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Allama Prabhu

Allamaprabhu(Kannada:ಅಲ್ಲಮಪ್ರಭು) was a 12th-century mystic-saint andVachanapoet (calledVachanakara) of theKannada language,[4]propagating the unitary consciousness of Self andShiva.[web 1][5]Allamaprabhu is one of the celebrated poets and the patron saint[note 1]of theLingayata[note 2]movement that reshaped medievalKarnatakasociety and popular Kannada literature. He is included among the "Trinity of Lingayathism", along withBasavanna,the founder of the movement, andAkka Mahadevi,the most prominent woman poet.[7]

Allamaprabhu
Personal
BornEarly 12th century[1]
Balligavi,Shimoga district,Karnataka,India
Died12th or 13th century
Resting placeMulgund near Gadag, Karnataka (gadduge)
ReligionLingayat
SectLingayat-ShaivismofLingayat[2]
Known forLingayat/Sharana movement
OccupationMystic, Yogi, Siddha, Social reformer, philosopher, Saint, Spiritual Leader, Poet
Quotation

Wherever one steps on earth is a pilgrim place[3]

Allamaprabhu used poetry, now part ofVachana Sahityaliterature, to criticise rituals and social conventions, to break down social barriers and to emphasize moral values and devotional worship ofShiva.[8][9]It is well accepted that though Basavanna was the inspiration behind the Lingayath movement and earned the honorific "elder brother" (anna) at the "mansion of experience" (Anubhava Mantapa), Allama was the realguruwho presided over it.[6][10]

According to the scholars K. A. Nilakanta Sastri and Joseph T. Shipley, Vachana literature comprises pithy pieces of poetic prose in easy to understand, yet compelling Kannada language.[4][11]The scholar E. P. Rice characterisesVachanapoems as brief parallelistic allusive poems, each ending with one of the popular local names of the god Shiva and preaching the common folk detachment from worldly pleasures and adherence to devotion to the god Shiva (Shiva Bhakti).[12]

Biography

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The biographical details of Allamaprabhu that can be historically verified are scanty, and much that is known about him is from hagiographic legends.[1]Some details of the early life of Allama are available in the writings of notedHoysalapoetHarihara,while other accounts are generally considered legendary.[13]Allamaprabhu was born in Shimoga district of Karnataka, India, in the 12th century, to Sujnani and Nirashankara.[14]He was a contemporary of the other famous Lingayat devotee-poets (sharanas), Basavanna and Akka Mahadevi.[9]According to Harihara's biography of Allama, the earliest account of the saint's life, he was a temple drummer in modernShivamogga district,Karnataka state, India. He came from a family of temple performers, was himself an expert at playing a type of drum calledmaddale,and his father was a dance teacher.[15]

Allamaprabhu married a dancer named Kamalathe, but she died prematurely.[6]The grief-stricken Allama wandered aimlessly, arriving at a cave temple, where he met the saint Animisayya (or Animisha, "the open eyed one" ).[6]The saint gave him alingaicon, blessed him with knowledge on god, and, Allama was enlightened and transformed into a seeker of spirituality. Allama's pen name, (ankitaormudra),Guheshvarathe god who stays with every one in the heart cave (also speltGuheswaraorGuhesvara,lit,"Lord of the caves" ), which he used in most of his poems is said to be a celebration of his experience in the cave temple.[9][16][17][18]

Allamaprabhu spread his message with songs, playing alyreas he wandered from place to place.[15]Most of his compositions were spontaneous and in vernacular language, but some were written inSandhya Bhasha(a code filled language of secret doctrines understood byYogiSidhas),[15]a riddle-filled questions-packed poetry in the Vedic and Upanishadic tradition.[19]

Allama died in Kadalivana near Srishila (Andhra Pradesh), and legend has it that he "became one with thelinga".[17]

Sadhguru referred Allamaprabhu as one of a kind in the whole history of humanity. He was an extraordinary being.[20]

Poems

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Allamaprabhu's poetic style has been described as mystic and cryptic, rich in paradoxes and inversions (bedagumode), staunchly against any form of symbolism, occult powers (siddhis) and their acquisition, temple worship, conventional systems and ritualistic practices, and even critical of fellow Veerashaiva devotees and poets. However, all his poems are non-sectarian and some of them even use straight forward language.[21]About 1,300 hymns are attributed to him.[1]

