Wikipedia

Animatronics

(Redirected fromAnimatronic)
"Animatronic" redirects here. For for another use, seeAnimatronic (album).

Ananimatronicis amechatronicpuppetcontrolled electronically by machine to move in a fluent way.[1]They are a modern variant of theautomatonand are often used for the portrayal of characters infilms,video gamesand intheme parkattractions.

Animatronic figure ofChuck E. Cheesein operation at the Laguna Hills, CaliforniaChuck E. Cheeselocation, September 14, 2017
Tyrannosaurusat London'sNatural History Museum

Animatronics are a multidisciplinary field integratingpuppetry,anatomyandmechatronics.[2][3][4]Animatronic figures can be implemented with both computer and human control, includingteleoperation.Motionactuatorsare often used to imitate muscle movements and create realistic motions. Figures are usually encased in body shells and flexible skins made of hard or soft plastic materials and finished with colors, hair, feathers and other components to make them more lifelike. Animatronics stem from a long tradition of mechanicalautomatapowered byhydraulics,pneumaticsandclockwork.

Before the term "animatronics" became common, they were usually referred to as "Robots".[5]Since then, robots have become known as more practical programmable machines that do not necessarily resemble living creatures.[6]Robots (or other artificial beings) designed to convincingly resemble humans are known as "androids".The termanimatronicsis aportmanteauofanimateandelectronics.The termAudio-Animatronicswas coined byWalt Disneyin 1961[7]when he started developing professional animatronics for entertainment and film.

An animatronic fire-breathing dragon, suspended above the concourse at Scotiabank Theatre inWest Edmonton Mall,Alberta, Canada.
The Fairy Tale Tree in theEfteling.

History

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Before electronics, Animatronics were simply puppets made to work with clockwork. These are known today asatomata.For most of human history, It has not been possible to create a moving figure resembling a person, That was not directly puppeted by another person.

In therenaissanceera, the first clockwork automated humanoid figures were created.[8][9][10]These were complex with many movements, However the figures were extremely large, As they contained large cam shaft mechanisms in the base with the introduction of electricity, the mechanisms to create a humanoid figure got smaller and smaller, however very few of the created figures looked human.[10]

The first audio animatronic to convincingly imitate a human was Walt Disney'sAbraham Lincolnattraction at the Illinois State Pavilion of the1964 New York World's Fair.this marked a change in the industry, as computers where a pivotal part in creating the figure.

