Wikipedia

Anthony Czarnik

Anthony William Czarnik(born 1957) is an Americanchemistandinventor.He is best known for pioneering studies in the field offluorescentchemosensors[6][7][2][8]and co-foundingIllumina, Inc.,a biotechnology company in San Diego.[9][10]Czarnik was also the founding editor ofACS Combinatorial Science.[11]He currently serves as an adjunct visiting professor at theUniversity of Nevada, Reno.[12]

Anthony W. Czarnik
Born
Anthony William Czarnik Jr.[1]

1957 (age 66–67)[2]
NationalityAmerican
OccupationChemist
Alma mater
Known forChemosensors,ACS Combinatorial Science,Illumina, Inc.
SpouseRebecca Czarnik
Scientific career
FieldsChemistry
InstitutionsUniversity of Nevada[3](2004–present)
ThesisChemical studies on nucleic acid analogues(1981)
Doctoral advisorNelson J. Leonard[3][4]
Other academic advisorsEdwin Vedejs,Ronald Breslow[3]
Websitewww.unr.edu/chemistry/faculty/anthony-czarnik

Education

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Anthony Czarnik attended theUniversity of Wisconsinand received his B.S. inBiochemistryin 1977. He then studied with Nelson J. Leonard[4]at theUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–Champaignand earned an M.S. in biochemistry in 1980 and a Ph.D. in chemistry in 1981 with a thesis, "Chemical studies on nucleic acid analogues."[13]He then studied withRonald BreslowatColumbia University(1981–1983) as anNIHPostdoctoral Fellow.[14]

Career

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Czarnik joined the Chemistry Department at theOhio State Universityasassistant professorin 1983. He later was promoted toassociate professor.Czarnik worked at Ohio State University until 1993, when he was offered a position as Director of the Bio-Organic Chemistry group atParke-Davis Research LaboratoryinAnn Arbor,Michigan.[14]Czarnik was the founding editor ofACS Combinatorial Science(formerlyJournal of Combinatorial Chemistry), an academic journal published by theAmerican Chemical Society.

In April 1998, Czarnik co-founded Illumina, Inc., a biotechnology company now traded onNASDAQand specializing insequencing,genotypingandgene expression,with David Walt, John Stuelpnagel,Larry Bock,and Mark Chee.[9][15][16][17][18]Czarnik served as Illumina'schief scientific officer(CSO) until 2000. He was terminated from his position of CSO[19]and later filed a wrongful termination lawsuit. The Court ruled in Czarnik's favor, but the company appealed.[20][21]The appeal court sustained the lower court verdict but in 2005 reduced the punitive damage ordered by the jury.[22][23]Czarnik later filed apatent law casein theUnited States District Court for the District of Delaware,alleging four counts against his former employer, including reputational harm for correction of named inventor under 35 U.S.C. § 256.[21][24]

In 2001, Czarnik was recruited by Sensors for Medicine and Science, Inc., where he served as chief scientific officer.[25][26]Since 2003, Czarnik has co-founded a number of biotechnology companies including Deuteria Pharmaceuticals LLC and Protia LLC.[27][28][29]

Czarnik is a founder of RenoCares, a charity that provides support to alcohol and drug addicts convicted of misdemeanors in the form of financial aid for rehabilitation treatment, counseling, and psychological services.[30]The organization is managed by the Community Foundation of Western Nevada.[31]Since 2016, annual Czarnik Awards are given for exceptional work in the area of chemosensors at the International Conference on Molecular Sensors and Molecular Logic Gates (MSMLG).[32][33][34]In 2007, Czarnik took part as an executive producer of Electric Heart: Don Ellis, a documentary aboutDon Ellis,an American jazz musician.[35][36]

Research

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Combinatorial Chemistry

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While at Parke-Davis Pharmaceutical Research, a division of Warner-Lambert Company, Czarnik directed research and reported the first use of automation for the synthesis of compound “libraries” —large, organized collections of compounds. He became founding editor of the American Chemical Society’s Journal of Combinatorial Chemistry and led research into the use of Rf ID tags for directed sorting for use in compound library synthesis.[37]

Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition

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The concept of thefluorescentchemosensors-molecular structures' ability to detectanalyteswas substantially developed in the bookFluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognitionedited by Czarnik and co-authored with other scientists.[38]The book's study is mostly focused on the analysis of the fluorescent chemosensors' chemical structures and their applications and technical uses in different fields of science.[39][40]Czarnik coined the term chemosensor to refer to synthetic compounds that bind and “signal” the presence of analytes in reversible manner. He authored a review article in 1994, which led to more research being done worldwide, including a review of the field 23 years later.[41]

Eventually, chemosensors found applications in chemistry, biochemistry, immunology, physiology, medicine[42][43][44][45][46]and in the military for landmine detection.[47]The book laid foundation to other publications on chemosensors[48][49]and gained recognition and critical attention of the scientific community with some of the scientists defining Czarnik's contributions "significant"[48][50]and "pioneering in the field of fluorescent chemosensors"[51][52][53]"with a positive consequence on the creative pursuit of libraries of new molecules for a range of analyte targets".[54]There is also a conference calledInternational Conference on Molecular Sensors and Molecular Logic Gateswhich is held twice a year and presents Czarnik awards to investors.[55]In 2003, Czarnik gave an outline of a practical method for monitoring how chemosensors can be used to track glucose levels fordiabeticpatients. His work, as well as that of many others, led to the first implantable FDA-approved continuous glucose monitor.[56]

Hexaazatriphenylene Hexanitrile and its Derivatives

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Czarnik reported the first synthesis of Hexaazatriphenylene Hexanitrile, a hydrogen-free polyfunctional heterocycle with D3h symmetry, in 1986.[57]Because of the properties of this compound, it has found application in the preparation ofOLEDsfor TV screens and is being investigated for use in improvinglithium-ion batteries.[58]

RNA-targeting small molecule drugs

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Main article:RNA-targeting small molecule drugs

In 1998, Dr. Czarnik’s group at Parke-Davis reported the first successful drug discovery effort in which RNA was the target.[59]His group also conducted the first successful effort to discover small molecule drugs that work by binding toRNA.[60][61]This has led to the creation of a new field of drug discovery, notably the focus of startup companies and scientific conferences.[62][63]

DNA Sequencing Using Self-Assembled Microarrays

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TheDNA analyzersdeveloped at Illumina, which was co-founded by Czarnik in 1998, use the patented technology of multiplex decoding of array sensors with microspheres to read genetic codes.[64]As a result, the analyzers have reduced the cost of sequencing a human genome.[65]

Improving Commercial Chemicals by Deuterium Enrichment

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In 2009, Czarnik submitted 240 patent applications covering the use of deuterium-substitution in drug discovery..[66]He has also invented drugs such as (R)-d1-lenalidomide and (R)-d1-pioglitazone, for clinical studies.[67][68]

Selected publications

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  • Czarnik; A.W. Alcoholic compositions having a lowered risk of acetaldehydemia. U.S. Patent 9,044,423, June 2, 2015.[69]
  • Jacques, V.; Czarnik, A.W.; Judge, T.M.; Van der Ploeg, L.H.T.; DeWitt, S.H. “Differentiation of antiinflammatory and antitumorigenic properties of stabilized enantiomers of thalidomide analogs” PNAS 2015, 112, E1471-E1479[70]
  • Chee, M.S.; Stuelpnagel, J.R.; Czarnik, A.W. Method of making and decoding of array sensors with microspheres. U.S. Patent 7,060,431, June 13, 2006.[71]
  • Mei, H.-Y.; Cui, M.; Heldsinger, A.; Lemrow, S. M.; Loo, J. A.; Sannes-Lowery, K. A.; Sharmeen, L.; Czarnik, A. W."Inhibitors of Protein-RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of HIV-1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules",Biochemistry 1998, 37, 14204-14212[61]
  • Czarnik, A. W.“Guest Editorial on Combinatorial Chemistry”,Acc. Chem. Res., 1996, 29, 112[72]
  • Czarnik, A. W.“Desperately Seeking Sensors”,Chemistry & Biology 1995, 2, 423[73]
  • Czarnik, A. W."Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors",Accts. Chem. Res. 1994, 27, 302[74]

