Wikipedia

Anti-capitalism

This article is about the political movement opposed to capitalism. For arguments against capitalism, seeCriticism of capitalism.

Anti-capitalismis apolitical ideologyandmovementencompassing a variety of attitudes and ideas that opposecapitalism.In this sense, anti-capitalists are those who wish to replace capitalism with another type ofeconomic system,such associalismorcommunism.

The "Pyramid of Capitalist System"cartoon made by theIndustrial Workers of the World(1911) is an example of a socialistcritique of capitalismand ofsocial stratification.

History of movements

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Anti-capitalism was widespread amongworkersin theUnited Statesin the1900sand1910s,andColoradowas especially known as a center of anti-capitalistlabor movementsin that era.[1]

Socialism

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Main article:Socialism
Karl Marx,considered by many as one of the founding fathers of anti-capitalist thought

Socialism advocates public or direct worker ownership and administration of themeans of productionand allocation of resources, and a society characterized by equal access to resources for all individuals, with anegalitarianmethod of compensation.[2][3]

  1. A theory or policy of social organisation which aims at or advocates the ownership and democratic control of the means of production, by workers or the community as a whole, and their administration or distribution in the interests of all.
  2. Socialists argue for aworker cooperative/community economy, or thecommanding heights of the economy,[4]with democratic control by the people over the state, although there have been some undemocratic philosophies. "State" or "worker cooperative" ownership is in fundamental opposition to "private" ownership ofmeans of production,which is a defining feature of capitalism. Most socialists argue that capitalism unfairly concentrates power, wealth and profit, among a small segment of society that controlscapitaland derives its wealth throughexploitation.

Socialists argue that the accumulation of capital generates waste throughexternalitiesthat require costly corrective regulatory measures. They also point out that this process generates wasteful industries and practices that exist only to generate sufficient demand for products to be sold at a profit (such as high-pressure advertisement); thereby creating rather than satisfying economic demand.[5][6]

Socialists argue that capitalism consists of irrational activity, such as the purchasing of commodities only to sell at a later time when their price appreciates, rather than for consumption, even if the commodity cannot be sold at a profit to individuals in need; they argue thatmaking money,or accumulation of capital, does not correspond to the satisfaction of demand.[5]

Private ownership imposes constraints on planning, leading to inaccessible economic decisions that result in immoral production, unemployment and a tremendous waste of material resources during crisis ofoverproduction.According to socialists, private property in the means of production becomes obsolete when it concentrates into centralized, socialized institutions based on private appropriation of revenue (but based on cooperative work and internal planning in the allocation of inputs) until the role of the capitalist becomes redundant.[7]With no need forcapital accumulationand a class of owners, private property in the means of production is perceived as being an outdated form of economic organization that should be replaced by afree associationof individuals based on public orcommon ownershipof these socialized assets.[8]Socialists viewprivate propertyrelations as limiting the potential ofproductive forcesin the economy.[9]

Early socialists (Utopian socialistsandRicardian socialists) criticized capitalism for concentratingpowerandwealthwithin a small segment of society,[10]and for not utilising availabletechnologyand resources to their maximum potential in the interests of the public.[9]

Anarchism and libertarian socialism

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Main articles:AnarchismandLibertarian socialism
See also:Anarchist economicsandSocialist economics
Emma Goldmanfamously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."[11]

For the influential Germanindividualist anarchistphilosopherMax Stirner,"private propertyis a spook "which" lives by the grace of law "and it" becomes 'mine' only by the effect of the law ". In other words, private property exists purely" through the protection of the State, through the State's grace. "Recognising its need for state protection, Stirner argued that" [i]t need not make any difference to the 'good citizens' who protects them and their principles, whether an absolute King or a constitutional one, a republic if only they are protected. And what is their principle, whose protector they always 'love'? Not that of labour ", rather it is" interest-bearing possession... labouring capital, therefore... labour certainly, yet little or none at all of one's own, but labour of capital and of the—subject labourers. "[12]French anarchistPierre-Joseph Proudhonopposed government privilege that protects capitalist, banking and land interests, and the accumulation or acquisition of property (and any form ofcoercionthat led to it) which he believed hampers competition and keeps wealth in the hands of the few. The Spanish individualist anarchistMiguel Giménez Igualadasaw:[13]

capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State.