According to the Kannada scholarShiva Prakash,Allama's poems are more akin to theKoans(riddles) in the Japanese Zen tradition, and have the effect of awakening the senses out of complacency.[22]Critic Joseph Shipley simply categorises Allama's poems as those of a "perfectJnani"(" saint ").[4]Some of Allama's poems are known to question and probe the absolute rejection of the temporal by fellow Veerashaiva devotees–even Basavanna was not spared. A poem of his mocks at Akka Mahadevi for covering her nudity with tresses, while flaunting it to the world at the same time, in an act of rejection of pleasures.[23]The scholar Basavaraju compiled 1321extantpoems of Allamaprabhu in his workAllamana Vachana Chandrike(1960). These poems are known to cover an entire range, from devotion to final union with God.[6][24]

The poems give little information about Allama's early life and worldly experiences before enlightenment. In the words of the scholar Ramanujan, to a saint like Allama, "the butterfly has no memory of the caterpillar".[25]His wisdom is reflected in his poems–only a small portion of which are on the devotee aspect (bhakta,poems 64–112). More than half of the poems dwell on the later phase (sthala) in the life of a saint, most are about union with god and of realization (aikya,poems 606–1321).[24]His poems use the phrase "Lord of the caves" or "Guheswara" to refer to Shiva, and this practice states Subramanian is because Allamaprabhu received his enlightenment in a cave temple.[26][27]

I saw the fragrance fleeing, when the bee came,
What a wonder!
I saw intellect fleeing, when the heart came.
I saw the temple fleeing, when God came.

— Allamaprabhu,Shiva Prakash 1997,pp. 179–180

The tiger-headed deer, the deer-headed tiger,
Joined at the waist.
Look, another came to chew close by
When the trunk with no head grazes dry leaves,
Look, all vanishes, O Guheswara.

— Allamaprabhu inBedagu mode,Shiva Prakash 1997,p. 180

If the mountain feels cold, what will they cover it with?
If the fields are naked, what will they clothe them with?
If the devotee is wordly, what will they compare him with?
O! Lord of the caves!

— Allamaprabhu,Subramanian 2005,p. 219

Look here, the legs are two wheels;
the body is a wagon, full of things
Five men drive the wagon
and one man is not like another.
Unless you ride it in full knowledge of its ways
the axle will break
O Lord of Caves!

— Allamaprabhu,Ramanujan 1973,p. 149

Worldview

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Lingayat and the vachanakaras

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Allama was devoted to the worship of Shiva.[28]He used his vachanas to spread Lingayathism,[29]which is monotheistic and nondualistic, and has a strong egalitarian message. Its philosophy and practice is presented in thePanchacaras,five codes of conduct, and theShatsthala,six phases or steps toward unity with Shiva.[29]For thevacanakaras(Vachana poets), "first-hand 'seeing' was more important to their poetry than theological formulations."[30]Nevertheless, the Shatsthala system provides a narrative structure to the vachanas, portraying a progress toward the union with Shiva.[30]Later anthologies, with the notable exception of theShoonya Sampadane,followed this scheme in their arrangement of the vachanas.[30]

Although Allamaprabhu and the Vacanas have been qualified as bhakti poets,[31][32]D.R. Nagaraj notes that Allamaprabhu was not a bhakti poet. Nagaraj explains that Allama's "insistence on opaque and mysterious modes of metaphor is in stark contrast with the emotionally transparent model of bhakti."[33]

Social concerns

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Allamaprabhu used poetry, now part ofVachana Sahityaliterature, to criticise rituals and social conventions, to breakdown social barriers and to emphasize moral values and devotional worship ofShiva.[8][9]The vacanakaras, of which Allama was a prominent spokesman, rejected both the 'great' traditions of Vedic religion and the 'little' local traditions,[34]and questioned and ridiculed "classical belief systems, social customs and superstitions, image worship, the caste system, the Vedic ritual of yajna, as well as local sacrifices of lambs and goats."[35]

During the fifteenth century Virashaiva priests consolidated the Virashaiva lore, over-emphasizing the theological and meta-physical aspects, and ignoring the socio-political aspects. TheShoonya Sampadaneis a result of this consolidation, which is "a far cry from the socio-political pre-occupations of the twelfth-century movement."[30]

