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Albona-class minelayer

TheAlbonaclassweremine warfareships used by the ItalianRegia Marina(Royal Navy) andRoyal Yugoslav Navy(Serbo-Croatian Latin:Kraljevska mornarica;KM). Fourteen ships were originally laid down between 1917 and 1918 for theAustro-Hungarian Navyas theMT.130class.However, the end ofWorld War Iand thedissolution of Austria-Hungaryleft them incomplete until 1920, when three ships were finished for theRegia Marina.These ships were armed with two 76 mm (3 in) guns. An additional five ships were completed for the KM in 1931 as theMalinskaorMarjanclass,and were armed with a single 66 mm (2.6 in). All of the completed ships could carry 24 to 39naval mines.The remaining ships were never completed.

Albona-class minelayer
a photograph of a small ship underway
Malinskaphotographed in 1939
Class overview
BuildersJadranska Brodogradilišta,Kraljevica,Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes/Kingdom of Yugoslavia
Operators
Built1920–1931
In commission1920–1963
Planned14
Completed8
Cancelled6
Lost5
Retired3
General characteristics
Displacement128–145t(126–143long tons) (full load)
Length31.8 m (104 ft) (oa)
Beam6.52 m (21.4 ft)
Draught1.4–1.7 m (4 ft 7 in – 5 ft 7 in)
Installed power
Propulsion2 shafts; 2 ×triple-expansionsteam engines
Speed9–11kn(17–20 km/h; 10–13 mph)
Complement29
Armament

The five ships in KM service were captured by Italian forces during theAxis invasion of Yugoslaviaandcommissionedin theRegia Marinaas theArbeclass,and were re-armed with two 76 mm guns. They were involved in some operations against theYugoslav Partisansalong theDalmatiancoast. Following theItalian surrenderin September 1943, the threeAlbona-class ships were captured by German forces with all three being lost or scuttled later in the war. Of the five former KM ships, one was seized and operated by theKriegsmarine(German Navy) until it was lost. Another was captured but transferred tothe navyof the German fascistpuppet state,theItalian Social Republic,and scuttled by the Germans towards the end of the war. The remaining three were returned to the KM-in-exile atMaltain late 1943 and swept for mines around Malta until transferred to the newYugoslav Navy(Serbo-Croatian Latin:Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica;JRM) in August 1945.

After the war, the three ships were commissioned into the JRM and their designations were changed several times. In October 1946, two of them were involved in theCorfu Channel incident,an early clash in the developingCold War,when they laid mines in theStraits of Corfuat the request of thePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania.The undeclared minefield damaged two Britishdestroyers,killing 44 men and injuring another 42. The incident resulted in a case before theInternational Court of Justiceand a fifty-year diplomatic freeze between Albania and the UK, andYugoslavianever conceded that its ships had laid the mines. The three remaining ships werestrickenin 1962 and 1963.

Background

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TheAustro-Hungarian Navywas relatively slow to acquire specialistmine warfarevessels. It mainly utiliseddestroyersandtorpedo boatsfor these tasks, but duringWorld War Iit ordered several classes of small mine warfare vessels, some of which were completed before the end of the war. A class of larger mine warfare ships was ordered from theGanz & Danubiusshipyard at Porto Re (nowKraljevica).[1]A total of fourteen ships werelaid downbetween October 1917 and September 1918 as theMT.130class. They were originally designed asminelayers,[2]but the navy ordered the first six completed asminesweepers.[1]All were eventually fitted for minesweeping during construction. By September 1918, only the first three had been launched, and even they had not been fully completed. The end of World War I and thedissolution of Austria-Hungaryleft the ships in various stages of completion, the shipyard itself now part of the newly formedKingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes(renamed Yugoslavia in 1929). With the creation of the new kingdom, the Ganz & Danubius shipyard becameJadranska Brodogradilišta.[2]