Books

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  • Integrated Drug Discovery Technologies.Mei, H.-Y., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Marcel Dekker: New York, NY, 2002.
  • Optimization of Solid-Phase Combinatorial Synthesis.Yan, B., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Wiley: New York, NY, 2002.
  • Solid-Phase Organic Syntheses.Volume 1. Czarnik, A.W., Ed.; Wiley: New York, NY, 2001.
  • A Practical Guide to Combinatorial Chemistry.DeWitt, S.H., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; ACS Books: Washington, DC, 1997.
  • Combinatorial Chemistry: Synthesis and Application.Wilson, S.H., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; Wiley & Sons: New York, NY, 1997.
  • Chemosensors of Ion and Molecular Recognition.Desvergne, J.-P., Czarnik, A.W., Eds.; NATO ASI Series, Series C: Vol. 492; Kluwer Academic Press: Dordrecht, 1997.
  • Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition.Czarnik, A.W., Ed.; Vol. 538, ACS Books: Washington, DC, 1993

See also

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References

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  1. ^Chemistry Tree: "Anthony W. Czarnik, Ph.D."
  2. ^ab“Worldcat's indenity:" Czarnik, Anthony W. 1957”
  3. ^abc"Anthony W. Czarnik, Ph.D."Academic Tree - Chemistry.RetrievedDecember 11,2019.
  4. ^ab"Leonard, Nelson Jordan (1916-2006)".College of liberal Arts & Sciences in Illinois; Department of Chemistry.
  5. ^Breslow, Ronald; Czarnik, Anthony W. (1983). "Transaminations by pyridoxamine selectively attached at C-3 in.beta.-cyclodextrin".Journal of the American Chemical Society.105(5): 1390–91.doi:10.1021/ja00343a063.
  6. ^Clarke, Tom (June 18, 2002)."New molecule detects lead".Nature.RetrievedDecember 11,2019.
  7. ^“University of Malta:" Themed collection on chemosensors and molecular logic”
  8. ^“Justia Patents:" Patents by Inventor Anthony W. Czarnik”
  9. ^ab“Illumina, Inc. history, profile and corporate video”
  10. ^"Innovations: Chemistry on a pinhead"(PDF).Chemistry & Biology.RetrievedDecember 11,2019.
  11. ^"ACS Combinatorial Science - Editorial Board".Pubs.ASC.org.RetrievedDecember 11,2019.
  12. ^“University of Nevada, Reno - Faculty Staff”
  13. ^“Anthony W. Charnik - Thesis”
  14. ^abGinsberg, Judah (January 25, 2010)."Academe As A Career Launchpad".Chemical & Engineering News.Retrieved12 December2019.
  15. ^Johnson, Todd (July 1, 2013)."Illumina - A Deeper Look Into A Genetic Technology Investment".Seeking Alpha.Retrieved12 December2019.
  16. ^“CNN Business:" Illumina Inc”
  17. ^“The Wall Street Journal:" Company Info Illumina Inc.”
  18. ^“HealthCare Global:" Illumina: Driving the business of genome sequencing forward”
  19. ^Harper, Mathew (August 20, 2014)."Flatley's Law: The Company Speeding A Genetic Revolution".Forbes.Retrieved12 December2019.
  20. ^“GenomeWeb:" Illumina to Pay $7.7 Million for Wrongful Termination of CSO Anthony Czarnik”
  21. ^ab“Czarnik vs Illumina”
  22. ^Czarnik v. Illumina, Inc.,437 F. Supp. 2d 252, 258–60 (D. Del.2006).Mann, Philip P. "The Invisible Man" Intellectual Property Today 2007, 12 (Dec.), 39.
  23. ^Borman, Stu (February 14, 2005)."Employment lost, restitution found".Chemical & Engineering News.Retrieved12 December2019.
  24. ^“North Nevada Business View:" The name game”
  25. ^“Scientific American:" Sensing trouble”
  26. ^“Science News: Danger Detection Old and new sensors are aimed to protect troops and commuters”