  • 1939(1939)– 1939(1939):Sparko, The RobotDog,andElektro,performs in front of the public. both manufactured by the Westinghouse Electric Corporation, Elektro was one of the first robots, using basic sensors and tube logic to receive commands and roughly know when it crashed into a wall. It could blow up balloons, smoke, synthesize text, and move his legs and arms. In 1939, he received his pet, and the first mainstream animatronic, Sparko.[11]However, unlikeElektro,Sparko had no built in computer and was not remote controlled, instead using an external computer controlled by an operator.[11]Unlike many depictions of robots in that time, Sparko represented a living animal, and thus becoming the very first modern day animatronic character,[12]along with an unnamed horse which was reported to gallop realistically. The animatronic galloping horse was also on display at the1939 New York World's Fair,in a different exhibit than Sparko's.[13]
  • 1961(1961):Heinrich Ernst develops the MH-1, a computer-operated mechanical hand.[14]
  • 1961(1961):Walt Disneycoins the term "Audio-Animatronics" and hisWED Enterprisesteam begins developing modern animatronic technology.[15]
  • 1963(1963):The firstAudio-Animatronicscreated by Disney, the Enchanted Tiki Birds ofWalt Disney's Enchanted Tiki Room,debut at Disneyland.[16][17][18]
  • 1964: In the filmMary Poppins,animatronic birds are the first animatronics featured in a motion picture. The first animatronic figure of a person, that ofAbraham Lincoln,is created by Disney for itsAbraham Lincolnattraction at the Illinois State Pavilion of the1964 New York World's Fair.
  • 1975 - 1979:Aaron Fechter's Wolf Pack 5 animatronic show opens at multiple amusement parks.[19]
  • 1977:Pizza Time Theatrelater known asChuck E. Cheeseopens the first major restaurant with animatronics as an attraction.
  • 1977:John Wardleydebuts "Charlie Plucket" Animatronic on BBC'sTomorrow's World
  • 1978: AVG Technologies is founded by Alvaro Villa, former head of electronic animation research and development for the Walt Disney Company.
  • 1980:Aaron Fechter'sShowBiz Pizza Placerestaurant opens withthe Rock-afire Explosionanimatronic show, directly competing withChuck E. Cheese.[19]
  • 1981:Eftelingrenovates it's Sprookjesbos walk through ride, adding 92 animatronics
  • 1982: Ben Franklin is the first animatronic figure to walk up a set of stairs.
  • 1983: AVG would open the successful line ofbullwinkle'srestaurants.
  • 1989: The second generation of Disney's generic animatronics the "A-100", portraying the Wicked Witch of the West fromThe Wizard of Oz,is developed for The Great Movie Ride attraction at Disney-MGM Studios.
  • 1998: Tiger Electronics begins sellingFurby,an animatronic pet that speaks over 800 English and "Furbish" phrases and can react to its environment.
  • 1999: AVG creates about 140 animatronics forUniversal Studios Florida.They worked onDudley Do-Right's Ripsaw Falls,theCat in the hat dark ride,andPopeye & Bluto's Bilge-Rat Barges.Most of these rides are still in operation today.
  • 2001: The largest animatronic figure ever built was theSpinosaurusfor Steven Spielberg's franchiseJurassic Park.[citation needed]
  • 2005:Engineered Artsproduces the first version of their animatronic actor,RoboThespian
  • October 31, 2008 – July 1, 2009: The Abraham Lincoln animatronic character is upgraded to incorporate new technology.,The Hall of Presidents[citation needed]
  • 2019: Disney releases a number of new characters based on their third-generation platform "A-1000"

[20]

Animatronics in films

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The film industry has been a driving force revolutionizing the technology used to develop animatronics.[21]Animatronics are used in situations where a creature does not exist, the action is too risky or costly to use real actors or animals, or the action could never be obtained with a living person or animal. Its main advantage overCGIandstop motionis that the simulated creature has a physical presence moving in front of the camera in real time. The technology behind animatronics has become more advanced and sophisticated over the years, making thepuppetseven more lifelike.[22]

Animatronics were first introduced by Disney in the 1964 filmMary Poppinswhich featured an animatronic bird. Since then, animatronics have been used extensively in such movies asJaws,andE.T. the Extra-Terrestrial,which relied heavily on animatronics.[23]

Directors such asSteven SpielbergandJim Hensonhave been pioneers in using animatronics in the film industry; a film co-directed by the latter,The Dark Crystal,showcased groundbreaking puppets designed byBrian Froudand created by Henson's then recently establishedCreature Shopin London.

The 1993 filmJurassic Park,directed by Spielberg, used a combination of computer-generated imagery in conjunction with life-sized animatronicdinosaursbuilt byStan Winstonand his team. Winston's animatronic "T. rex" stood almost 20 feet (6.1 m),[24] 40 feet (12 m) in length[25]and even the largest animatronics weighing 9,000 pounds (4,100 kg) were able to perfectly recreate the appearance and natural movement on screen of a full-sizedTyrannosaurus rex.[26]

Jack Hornercalled it "the closest I've ever been to a live dinosaur".[25]Critics referred to Spielberg'sdinosaursasbreathtakingly — and terrifyingly — realistic.[27][28]