Description and construction

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The ships had a raisedforecastleon which a gun was to be mounted.[1]The Austro-Hungarian design called for a47 mm (1.9 in)L/44 gun,[a][2]but the actual guns that were fitted when the ships were completed varied between those completed for the ItalianRegia Marina(Royal Navy) and those completed later for theRoyal Yugoslav Navy(Serbo-Croatian:Kraljevska mornarica;KM).Aftof the gun on the rear section of the forecastle were arranged thecaptain's cabinon thestarboardside and thepantryon the port side. Between the two was thegalley,directly below the enclosed steeringbridge,which was topped with an open navigation bridge on which a searchlight was mounted. Theforemastwith acrow's nestwas attached to the forward edge of the navigation bridge. Immediately aft of the bridge was thefunnel,which was taller in the original design and on the ships completed for theRegina Marinaand shorter on the ships completed for the KM. Aft of the funnel was a widequarterdeckthat reached to thesternwhere a mine crane was installed. On the ships completed for the KM, a deckhouse for the ship's office was added to the forward section of the quarterdeck and a mainmast was installed in the centre of the quarterdeck. The ships completed for theRegia Marinadid not have a deckhouse or mainmast, and a winch was installed in the centre of the quarterdeck. Twoship's boatswere secured ondavitson either side of the quarterdeck.[4]

Below deck, the bow contained the drinking water tanks, aft of which were cabins for thepetty officerson either side of the anchor chain locker. Immediately aft of the petty officers' cabins were the sailors' bunks, and underneath these the boiler water and fuel tanks were located. A transversebulkheadbetween the sailors' accommodation spaces provided support for the gun. Theengine roomcontaining the boiler and engines was located under the galley and was covered by a low superstructure with ventilation cowls. The engine room was separated from theholdby a bulkhead that supported the deckhouse on the KM ships. A workshop was located in the stern.[4]

The ships of the class had alength overallof 31.8 metres (104 ft), alength between perpendicularsof 29.4 m (96 ft 5 in), abeamof 6.52 m (21.4 ft), and adraughtof 1.4 m (4 ft 7 in) as a minesweeper and 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) as a minelayer. At full load they had adisplacementof 128tonnes(126long tons) as a minesweeper, and 145 tonnes (143 long tons) as a minelayer.[5]They had two verticaltriple-expansion steam enginesdriving oneshafteach,[6]with steam provided by a single oil-firedYarrow boiler.Their engines were rated at 280indicated horsepower(210kW), for a maximum speed of 11.6knots(21.5 km/h; 13.3 mph),[2][6]but the ships built for theRegia Marinacould only achieve a top speed of 11 kn (20 km/h; 13 mph).[7]The cruising speed was 9 kn (17 km/h; 10 mph). Up to 4 tonnes (3.9 long tons) of fuel could be carried in the tanks located below the sailor's accommodation. The ships were very maneuverable due to their excellentlength-to-beam ratioand the distance between their propellers. The crew consisted of 29 officers and enlisted men.[6]

As none of the ships were completed before the end of World War I, the planned 47 mm guns were not fitted to any of the ships when built. They were also planned to be fitted with one 8 mm (0.31 in) machine gun mounted aft, and – when completed as minelayers – to carry 24–39 mines, with the number depending on the types of mines loaded.[6]The three ships completed for theRegia Marina– comprising theAlbonaclass – were armed with twoAnsaldoModel 1915 76 mm (3 in) L/30 guns,two 8 mm machine guns,[8]and could carry 34 mines.[7]The five ships completed for the KM as theMalinskaclass were initially armed with a singleŠkoda66 mm (2.6 in) L/30 gun[9][10]– obtained from former Austro-Hungarian Navy stock – and two machine guns, and could carry 24 to 39 mines.[8]The ships completed as minelayers had mine rails fitted to either side of the quarterdeck all the way to the stern.[6]The KM ships later had their 66 mm guns replaced with the originally planned Škoda 47 mm L/44 guns.[11]