  27. ^Seelmeyer, John (December 13, 2010)."Small biotech firms begin to set roots".North Nevada Business View.Retrieved12 December2019.
  28. ^Waters, Hannah (June 3, 2011)."Putting the small in small biotech".Nature.Retrieved12 December2019.
  29. ^"Chemosensors and Molecular Logic' themed collection".Royal Society of Chemistry.
  30. ^“RenoCares”
  31. ^“Reno Cares Fund”
  32. ^“MSMLG Awards”
  33. ^“MSMLG 2015 (p.2)”
  34. ^“MSMLG 2016 Czarnik Award”
  35. ^All about Jazz: Electric Heart: Don Ellis Documentary Film (Coming In Early 2007)
  36. ^Electric Heart: Don Ellis (2007): Full Cast & Crew
  37. ^Herpin, Timothy F.; Morton, George C. (February 2003)."Directed Sorting Approach for the Synthesis of Large Combinatorial Libraries of Discrete Compounds".Combinatorial Chemistry, Part B.Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 369. pp. 75–99.doi:10.1016/S0076-6879(03)69004-X.ISBN9780121822729.PMID14722948.
  38. ^"Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition Book Review".Instrumentation Science & Technology.22(4): 405–406. November 1994.doi:10.1080/10739149408001201.
  39. ^Fluorescent Chemosensors for Ion and Molecule Recognition.ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 538. American Chemical Society Publications. 1993.doi:10.1021/bk-1993-0538.ISBN9780841227286.
  40. ^"Fluorescent chemosensors for ion and molecule recognition".Google Scholar's.
  41. ^Czarnik, Anthony W. (1 October 1994)."Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors".Accounts of Chemical Research.27(10): 302–308.doi:10.1021/ar00046a003.ISSN0001-4842.
  42. ^"The SMSI" Implant-Once-Read-Many "Real-Time Glucose Sensor".NASA.
  43. ^F., Callan, J.; P., de Silva, A.; C., Magri, D. (2005)."Luminescent sensors and switches in the early 21st century".Tetrahedron.61(36): 8551–8588.doi:10.1016/j.tet.2005.05.043.ISSN0040-4020.{{cite journal}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  44. ^de Silva, A. P.; Fox, D. B.; Moody, T. S.; Weir, S. M. (January 2001). "The development of molecular fluorescent switches".Trends in Biotechnology.19(1): 29–34.doi:10.1016/S0167-7799(00)01513-4.ISSN0167-7799.PMID11146100.
  45. ^Supramolecular chemistry: from molecules to nanomaterials.Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. 2012.ISBN9780470746400.OCLC753634033.
  46. ^Fabbrizzi, Luigi; Licchelli, Maurizio; Pallavicini, Piersandro (1999-10-01). "Transition Metals as Switches".Accounts of Chemical Research.32(10): 846–853.doi:10.1021/ar990013l.ISSN0001-4842.
  47. ^Czarnik, Anthony W. (1998)."A sense for landmines".Nature.394(6692): 417–418.Bibcode:1998Natur.394..417C.doi:10.1038/28728.S2CID40533770.
  48. ^ab"Special Issue" Chemosensors and Their Application in Cell Imaging Studies "by Dr. Atanu Jana".MDPI.
  49. ^Desvergne, J. P; Czarnik, A. W, eds. (1997).Chemosensors of Ion and Molecule Recognition.NATO ASI Series.doi:10.1007/978-94-011-3973-1.ISBN978-94-010-5759-2.
  50. ^"'Chemosensors and Molecular Logic' themed collection ".Royal Society of Chemistry.
  51. ^"Themed collection - Chemosensors and Molecular Logic".Royal Society of Chemistry.
  52. ^"Chemosensors by Tony James".Chemistry Europe.European Chemical Societies Publishing.doi:10.1002/(ISSN)2191-1363.
  53. ^"Themed collection on chemosensors and molecular logic".University of Malta.
  54. ^Magri, David (2018)."Recent Progress on the Evolution of Pourbaix Sensors: Molecular Logic Gates for Protons and Oxidants".Chemosensors.6(4): 48.doi:10.3390/chemosensors6040048.