Withinanarchismthere emerged a critique ofwage slavery,which refers to a situation perceived as quasi-voluntary slavery,[14]where a person'slivelihooddepends onwages,especially when the dependence is total and immediate.[15][16]It is anegatively connotedterm used to draw an analogy betweenslaveryandwage laborby focusing on similarities between owning andrentinga person. The termwage slaveryhas been used to criticizeeconomic exploitationandsocial stratification,with the former seen primarily as unequal bargaining power between labor and capital (particularly when workers are paid comparatively low wages, e.g. insweatshops),[17]and the latter as a lack ofworkers' self-management,fulfilling job choices and leisure in an economy.[18][19][20]Libertarian socialistsbelieve if freedom is valued, then society must work towards a system in which individuals have the power to decide economic issues along with political issues. Libertarian socialists seek to replace unjustified authority withdirect democracy,voluntary federation, and popular autonomy in all aspects of life,[21]including physical communities and economic enterprises. With the advent of theIndustrial Revolution,thinkers such asProudhonandMarxelaborated the comparison between wage labor and slavery in the context of a critique of societal property not intended for active personal use,[22][23]Ludditesemphasized thedehumanizationbrought about by machines, while later American anarchistEmma Goldmanfamously denounced wage slavery by saying: "The only difference is that you are hired slaves instead of block slaves."[11]Goldman believed that the economic system of capitalism was incompatible with human liberty. "The only demand that property recognizes," she wrote inAnarchism and Other Essays,"is its own gluttonous appetite for greater wealth, because wealth means power; the power to subdue, to crush, to exploit, the power to enslave, to outrage, to degrade."[24]She also argued that capitalism dehumanized workers, "turning the producer into a mere particle of a machine, with less will and decision than his master of steel and iron."[24]

Noam Chomskycontends that there is little moral difference between chattel slavery and renting one's self to an owner or "wage slavery". He feels that it is an attack on personal integrity that undermines individual freedom. He holds that workers should own and control their workplace.[25]Many libertarian socialists argue that large-scale voluntary associations should manage industrial manufacture, while workers retain rights to the individual products of their labor.[26]As such, they see a distinction between the concepts of "private property" and "personal possession".Whereas" private property "grants an individual exclusive control over a thing whether it is in use or not, and regardless of its productive capacity," possession "grants no rights to things that are not in use.[27]

In addition to individualist anarchistBenjamin Tucker's "big four" monopolies (land, money, tariffs, and patents),Kevin Carsonargues that thestatehas also transferred wealth to the wealthy by subsidizing organizational centralization, in the form of transportation and communication subsidies. He believes that Tucker overlooked this issue due to Tucker's focus on individual market transactions, whereas Carson also focuses on organizational issues. Carson holds that "capitalism, arising as a new class society directly from the old class society of theMiddle Ages,was founded on an act of robbery as massive as the earlierfeudalconquest of the land. It has been sustained to the present by continual state intervention to protect its system of privilege without which its survival is unimaginable. "[28]Carson coined thepejorativeterm "vulgar libertarianism", a phrase that describes the use of a free market rhetoric in defense ofcorporate capitalismandeconomic inequality.According to Carson, the term is derived from the phrase "vulgar political economy", whichKarl Marxdescribed as an economic order that "deliberately becomes increasingly apologetic and makes strenuous attempts to talk out of existence the ideas which contain the contradictions [existing in economic life]."[29]

Marxism

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Main article:Marxism
Capital: Critique of Political Economy,byKarl Marx,is a critical analysis of political economy, meant to reveal the economic laws of thecapitalist mode of production.

Karl Marxsaw capitalism as a historical stage, once progressive but which would eventually stagnate due to internal contradictions and would eventually be followed by socialism. Marx claimed that capitalism was nothing more than a necessary stepping stone for the progression of man, which would then face a political revolution before embracing theclassless society.[30]

Contemporary anti-capitalism

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Inspired by Marxist thought, theFrankfurt Schoolin Germany was established in 1923, with the purpose of analyzing the superstructure. Marx defined the superstructure as thesocial stratificationand mores reflecting the economic base of capitalism. Through the 1930s, the Frankfurt School, led by thinkers such asHerbert MarcuseandMax Horkheimercreated the philosophical movement ofcritical theory.Later, Critical theoristJürgen Habermasnoted that the universality of modern worldviews posed a threat to marginalized perspectives outside of western rationality. While Critical Theory emphasized the social issues stemming from capitalism with the intention towards liberating humanity, it did not directly offer an alternative economic model. Instead its analysis shifted attention to the reinforcement of existing power dynamics through statecraft and a complicit citizenry.