The first three ships of the class,MT.130–132,were completed by the shipyard for theRegia Marinain 1920 asRD 58–RD 60,and were then converted to minelayers. On 2 July 1921 they were named theAlbonaclass, and werecommissionedasAlbona,LauranaandRovigno,respectively.[2][9]Albonawas named for Italian towns inIstria,Albona,Laurana,andRovigno.[12]Five other ships,MT.133–137,were completed at the shipyard in 1931 for the KM – as theMalinska[2][9]orMarjanclass[1]– and were commissioned asMarjan,Mosor,Malinska,Meljine,andMljetrespectively.[13]Marjanwas named fora hillnearSplit,Mosorfora mountain rangenear Split,Malinskaforthe townon theDalmatianisland ofKrk,Meljineforthe townin theBay of Kotor,andMljetforthe Dalmatian island of that name.[1]The hulls ofMT.138–MT.143were 45 per cent finished by October 1918 but were never completed.[2][9]

Ships

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Ships of class
Austro-Hungarian
designation[1][2] 		Builder[1] Laid down[2] Launched[2] Completed[2] Completed for[1] Name upon completion (tactical designation)[13]
MT.130
Jadranska
Brodogradilišta
27 October 1917
20 July 1918
3 January 1920
Regia Marina
Albona
MT.131
30 October 1917
24 August 1918
7 February 1920
Laurana
MT.132
3 November 1917
28 September 1918
16 July 1920
Rovigno
MT.133
6 November 1917
Unknown
1931
Royal Yugoslav Navy
Marjan(MA)
MT.134
7 December 1917
Mosor(MO)
MT.135
8 December 1917
Malinska(MN)
MT.136
29 December 1917
Meljine(ME)
MT.137
Mljet(MT)
MT.138
11 February 1918
Never completed
–
–
MT.139
23 February 1918
MT.140
August 1918
MT.141
September 1918
MT.142
MT.143

Service history

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Albonaclass

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The interwarRegia Marinawas keen to acquire minelayers, and theAlbonaclass were the first of several classes of mine warfare vessels it obtained.[7]Italy enteredWorld War IIin June 1940, at which time, the threeAlbona-class ships were allocated to the local naval command of theSettore Alto Adriatico(Upper Adriatic Sector) based inVenice,commanded byAmmiraglio di Divisione(Division Admiral)Ferdinando di Savoia.[14]Between June 1940 and theAxis invasion of Yugoslaviain April 1941, the main Italian fleet operated in theMediterranean Sea.The Italians considered theAdriatic Seatheir "backyard", and did not consider the KM a dangerous opponent. Despite considerable activity byAlliedsubmarines in the Adriatic after June 1940, the Italians continued to use it for training.[15]Between 6 June and 10 July 1940, the threeAlbona-class ships, along with theAzio-classminelayerAzioand auxiliary minesweeperSan Guistolaid 21 defensive minefields in the northern Adriatic, consisting of 769 mines.[16]While British and Greek submarines operated in the Adriatic during this period of the war, Allied submarines laid few mines there, with the only significant work being undertaken by theGrampus-classmine-laying submarineHMSRorqualoff the Italian port ofAnconaand the Yugoslav islands ofPremudaandSusakin the northern Adriatic in late January 1941.[17]

In 1941,Lauranawas fitted withsmoke apparatusto assist in the defence of Venice.[18]By mid-May of that year,AlbonaandRovignohad been transferred to Greek waters.[19]Following theItalian Armisticein early September 1943,AlbonaandRovignowere captured by theGermansat the island ofSyrosin theAegean Seaon 10 September. They were renamedNetztender 57andNetztender 56respectively, and their armament was improved.[18]Between 19 July and 4 September 1943,Lauranalaid a 70-mine defensive barrage in the Adriatic.[20]Lauranawas captured at Venice on 11 September, and was commissioned by the Germans under her Italian name on 30 September,[18]although she was still at Venice and not operational on 10 October, and not ready for service as part of the 11th Security Flotilla of theKriegsmarine(German Navy) until after 8 November.[21]She served as a minelayer in the Adriatic with her Italian armament.[18][22]

Netztender 57andNetztender 56werescuttledby the Germans atSalonikaon 31 October 1944 as they withdrew from the city, andLauranawas sunk atTriesteby British aircraft bombs on 20 February 1945, and was broken up in 1949.[18][23][24]

MljetandMeljine(left) with thelight cruiserDalmacija(right), photographed in Kotor after being captured by Axis forces.

