Akinji

Akinjiorakindji(Ottoman Turkish:آقنجى,romanized:aḳıncı,lit. 'raider',IPA:[akɯnˈdʒɯ];plural:akıncılar) wereirregular light cavalry,scout divisions (deli) and advance troops of theOttoman Empire'smilitary.When the pre-existing Turkishghaziswere incorporated into the Ottoman Empire's military they became known as "akıncı." Unpaid, they lived and operated asraiderson the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire, subsisting on plunder. In German sources these troops were calledRenner und Brenner(English: "Runner and burner" ).^[1]There is a distinction made between "akıncı" and "deli"cavalry.

History

In war their main role was to act as advance troops on the front lines and demoralise the marching opposing army by using guerrilla tactics, and to put them in a state of confusion and shock.^[2]They could be likened to a scythe in a wheat field. They would basicallyhit the enemy with arrows.When attacked inmelee,they would retreat while still shooting backwards. They could easily outrunheavy cavalrybecause they were lightly armed and their horses were bred for speed as opposed to strength. Akinji forces carried swords, lances, shields, battle axes and maces as well, so that in a field of combat, they could face the enemy first and fight melee. In some Ottoman campaigns, such as theBattle of Krbava field,Akinji forces were the only units utilized without any need for Ottoman heavy cavalry or infantry.

Because of their mobility akinji were also used forreconnaissanceand as a vanguard force to terrorize the local population before the advance of the main Ottoman forces. Since they were irregular militia, they were not bound by peace treaties, so they could raid border villages and attack enemy garrisons, fortresses and border posts during peacetime, constantly harassing the enemy and checking the weak spots on the rival country's defences. They would also attack trading routes to cut enemy's supply and transportation.

Akinji forces were led by certain families. Well-known akinji families wereMalkoçoğlu,Turhanlı,Ömerli,Evrenosoğlu,andMihalli.These akinji clans were mainly composed ofTurkmentribal warriors with a leading dynasty which descended from the warriorghazisof the first Ottoman rulerOsman I.Adventurers, soldiers of fortune, mercenaries, warrior dervishes, and civilians looking for fortune and adventure would also join the ranks of akinji gangs.

Akindjis were gathered from mostly the Muslim population just asDevshirmewas from the Christian population. However, there were exemptions for villages that werewaqflands. For example, in 1573, some villages inFilibewere exempted from giving akındjıs, since they were owned by the soup-kitchen waqf of the Sultan inÜsküdar.^[3]

Since akinjis were seen as irregular militia, they did not have regular salaries askapikulusoldiers, or fiefs liketimarlisoldiers; their only income was the booty that they captured.^{[citation needed]}

The Akinji system had an important role at the establishment of the empire and fast expansion of Ottoman territories in Europe. Though the akinji system worked excellently from the 14th to 16th centuries, it began to decline after the 16th century. Starting with 16th-17th century nomadicTatarandNogaycavalry from theCrimean Khanatealso served as akinjis for the Ottoman Empire. After the Ottoman advance in Europe stopped, akinji warriors became unnecessary and without the economy of booty this warrior class slowly faded away. After the modernization of the Ottoman army, the last few officially recognized akinji clans were abolished. Still, last remnants of akinji system existed till late 19th century in the Balkan provinces as thebashi-bozouk(irregular) warriors.

Although the terminology differentiating between similar types of Ottoman cavalry corps is not fully clarified, the akinji, once decimated inthe battle of Giurgiuin October 1595 as they were retreating over the Danube, was apparently gradually replaced by new irregular corps, such as the "deli" and "bashi-bozouk".^[4] The Akinji have migrated across the world, and created the surname "Akunjee", which you may find little to no people with this surname. Most of the small group of Akunjees have moved to parts of Asia.

In literature

Akinji's lifestyle with battles was a romantic fantasy for the public. Therefore, akinjis were a popular subject inOttoman folk literatureandmusic.Serhad Türküleri(Border Folk Songs) is a subcategory of Ottoman folk music dealing mostly with akinji raids and battles or love affairs of akinji warriors, sometimes odes to fallen warriors.Alişimin Kaşları Kara(My Little Ali Has Black Eyebrows), andEstergon Kalesi(Castle of Esztergom) are some of the most popular examples. In the modern period, romantic-revivalist Turkish writers also wrote poems about akinjis.Yahya Kemal'sAkıncılaris one of the most well-known example on this subject.