The 1999 BBC miniseriesWalking with Dinosaurswas produced using a combination of about 80%CGIand 20% animatronic models.[29]The quality of computer imagery of the day was good, but animatronics were still better at distance shots, as well as closeups of the dinosaurs.[29]Animatronics for the series were designed by British animatronics firm Crawley Creatures.[29]The show was followed up in 2007 with a live adaptation of the series,Walking with Dinosaurs: The Arena Spectacular.[30]

Geoff Petersonis an animatronic human skeleton that serves as thesidekickon the late-night talk showThe Late Late Show with Craig Ferguson.Often referred to as a "robot skeleton", Peterson is a radio-controlled animatronic robot puppet designed and built byGrant ImaharaofMythBusters.[31]

Films focusing on animatronics

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Short films

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  • The Hug,a 2018 horror short film directed by Jack Bishop and Justin Nijm, and starring Nick Armstrong and Roman George, follows a bratty birthday boy at Pandory's Pan Pizza Palace, aShowBiz Pizza Place-like restaurant, who has an awkward situation with Pandory the Panda, the pizzeria'sgiant pandaanimatronic mascot. It premiered atHuluas part of its "Huluween" film competition.

Television

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Advertising

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The British advertisement campaign forCadbury SchweppestitledGorillafeatured an actor inside a gorilla suit with an animatronically animated face.

The Slowskyswas anadvertisingcampaign forComcastCable's XfinitybroadbandInternet service.The ad features two animatronic turtles, and it won the gold Effie Award in 2007.[35]

Toys

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Some examples of animatronic toys includeTJ Bearytails,Big Mouth Billy Bass,FurReal,Kota the triceratops,Pleo,WowWee Alive Chimpanzee,Microsoft Actimates,andFurby.Well-known brands include Cuddle Barn, PBC International, Telco, Sound N Light, Nika International,Gemmy Industries,Tickle Me Elmo,Chantilly Lane and Dan Dee.[citation needed]

Design

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There are quite a few ways to build an animatronic, however most follow this basic structure:

An animatronics character is typically designed to be as realistic as possible and thus, is built similarly to how it would be in real life. The framework of the figure is like the "skeleton". Joints, motors, andactuatorsact as the "muscles". Connecting all the electrical components together are wires, such as the "nervous system" of a real animal or person.[36]Steel, aluminum, plastic, and wood are all commonly used in building animatronics but each has its best purpose. The relative strength, as well as the weight of the material itself, should be considered when determining the most appropriate material to use. The cost of the material may also be a concern.[36]Several materials are commonly used in the fabrication of an animatronics figure's exterior. Dependent on the particular circumstances, the best material will be used to produce the most lifelike form. For example, "eyes" and "teeth" are commonly made completely out of acrylic.[37]

Some examples of different methods of building animatronics are Chuck E. Cheese's studio c animatronic, made of latex rubber, metal, and plastic supported by an internal skeleton[38]and on the other end of the spectrum is the all metalbunyipanimatronic in Australia, using water to actuate the characters mouth.[39]

Materials

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  • Latex: Whitelatexis commonly used as a general material because it has a high level of elasticity. It is also pre-vulcanized, making it easy and fast to apply.[40]Latex is produced in several grades. Grade 74 is a popular form of latex that dries rapidly and can be applied very thick, making it ideal for developing molds.[41]Foam latexis a lightweight, soft form of latex which is used inmasksandfacial prostheticsto change a person's outward appearance, and in animatronics to create a realistic "skin".[41]The Wizard of Ozwas one of the first films to make extensive use of foam latex prosthetics in the 1930s.[42]
  • Silicone: Disney has a research team devoted to improving and developing better methods of creating more lifelike animatronics exteriors withsilicone.[43]RTV silicone(room temperature vulcanization silicone) is used primarily as a molding material as it is very easy to use but is relatively expensive. Few other materials stick to it, making molds easy to separate.[44][45]Bubbles are removed from silicone by pouring the liquid material in a thin stream or processing in a vacuum chamber prior to use.Fumed silicais used as a bulking agent for thicker coatings of the material.[46]
  • Polyurethane: Polyurethane rubber is a more cost effective material to use in place of silicone. Polyurethane comes in various levels of hardness which are measured on theShore scale.Rigidpolyurethane foamis used in prototyping because it can be milled and shaped in high density. Flexible polyurethane foam is often used in the actual building of the final animatronic figure because it is flexible and bonds well with latex.[41]
  • Plaster: As a commonplace construction and home decorating material, plaster is widely available. Its rigidity limits its use in molds, and plaster molds are unsuitable when undercuts are present. This may make plaster far more difficult to use than softer materials like latex or silicone.[45]