Malinskaclass

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TheMalinska-class ships had a relatively quiet career until 1941, serving as training vessels and minesweepers allocated to the Coast Defence Command.[25]By 1936, theMalinskaclass were classified as minelayers.[26]On 26 January 1939,Malinska,under the command ofPoručnik bojnog broda II. klase(lieutenant commander, junior grade)Aleksandar Berić,suffered boiler failure and was blown by the wind towards the coast south ofDubrovnik.TheGaleb-classminelayerSokol,under the command ofKapetan fregate(Frigate captain)Mirko Pleiweiss,sailed to assist from the Bay of Kotor, and towed her to a secure mooring.[25]At the start of the German-ledAxisinvasion of Yugoslavia, the fiveMalinska-class ships were assigned to the Coast Defence Command and spread over three sectors;MalinskainSelce(North Sector),MosorandMarjaninŠibenik(Central Sector), andMljetandMeljinein the Bay of Kotor (South Sector).[27]The ships at Šibenik and the Bay of Kotor were captured in port by the Italians without incident.[25]

The North Sector was commanded by now-Kapetan bojnog broda(Captain) Pleiweiss, who was an ethnicSlovene.When the establishment of thefascistAxispuppet state,theIndependent State of Croatia(NDH), was declared on 10 April, Pleiweiss decided to take action against a related revolt by ethnicCroatofficers in nearbyCrikvenica,with whom he, as a Slovene and loyal Yugoslav naval officer, had no sympathy. During Pleiweiss' action against the Croat officers,Petar Milutin Kvaternikwas killed. Kvaternik was the brother ofSlavko Kvaternik,a senior member of the ultranationalistUstašemovement who had announced the establishment of the NDH with German encouragement and support. Given that theRoyal Yugoslav Armywas retreating, and Selce could not be defended from the advancing Italians, Pleiweiss decided to scuttle seven Yugoslav coastal passenger steamers under his control that were anchored inKlimno Bayon the island of Krk. They sank in only 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of water, making them easy for the Italians to salvage later. Pleiweiss boardedMalinskaand ordered her, the naval tugSilniand two boats of the Financial Guard south along the coast. By the timeMalinskareached the mouth of theZrmanja rivernearZadar,the other boats had dispersed, and due to her shallow draught,Malinskawas able to navigate the river as far asObrovac,where she was scuttled on 13 April. Pleiweiss subsequently escaped to the Italian-annexedProvince of Ljubljanawhere he avoided any consequences for his actions during the Axis invasion. After the war he was celebrated as a Yugoslav war hero.[25]

Malinskawas raised by the Italians and commissioned asArbe,along withUgliano(ex-Marjan),Solta(ex-Meljine),Meleda(ex-Mljet) andPasman(ex-Mosor)[9]using the Italian names for the islands ofRab,Ugljan,Šolta,Mljet andPašman.[1]In Italian service the ships were known as theArbeclass.[7]The Italians removed the mainmasts from the ships,[1]removed the 47 mm guns, and installed two Ansaldo Model 15 76 mm L/30 guns as on theAlbonaclass. They also mounted aBreda M378 mm heavy machine gun on both of thebridge wings.[25]They could carry 30 mines.[7]

On 28 December 1942, theYugoslav Partisansestablished their first naval station atPodgoraon the Dalmatian coast. From this base, the fledglingPartisan Navyattacked and captured fivecoastal steamshipsover the next few days. On 1 January 1943,UglianoandPasman,along with the captured Yugoslavtorpedo boatT5,a patrol vessel and an armed tug, attacked Podgora from the sea, and an Italian landing party was put ashore. The Italian troops were repelled by the Partisan 4th Dalmatian Brigade. The operation was repeated three days later, with the addition of air support, but a planned second landing was cancelled.[28]In April 1943,UglianoandPasmanwere under command ofMaridalmazia(the maritime command of Dalmatia), along with five captured Yugoslav250t-classtorpedo boats and various smaller vessels.[29]