  55. ^"Award Winners – MSMLG 2022".msmlg2022.org.
  56. ^"Eversense Continuous Glucose Monitoring System - P160048/S006".FDA. 20 December 2019.
  57. ^Kanakarajan, K.; Czarnik, Anthony W. (December 1986)."Synthesis and some reactions of hexaazatriphenylenehexanitrile, a hydrogen-free polyfunctional heterocycle with D3h symmetry".The Journal of Organic Chemistry.51(26): 5241–5243.doi:10.1021/jo00376a036.ISSN0022-3263.
  58. ^Czarnik, Anthony W.; Kanakarajan, Kuppusamy (25 October 1988)."Hexaazatriphenylene hexanitrile and its derivatives and their preparations".patents.google.com.
  59. ^Mei, Houng-Yau; Cui, Mei; Heldsinger, Andrea; Lemrow, Shannon M.; Loo, Joseph A.; Sannes-Lowery, Kristin A.; Sharmeen, Lamia; Czarnik, Anthony W. (17 September 1998)."Inhibitors of Protein−RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules".Biochemistry.37(40): 14204–14212.doi:10.1021/bi981308u.ISSN0006-2960.PMID9760258.S2CID23982166.
  60. ^“C&En Archives:" SMALL MOLECULES TARGET RNA (Abstract)”
  61. ^abMei, Houng-Yau; Cui, Mei; Heldsinger, Andrea; Lemrow, Shannon M.; Loo, Joseph A.; Sannes-Lowery, Kristin A.; Sharmeen, Lamia; Czarnik, Anthony W. (1998)."Inhibitors of Protein−RNA Complexation That Target the RNA: Specific Recognition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 TAR RNA by Small Organic Molecules".Biochemistry.13(40): 14204–14212.doi:10.1021/bi981308u.PMID9760258.
  62. ^Murray, Jess Hearn, PhD, Simon Turner, PhD, and Amy."The emerging landscape of RNA-targeted small molecules".www.alacrita.com.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  63. ^"RNA-Targeting Small Molecule Drugs".
  64. ^"Multiplex decoding of array sensors with microspheres".Google Patents.11 June 2013.
  65. ^Hale, Conor (30 September 2022)."Illumina pitches $200 genomes with new line of DNA sequencers".Fierce Biotech.
  66. ^DeWitt, Sheila; Czarnik, Anthony W.; Jacques, Vincent (8 October 2020)."Deuterium-Enabled Chiral Switching (DECS) Yields Chirally Pure Drugs from Chemically Interconverting Racemates".ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters.11(10): 1789–1792.doi:10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00052.PMC7549104.PMID33062153.S2CID216265904.
  67. ^Czarnik, Anthony W. (3 September 2013)."Deuterium-enriched bupropion".Google Patents.
  68. ^Czarnik, Anthony W. (25 July 2017)."Deuterium-enriched aldehydesDeuterium-enriched aldehydes".Google Patents.
  69. ^ US patent 9044423,W. Czarnik, Anthony & A. McKinney, Jeffrey, "Alcoholic compositions having a lowered risk of acetaldehydemia"
  70. ^Jacques, Vincent; Czarnik, Anthony W.; Judge, Thomas M.; Van der Ploeg, Lex H. T.; DeWitt, Sheila H. (2015)."Differentiation properties of stabilized enantiomers of thalidomide analogs".PNAS.112(12): E1471–E1479.doi:10.1073/pnas.1417832112.PMC4378388.PMID25775521.
  71. ^ US patent 7060431,W. Czarnik, Anthony; S. Chee, Mark & R. Stuelpnagel, John, "Method of making and decoding of array sensors with microspheres"
  72. ^Czarnik W, Anthony (1996)."Guest Editorial on Combinatorial Chemistry".American Chemical Society.29(3): 112–113.doi:10.1021/ar950256n.
  73. ^Czarnik W., Anthony (1995)."Desperately Seeking Sensors".Chemistry & Biology.2(7): 423–8.doi:10.1016/1074-5521(95)90257-0.PMID9383444.
  74. ^Czarnik W, Anthony (1994). "Chemical Communication in Water Using Fluorescent Chemosensors".American Chemical Society.27(10): 302–308.doi:10.1021/ar00046a003.
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