Philosophy and religiosity

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Allamaprabhu propagated the unitary consciousness of Self and Shiva,[web 1]using poetry to express this unity. The vachanakaras regarded language as a limited means to express "the unitive experience of truth."[30]Yet, the vachanas are seen as an expression of the Divine when, in Allama's words,

All Language is the essence of beyond of one knows oneself. All language is ignorance if one is unaware of oneself.[30]

Allama's poetry and spirituality is "intensely personal and experimental,"[30]and the vachanas in general "bear [...] a highly complex relationship to other schools,"[30]which makes it very difficult to trace and establish exact influences and independent developments.[30]Nevertheless, Allama's philosophy is described asmonism[15][36][note 3]and also asnon-dualism( "advaita" ).[37][note 4]He de-emphasized the need to perfect difficult feats ofYogaand emphasized overcoming the boundaries between relative and absolute knowledge, between devotee andguru(teacher).[45]He used his poetry to teach others,[36]voicing a spirituality that isNirguna(without attributes, qualities), yet usesSagunadevotionalism in order to metaphorically express what is inexpressible:[46]

Without theduality– mind and mere bone,
For him who has merged his own Self with the Lord,
All actions are actions oflingaalone.
With mind given rest from its usual toil,
For him who has merged his own Self with the Lord,
All thoughts of attainment his knowledge be spoil.
Himself into Self having joined with great yoke,
For him there's no dual, no unity broke,
O Lord of the Caves!

— Allamaprabhu, Translated by R Blake Michael[45]

Writings on Allamaprabhu

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Allamaprabhu was the protagonist of some important writings in the Kannada language. TheVijayanagarapoet, Chamarasa, wrotePrabhulingalile(1430) in the court of KingDeva Raya II,giving an account of the life and teachings of Allamaprabhu. In this work, Allama is considered an incarnation of the Hindu godGanapati,andParvati,the consort of the god Shiva, takes the form of the princess ofBanavasito test his detachment from the material world.[47]So popular was the work, that the king had it translated intoTamilandTelugulanguages. Later, translations were made intoSanskritandMarathilanguages.[47][48]

With the intent of re-kindling the spirit of the 12th century, theSunyasampadane( "Achievement of nothingness" or "The mystical zero" ), a famous anthology ofVachanapoems and Veerashaiva philosophy was compiled during the Vijayanagara era. It was compiled in four versions starting with the anthologist Shivaganaprasadi Mahadevaiah in c. 1400. Other versions by Halage Arya (1500), Siddhalingayati (1560) and Siddaveerannodaya (1570) are considered refinements. With Allama as its central figure, these anthologies give a vivid account of his interaction, in the form of dialogues, with contemporary saints and devotees. The quality of the work is considered very high.[16][49][50] One of his work was translated in to Tamil by Karpanai Kalangiyam Sivaprakasa Swamigal as "Prabhu Linga Leelai".

Notes

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  1. ^Prabhu,lit,"Master" ),[6]
  2. ^lit,"Devotees of the godShiva
  3. ^William McCormack, quoting Ramanujan, states, "Allamaprabhu perhaps taught philosophical monism through his vacanas".[36]
  4. ^Allama has been called an exponent of "nondualism", c.q "advaita":
    • Ishawaran: "Allamaprabhu, a staunch exponent of non-dualism (advaita), convincedSiddharamathat God was within himself. He chided him by saying, 'you who presume to place Him before you and converse with Him, do not have any understanding of Him! "[37]
    The terms "nondualism" and "advaita" should not be confused with Shankara'sAdvaita Vedanta,which follows the Vedas instead of the Agamas, although Allamaprabhu, and Lingayatism in general, has also been specifically characterized as showing similarities with Shankara's Advaita Vedanta:
    • Surendranath Dasgupta:"It will be easy for us to show that Allama-Prabhu, the teacher of Basava, was thoroughly surcharged with the Vedantism of theŚaṇkaraschool. "[38]
    • According to S.C. Nandimath, as referred to byA.K. Ramanujan,Lingayatism shows "philosophical similarities with the monism preached by the eighth-century Vedantin,Sankaracharya."[39]
    AlthoughAdvaitaor nondualism nowadays is best-known from Shankara's Advaita Vedanta, it has a long history in Indian thought which is not confined to Advaita Vedanta.[40]