Arbewas under repair atGenoawhen she was captured by the Germans at the time of the Italian surrender in September 1943, but was not commissioned by them.[25]Instead, she was transferred tothe navyof the German fascist puppet state, theItalian Social Republicin December 1943. She was scuttled during the German retreat from the city on 24 April 1945,[23]and was salvaged and scrapped after the war.Ugliano,SoltaandMeledaescaped to the Allies at the time of the Italian surrender, eventually making their way toMalta.[25]SoltaandMeledawere returned by the Italians to theKM-in-exileon 7 December 1943 andUglianowas returned on 16 February 1944;[30]all reverted to their previous names.[9]They swept mines off Malta in 1944 and 1945 and in August of that year were transferred to the newYugoslav Navy(Serbo-Croatian:Jugoslavenska ratna mornarica;JRM).[31]

Pasmanwas captured by the Germans at Šibenik after the Italian surrender but was initially not operational.[13][32]By 8 November 1943 she was almost ready for service as part of the 11th Security Flotilla.[33]On 20 December she was taken over by the crew of the German landing shipSF 193which had been sunk by Britishmotor torpedo boatsnearMurter Islandon 18 December.[13]In German servicePasmanhad a crew of 26 German and 4 Croatian sailors.[6]It was intended to handPasmanover to theNavy of the NDH,and on 29 December she sailed forPulavia Zadar for further repairs, towed by thecoastal steamerGuido Brunnerdue to poor weather. As the weather improved,Pasmancontinued alone and left Zadar at 17:00 on 31 December. Due to reduced visibility in the sea mist,Pasmanstranded in a bay on theisland of Istnot long after leaving Zadar. Her crew were unable to free her, and on 5 January 1944 the crew of the Partisan armed shipNB 3 Jadrancaptured the German and Croat crew. The Germans planned to rescue the crew with an operation involving 50–60 troops transported and supported by theGerman torpedo boatTA22(the former Italian torpedo boatGiuseppe Missori) and two other ships,MedeaandScarpanto.This operation was postponed to 9 January due to poor weather, and when the Germans finally landed on Ist they could not locatePasman's crew, but took 54 male residents of the island to Pula as hostages.[34]Pasmanremained on Ist and wasstrickenon 13 January,[13]and her wreck was scrapped in situ in 1954.[9]

Post-war service

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After the war,Marjan,MeljineandMljetwere commissioned in the JRM asM1,M2andM3respectively. They were later redesignatedM201thenM31(ex-M1),M202thenM32(ex-M2) andM203thenM33(ex-M3).[35]All three ships were re-armed with twoBreda 20 mm (0.79 in) L65 anti-aircraft guns,equipped with MDL-2 mechanical minesweeping gear, and could carry up to 24 SAG-2 mines. Their crew increased to 30.[35]Post-war, the engines of ships of the class could only generate 150 ihp (110 kW), for a maximum speed of 8.5 kn (15.7 km/h; 9.8 mph) and a cruising speed of 7 kn (13 km/h; 8.1 mph). Their range was 360 nmi (670 km; 410 mi) at 8.5 kn and 420 nmi (780 km; 480 mi) at 7 kn. Up to 13 t (13 long tons; 14 short tons) of oil and 8 t (7.9 long tons; 8.8 short tons) of boiler water was carried.[6][36]

In 1946,M2andM3were involved inan early international incidentof theCold Warwhen they laid mines in theStraits of Corfuat the request of thePeople's Socialist Republic of Albania.On 22 October of that year, a British destroyerflotillaentered the undeclared minefield and theS and T-classdestroyerHMSSaumarezandU and V-classdestroyerHMSVolagewere seriously damaged.[37]Forty-four officers and men were killed or missing, and forty-two were injured.Saumarezwas damaged beyond repair, butVolagewas eventually brought back into service as an anti-submarinefrigate.The incident resulted in a case before theInternational Court of Justicewhich found against Albania, and a diplomatic freeze between the UK and Albania that was only finally resolved in 1996.[38]The Yugoslav government never admitted thatM2andM3had laid the mines.[36]

M33was stricken in 1962.M31was stricken in 1963 and sold to the Maritime High School in Split, where it served as the training shipJuraj Carićuntil 1972.M32was also stricken in 1963 and it was sold to theVela Lukamunicipal council on the island ofKorčula.[35]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^L/44 denotes the length of the barrel. In this case, the L/44 gun is 44calibre,meaning that the barrel was 44 times as long as the diameter of its bore.[3]