Movement

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Pneumaticactuators can be used for small animatronics but are not powerful enough for large designs and must be supplemented withhydraulics.To create more realistic movement in large figures, an analog system is generally used to give the figures a full range of fluid motion rather than simple two position movements.[47]

Mimicking the often-subtle displays of humans and other living creatures, and the associated movement is a challenging task when developing animatronics. One of the most common emotional models is theFacial Action Coding System(FACS) developed by Ekman and Friesen.[48]FACS defines that through facial expression, humans can recognize six basic emotions: anger, disgust, fear, joy, sadness, and surprise. Another theory is that of Ortony, Clore, and Collins, or the OCC model[49]which defines 22 different emotional categories.[50]

In 2020 Disney revealed its new animatronics robot that can breathe, move its eyes very much like humans, and identify people around it in order to select "an appropriate" response, as opposed to previous Disney animatronics that were used in purely scripted,non-interactivesituations, liketheme parkrides.[51]

Training and education

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Animatronics has been developed as a career which combines the disciplines ofmechanical engineering,casting/sculpting,control technologies, electrical/electronic systems,radio controlandairbrushing.[citation needed]

Some colleges and universities do offer degree programs in animatronics. Individuals interested in animatronics typically earn a degree in robotics which closely relate to the specializations needed in animatronics engineering.[52]

Students achieving a bachelor's degree in robotics commonly complete courses in:

  • Mechanical engineering
  • Industrial robotics
  • Mechatronics systems
  • Modeling of robotics systems
  • Robotics engineering
  • Foundational theory of robotics
  • Introduction to robotics.[citation needed]
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Animatronic characters appear in bothfilmsandgames,most notably inhorror genreandsurvival horror video gamesthat generally featurespossessedanimatronics as antagonists.[53]

Games

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Five Nights at Freddy'sGlamrock Freddy cosplayer at Comic-Con in November 2023
  • Five Nights at Freddy's(commonly known asFNaF), a horror video game series, features various animatronic entertainers as antagonists who try to kill the player character, who is typically a nighttime security guard or employee at one of the facilities (usually a pizzeria) where the animatronics reside. In the first game of the seriesFive Nights at Freddy's,the animatronics' violent attitude towards humans at night is explained away as faulty programming, which causes them to mistake the protagonist for an endoskeleton without a character suit on—which goes against the establishment's rules. As a result, the animatronics try to "forcefully stuff" the player character into a suit, resulting in their death. However, the games feature a deep lore (gradually revealed through variousminigamesandEaster eggs) which reveals that many of the animatronics are actually haunted by the spirits of children whose deaths are somehow connected to the fictional restaurant franchise "Freddy Fazbear's Pizza". At least six of these children were murdered byWilliam Afton(a.k.a."The Purple Guy" ), one of the co-founders of the original restaurant and the series' overarching villain, who would go on to possess an animatronic of his own after his death.[54][55]Since the original game,Five Nights at Freddy'shas evolved into a large media franchise comprising various sequels, prequels and spin-offs, fan games, a novel trilogy,[56][57][58][59][60]and an anthology series of short stories.[61][62][63][64]A film adaptationFive Nights at Freddy'swas released on October 27, 2023.[65]

See also

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References

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