    Shankara's Advaita was influenced byMadhyamakaBuddhism and its notion ofsunyata,whilePre-sectarian Buddhismmay also have been responding to the oldestUpanishadicteachings of theChandogya Upanishad,[41]itself one of the sources of Shankara's teachings. Dasgupta and Mohanta also note that Buddhism and Shankara's Advaita Vedanta are not opposing systems, but "different phases of development of the same non-dualistic metaphysics from the Upanishadic period to the time of Sankara."[40]

    This development did not end with Advaita Vedanta, but continued in Tantrism and various schools of Shaivism. Non-dualKashmir Shaivism,for example, was influenced by, and took over doctrines from, several orthodox and heterodox Indian religious and philosophical traditions.[42]These include Vedanta, Samkhya, Patanjali Yoga and Nyayas, and various Buddhist schools, including Yogacara and Madhyamika,[42]but also Tantra and the Nath-tradition.[43]

    In modern times, due to the influence ofWestern esotericism,UniversalismandPerennialismon IndianNeo-Vedantaand subsequentHindu nationalism,[44]Advaita Vedanta has acquired a broad acceptance in Indian culture and beyond as the paradigmatic example of Hindu spirituality.[44]Other traditions and religious persons, for exampleRamana Maharshi,are also labeled as "advaita," despite the fact that the Shaivite traditions have a different origin, history and textual basis.

    On the interplay between the various Indian traditions, and the development of the Advaitic hegemony, see:
    • Samuel, Geoffrey (2010),The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century,Cambridge University Press
    • Nicholson, Andrew J. (2010),Unifying Hinduism: Philosophy and Identity in Indian Intellectual History,Columbia University Press
    • King (2002)

References

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  1. ^abcVK Subramanian (2007), 101 Mystics of India, Abhinav,ISBN978-8170174714,page 71
  2. ^Basava: Hindu religious leader,Encyclopædia Britannica (2013)
  3. ^Ramanujan 1996,p. 185.
  4. ^abcShipley 2007,p. 527.
  5. ^Patton Burchett (Editor: Knut Jacobsen, 2011), Yoga Powers, Brill Academic,ISBN978-9004212145,page 370
  6. ^abcdeSubramanian 2005,p. 213.
  7. ^Subramanian 2005,p. 16.
  8. ^abShiva Prakash 1997,pp. xLi, 170–179, Quote: "Devotees of Shiva, they emphasized the importance of moral values and condemned mere ritualism. They were critics of social evils. Basava, Allamaprabhu, Akka Mahadevi, Raghavanka and Harihar were among the best writers of this period."
  9. ^abcdSubramanian 2005,pp. 16, 213, Quote: "Allamaprabhu, along with Basavanna and Mahadevi Akka, may be considered the pioneers of Veerasaivism, a movement devoted to the worship of Siva, preaching the breakdown of social barriers, conventions and external rituals."
  10. ^Ramanujan 1973,pp. 144–145.
  11. ^Sastri 1955,p. 361.
  12. ^Rice E.P. inSastri 1955,p. 361
  13. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 143.
  14. ^Roshen Dalal, Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide, Penguin,ISBN978-0143423171,page 159
  15. ^abcdSisir Kumar Das (2005).A History of Indian Literature, 500-1399: From Courtly to the Popular.Sahitya Akademi. pp. 167–169.ISBN978-8126021710.
  16. ^abRamanujan 1973,p. 144.
  17. ^abShiva Prakash 1997,p. 179.
  18. ^"Allamaprabhu".Poetry Chaikhana.Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2006.Retrieved6 October2006.
  19. ^Ramanujan 1996,pp. 179–190.
  20. ^"Allama Mahaprabhu and the Yoga of Gentleness".isha.sadhguru.org.Retrieved21 August2023.
  21. ^Shiva Prakash 1997,pp. 178–179
  22. ^Shiva Prakash 1997,p. 180
  23. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 145
  24. ^abRamanujan 1973,p. 148.
  25. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 147
  26. ^Subramanian 2005,p. 215 footnote.
  27. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 196.
  28. ^Subramanian 2005,p. 15.
  29. ^abSaravanan 2014.
  30. ^abcdefghiShivaprakash 2010.
  31. ^Michael Downes (2009).Jonathan Harvey: Song Offerings and White as Jasmine.Ashgate Publishing. pp. 76–77.ISBN978-0754660224.
  32. ^A.K. Ramanujan (2004). Molly Daniels-Ramanujan (ed.).The Oxford India Ramanujan.Oxford University Press. pp. 331–334.ISBN978-0195664782.
  33. ^Nagaraj 2003,p. 357.
  34. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 25.
  35. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 29-30.
  36. ^abcRamanujan 1973,p. 76.
  37. ^abIshawaran 1992,p. 129-130.
  38. ^Surendranath Dasgupta (2012) [1951].A History of Indian Philosophy, Volume 5: Southern Schools of Saivism(Reprint ed.). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 50.ISBN978-8120804166.
  39. ^Ramanujan 1973,p. 182-183.
  40. ^abDasgupta & Mohanta 1998,p. 362.
  41. ^Gombrich 1990,p. 12-20.
  42. ^abMuller-Ortega 2010,p. 25.
  43. ^Muller-Ortega 2010,p. 26.
  44. ^abKing 2002.
  45. ^abMichael 1992,p. 33-35, 127-128.
  46. ^Ramanujan 1996,pp. 186–187.
  47. ^abSastri 1955,p. 363.
  48. ^Datta 1987,p. 617.
  49. ^Datta 1987,pp. 191, 199–200.
  50. ^Shiva Prakash 1997,p. 189.