Footnotes

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  1. ^abcdefghijFreivogel 2020,p. 212.
  2. ^abcdefghijkGreger 1976,p. 92.
  3. ^Friedman 2011,p. 294.
  4. ^abFreivogel 2020,pp. 212–213.
  5. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 212 & 216.
  6. ^abcdefgFreivogel 2020,p. 213.
  7. ^abcdeBrescia 2012,p. 178.
  8. ^abFreivogel 2020,pp. 213 & 216.
  9. ^abcdefgTwardowski 1980,p. 358.
  10. ^Vego 1982,p. 356.
  11. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 213, 216 & 344.
  12. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 349–350, 352.
  13. ^abcdeFreivogel 2020,p. 215.
  14. ^Brescia 2012,p. 44.
  15. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 27.
  16. ^Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992,p. 22.
  17. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 86.
  18. ^abcdeFraccaroli 1985,pp. 280–281.
  19. ^Alexiades 2015,Appendix C.
  20. ^Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992,pp. 223–224.
  21. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 183 & 186.
  22. ^Lenton 1975,p. 372.
  23. ^abDodson & Cant 2020,p. 286.
  24. ^Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992,p. 334.
  25. ^abcdefgFreivogel 2020,p. 214.
  26. ^Vego 1982,p. 350.
  27. ^Niehorster 2019.
  28. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 128–129.
  29. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 130.
  30. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 104.
  31. ^Freivogel 2020,pp. 214 & 219.
  32. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 169 & 186.
  33. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,p. 183.
  34. ^Freivogel & Rastelli 2015,pp. 261–262.
  35. ^abcFreivogel 2021,p. 194.
  36. ^abFreivogel 2021,p. 195.
  37. ^Freivogel 2021,pp. 194–195.
  38. ^Wynn 2001,p. 224.

References

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  • Alexiades, Platon (2015).Target Corinth Canal: 1940–1944.Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen & Sword.ISBN978-1-4738-2756-1.
  • Brescia, Maurizio (2012).Mussolini's Navy.Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing.ISBN978-1-59114-544-8.
  • Dodson, Aiden; Cant, Serena (2020).Spoils of War: The Fate of Enemy Fleets after the Two World Wars.Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Seaforth Publishing.ISBN978-1-5267-4199-8.
  • Fraccaroli, Aldo (1985). "Italy". In Gardiner, Robert (ed.).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 252–290.ISBN978-0-85177-245-5.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir & Rastelli, Achille (2015).Adriatic Naval War 1940–1945.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-7892-44-9.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2020).Warships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 1918–1945.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-8218-72-9.
  • Freivogel, Zvonimir (2021).Warships of the Yugoslav Navy 1945–1991.Zagreb, Croatia: Despot Infinitus.ISBN978-953-366-006-6.
  • Friedman, Norman(2011).Naval Weapons of World War One: Guns, Torpedoes, Mines and ASW Weapons of All Nations (An Illustrated Directory).Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-84832-100-7.
  • Greger, René (1976).Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I.London, United Kingdom: Allan.ISBN978-0-7110-0623-2.
  • Lenton, Henry Trevor(1975).German Warships of the Second World War.London, United Kingdom: Macdonald and Jane's.ISBN978-0-356-04661-7.
  • Niehorster, Leo (2019)."Balkan Operations Order of Battle, Coast Defense Command, Royal Yugoslav Navy, 6th April 1941".Archivedfrom the original on 10 October 2023.Retrieved28 May2019.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) [1972].Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two.Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN978-1-55750-105-9.
  • Twardowski, Marek (1980). "Yugoslavia". In Gardiner, Robert & Chesneau, Roger (eds.).Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946.Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. pp. 355–359.ISBN978-0-87021-913-9.
  • Vego, Milan (1982). "The Yugoslav Navy 1918–1941".Warship International.XIX(4): 342–361.ISSN0043-0374.
  • Wynn, Philip E. (2001)."Corfu Channel Incident".In Cook, Bernard A. (ed.).Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia.Vol. 1. Taylor & Francis.ISBN978-0-8153-1336-6.Retrieved7 October2023.
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