Gujarat have survived so long because of the builder's knowledge of the soil conditions and the earthquake proneness of the region.[10]

The well size recommended, based on considerations of stability, was of four to thirteenhasta('hasta' aSanskritword, which means "forearm" of size varying from 12–24 inches (300–610 mm)), A size of eighthastawas considered ideal, and a 13hastawell was considered dangerous. However, the well thickness from top to bottom remained generally uniform.[11]By the 11th century, the stepwell planning and design acquired architectural excellence and the Hindu Stepwells were standardized.[12]

History

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The Adalaj stepwell or 'Vav', as it is called inGujarati,is intricately carved and is five stories deep. It was built in 1498. An inscription in Sanskrit establishes the history of the Adalaj stepwell found on a marble slab positioned in a recess on the first floor, from the eastern entry to the well. It is in the typical style of the Gujarat sultanate, built in 1499 in the reign ofMahmud Begada.[5][13][14][15]

The Sanskrit inscription in the stepwell describes:[16]

"Samvat 1555 (1498 AD), month of Magha.

"Salutation to Vinayaka (Ganesha) to whose race belonged King Mokala, chief of the country of Dandahi. From him was born Karna,. Mahipa, and Virsinh and Naisha were the sons of Mahipa. Virsinh's queen, whose name is Rooda, has constructed this well.

"It is dedicated at this time – when the sun is in the north, the month is Magha, the bright half (Shukla Paksha), the 5th day, the day of the week, Wednesday, the lunar mansion – Uttara, Karana-Bava, the yoga – Siddhi."

Then follows a glowing description of the well, after which the queen, or rather lady of the chief, is praised in a few verses; the expense is stated at 5,00,111 tankas or over five lakhs, and the whole ends with a repetition of the date as given above.[16]

The cultural and architectural depiction in the deep wells at various levels are a tribute to the history of step wells, built by Hindus.[4]

Legend

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As per legend, in the 15th century, Rana Veer Singh of the Vaghela dynasty, a Hindu ruler, reigned over this territory known as Dandai Desh. His kingdom was a small one. It was subject to water shortage and was highly dependent on the rains. To alleviate the misery of his people, the Rana began the construction of a large and deep stepwell.

Before this project could be completed, his kingdom was attacked by Mohammed Begda, the Muslim ruler of a neighboring kingdom. The Rana king was killed in battle, and Mohammed Begda occupied his territory. Rana Veer Singh's widow, a beautiful lady, known as Rani Roopba (or Roodabai), wanted to commit suicide and join her husband in the afterlife. However, Begada prevented her from giving up her own life and proposed marriage with the dowager.

She agreed to a marriage proposal on the condition that he would first complete the building of the stepwell. The Muslim king, who was deeply enamored of the queen's beauty, agreed to the proposal and built the well in record time. Once the well was completed, Begda reminded the queen of her promise to marry him. Instead, the queen who had achieved her objective of completing the stepwell started by her husband decided to end her life. She circumambulated the stepwell with prayers and jumped into the well, ending the saga of building the well in tragedy.[5][14]

One version, which is narrated in the 200 years old scriptures of the Swaminarayan sect, suggests that before she died, Rani Roopba requested religious saints to take a bath in this stepwell so that the water in the stepwell gets purified by these saints, thereby delivering her from her sins.

Another is linked to the tombs found near the well. The graves of six masons who built the well are seen near theVav.Begda asked the Masons if they could make another similar well, and when they agreed, Begda sentenced them to death instead. Begda was so impressed by the architectural excellence of the stepwell that he did not want a replica to be built.[5]

Structure

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Adalaj Stepwell first floor
Upper storey.
The step well is five stories deep.
Looking up the well.