Sources

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  • Dasgupta, Sanghamitra; Mohanta, Dilip Kumar (July 1998), "Some Reflections on the Relation Between Sankara And Buddhism",Indian Philosophical Quarterly,25(3): 349–366
  • Datta, Amaresh, ed. (1987).Encyclopaedia of Indian literature.Vol. 1, A-devo. Sahitya Akademi.OCLC34346316.
  • Gombrich, R.F. (1990), "Recovering the Buddha's Message", in Ruegg, David Seyfort; Schmithausen, Lambert (eds.),Earliest Buddhism: Madhyamaka,BRILL
  • Ishawaran, K. (1992),Speaking of Basava: Lingayat Religion and Culture in South Asia,Westview Press,ISBN978-0813383897
  • King, Richard (2002),Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East",Routledge
  • Michael, R. Blake (1992),The Origins of Vīraśaiva Sects: A Typological Analysis of Ritual and Associated Patterns in the Śūnyasaṃpādane,Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
  • Muller-Ortega, Paul E. (2010),Triadic Heart of Siva: Kaula Tantricism of Abhinavagupta in the Non-Dual Shaivism of Kashmir,Suny press
  • Nagaraj, D.R. (2003) [2003]. "Critical Tensions in the History of Kannada Literary Culture". In Sheldon I. Pollock (ed.).Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia.Berkeley and London: University of California Press.ISBN0-520-22821-9.
  • Ramanujan, A.K.(1973),Speaking of Siva,Penguin Classics,ISBN0-14-044270-7
  • Ramanujan, A.K. (1996).Galit Hasan-Rokem;David Dean Shulman(eds.).Untying the Knot: On Riddles and Other Enigmatic Modes.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0195108569.
  • Saravanan, V. Hari (2014),Gods, Heroes and their Story Tellers: Intangible cultural heritage of South India,Notion Press
  • Sastri, Nilakanta K.A.(1955).A history of South India from prehistoric times to the fall of Vijayanagar.New Delhi: Indian Branch, Oxford University Press (published 2002).ISBN0-19-560686-8.
  • Shipley, Joseph T. (2007).Encyclopedia of Literature - Vol I.READ BOOKS.ISBN978-1-4067-0135-7.
  • Shiva Prakash, H.S.(1997). "Kannada". In Ayyappapanicker (ed.).Medieval Indian Literature:An Anthology.Sahitya Akademi.ISBN81-260-0365-0.
  • Shivaprakash, H.S. (2010),I Keep Vigil of Rudra: The Vachanas,London: Penguin Classics,ISBN9788184752830
  • Subramanian, V.K. (2005).Sacred Songs of India- Vol VI.Abhinav Publications.ISBN81-7017-419-8.

Web-sources

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  1. ^abshivayoga.net,Psychological Aspects of Shiva-yoga

Further reading

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  • Puranik, Basavaraj (1999),Anupamacharita Allamaprabhudeva,Basava Samithi
  • Rice, E.P. (1982) [1921].Kannada Literature.New Delhi: Asian Educational Services.ISBN81-206-0063-0.
  • Sadarangani, Neeti M (2004).Bhakti Poetry in Medieval India.Sarup & Sons.ISBN81-7625-436-3.
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