Built-in sandstone in the Solanki architectural style, the Adalaj stepwell is five stories deep. It is octagonal in a plan at the top, built on an intricately carved large number of pillars. Each floor is spacious enough to provide for people to congregate.[5]It was dug deep to access groundwater at that level, accounting for seasonal fluctuations in water level due to rainfall over the years. The air and light vents in the roofs at various floors and the landing level are in the form of large openings. From the first story level, three staircases lead to the bottom water level of the well, which is considered a unique feature. Built along a north-south axis, the entrance is from the south, and the three staircases are from the south, west, and east directions leading to the landing, which is on the northern side of the well. Four small rooms withorielwindows decorated with minutely carved brackets are provided at the landing level, at the four corners. The structural system is typically Indian with traditionaltrabeatewith horizontal beams and lintels. At the bottom of the well is a square stepped floor in the shape of a funnel extending to the lowest plane. This is chiseled into a circular well. Above the square floor, columns, beams, walls, and arched openings spiral around, a feature that continues to the top. However, the top part of the well is a vertical space open to the sky. The four corners of the square are strengthened with stone beams, set at 45 degrees angle.[2]

The motifs of flowers and graphics of architecture blend very well with the symbols of Hindu andJaingods carved at various levels of the well. The dominant carvings on the upper floors are of elephants (3 inches (76 mm) in size, each of a different design). The walls are carved with women performing daily chores such as churning of buttermilk, adorning themselves, scenes of the performance of dancers and musicians, and the King overlooking all these activities.[3][5][6][13][14]

Intricate carving in the well structure

An interesting depiction carved from a single block of stone is of theAmi Khumbor(symbolic pot of the water of life) and theKalp Vriksha(a tree of life). Also seen is a fresco ofnavagrahaor nine planets. These depictions are said to attract villagers for worship during marriage and other ritualistic ceremonies.[3][5]

The temperature inside the well is about five degrees lower than the outside hot summer temperatures. This encouraged the women who came to fetch water to spend more time in the cool climes here. They stayed to worship the gods and goddesses and gossip.[3][5]

A tribute paid to the rich underground structures, which are intricately decorated with sculptures, is that they are said to resemble palaces.[1]

Tourist information

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The Adalaj stepwell is a popular tourist attraction of theGandhinagarcity and is situated 18 kilometres (11 mi) north of Ahmedabad city.[6]It is 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) fromGandhinagar,the capital city of Gujarat.[5]

Ahmedabad is well connected by road, rail, and air links with the rest of the country. The international airport at Ahmedabad, the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Airport, has flights operating to several countries.Gandhinagaris the railway station closest to the stepwell.[3]

  • Women bringing water in the 1870s
  • Upper storey of the stepwell.
  • Adalaj stepwell
  • Ceiling on the well

See also

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References

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  1. ^ab"Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent: A Glossary".Stepwell.Indo-Arch.org.Retrieved19 November2009.
  2. ^abcdShuichi Takezawa (August 2002)."Stepwells – Cosmology of Subterranean Architecture as seen in Adalaj"(PDF).Journal of Architecture and Building Science.117(1492): 24.Retrieved18 November2009.
  3. ^abcde"The Adlaj Stepwell".Gujarat Tourism. Archived fromthe originalon 3 January 2010.Retrieved17 November2009.
  4. ^abcd"Ancient Step-wells of India".Retrieved18 November2009.
  5. ^abcdefghij"Adlaj Vav - An Architectural Marvel".Archived fromthe originalon 20 May 2011.Retrieved17 November2009.
  6. ^abc"Adlaj Vav Step Well (built 1499)".Asian Historical Architecture.Retrieved17 November2009.
  7. ^Livingston p.xxiii and p.211
  8. ^Livingston p. 19
  9. ^"Channeling Nature: Hydraulics, Traditional Knowledge Systems, And Water Resource Management in India – A Historical Perspective".Infinity foundation. Archived fromthe originalon 3 September 2010.Retrieved19 November2009.
  10. ^Livingston p.51-52
  11. ^Livingston p.52-53
  12. ^Livingston p.54-55
  13. ^ab"Stepping into A Rich History".Architecture Caribbean. Archived fromthe originalon 11 July 2009.Retrieved18 November2009.
  14. ^abc"Step-wells of Gujarat and Rajasthan".Archived fromthe originalon 26 August 2009.Retrieved17 November2009.
  15. ^Sohoni, Pushkar (2023).Sultanate Ahmadabad and its Monuments.Primus.
  16. ^abBurgess; Murray (1874)."The Rudra Mala at Siddhpur".Photographs of Architecture and Scenery in Gujarat and Rajputana.Bourne and Shepherd. p. 17.Retrieved23 July2016.

Bibliography

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