In turn, Critical Theory inspired postmodern philosophers such asMichel Foucaultto conceptualize how we form identities through social interaction.[31]During the 1960s and 1970s the global political movement called theNew Leftexplored what liberation entailed through social activism on behalf of these identities. Therefore, socialist identifying movements critical of capitalism extended their reach beyond purely economic considerations and became involved in anti-war and civil rights movements. Later this postmodern activism centered around identities regarding ethnicity, gender, orientation, and race would influence more direct anti-capitalist movements.[32]

New critiques of capitalism also developed in accordance with modern concerns.Anti-globalizationandalter-globalizationoppose what they view as the sweepingneoliberaland pro-corporate capitalism that spread internationally in the wake of the Soviet Union's fall. They are particularly critical of international financial institutions and regulations such as theIMF,WTO,andfree trade agreements.In response, they promote the autonomy of sovereign people and the importance of environmental concerns as priorities over international market participation. Notable examples of contemporary anti-globalist movements include Mexico'sEZLN.TheWorld Social Forum,began in 2002, is an annual international event dedicated to countering capitalist globalization through networking of attending organizations.[33]

According to historianGary Gerstle,the ideological space for anti-capitalism in the United States shrank significantly with the end of theCold Warand the globalization of capitalism, forcing the left to "redefine their radicalism in alternative terms" by heavily focusing on multiculturalism and partisan culture war issues, which "turned out to be those that the capitalist system could more, rather than less, easily manage."[34]Late philosopherMark Fisherreferred to this phenomenon ascapitalist realism:"the widespread sense that not only is capitalism the only viable political and economic system, but also that it is now impossible even to imagine a coherent alternative to it."[35]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Andrews, Thomas G.(2008).Killing for Coal: America's Deadliest Labor War.Cambridge:Harvard University Press.p. 6.ISBN978-0-674-03101-2.
  2. ^Newman, Michael.(2005)Socialism: A Very Short Introduction,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-280431-6
  3. ^"Socialism". Oxford English Dictionary.
  4. ^"Socialism".Encyclopædia Britannica.2008.
  5. ^ab"Let's produce for use, not profit".socialist standard. May 2010. Archived fromthe originalon July 16, 2010.
  6. ^Fred Magdoff and Michael D. Yates."What Needs To Be Done: A Socialist View".Monthly Review.Retrieved2014-02-23.
  7. ^Engels, Fredrich.Socialism: Utopian and Scientific.Retrieved October 30, 2010, from Marxists.org:http://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1880/soc-utop/ch03.htm,"The bourgeoisie demonstrated to be a superfluous class. All its social functions are now performed by salaried employees."
  8. ^The Political Economy of Socialism,by Horvat, Branko. 1982. Chapter 1: Capitalism, The General Pattern of Capitalist Development (pp. 15–20)
  9. ^abMarx and Engels Selected Works, Lawrence and Wishart, 1968, p. 40. Capitalist property relations put a "fetter" on the productive forces.
  10. ^in Encyclopædia Britannica (2009). Retrieved October 14, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online:https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/551569/socialism,"Main" summary: "Socialists complain that capitalism necessarily leads to unfair and exploitative concentrations of wealth and power in the hands of the relative few who emerge victorious from free-market competition—people who then use their wealth and power to reinforce their dominance in society."
  11. ^abGoldman 2003,p.283.
  12. ^Lorenzo Kom'boa Ervin."G.6 What are the ideas of Max Stirner? in An Anarchist FAQ".Infoshop.org. Archived fromthe originalon 2010-11-23.Retrieved2010-09-20.
  13. ^Igualada, Miguel Gimenez."Anarquismo"[Anarchism](PDF)(in Spanish). Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2017-01-31.Retrieved2014-03-31.el capitalismo es sólo el efecto del gobierno; desaparecido el gobierno, el capitalismo cae de su pedestal vertiginosamente...Lo que llamamos capitalismo no es otra cosa que el producto del Estado, dentro del cual lo único que se cultiva es la ganancia, bien o mal habida. Luchar, pues, contra el capitalismo es tarea inútil, porque sea Capitalismo de Estado o Capitalismo de Empresa, mientras el Gobierno exista, existirá el capital que explota. La lucha, pero de conciencias, es contra el Estado.[capitalism [as] an effect of government; the disappearance of government means capitalism falls from its pedestal vertiginously...That which we call capitalism is not something else but a product of the State, within which the only thing that is being pushed forward is profit, good or badly acquired. And so to fight against capitalism is a pointless task, since be it State capitalism or Enterprise capitalism, as long as Government exists, exploiting capital will exist. The fight, but of consciousness, is against the State.]
  14. ^Ellerman 1992.
  15. ^"wage slave".merriam-webster.com.Retrieved4 March2013.
  16. ^"wage slave".dictionary.com.Retrieved4 March2013.
  17. ^Sandel 1996,p.184.
  18. ^"Conversation with Noam Chomsky".Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. p. 2. Archived fromthe originalon 2019-09-19.Retrieved2010-06-28.
  19. ^Hallgrimsdottir & Benoit 2007.
  20. ^"The Bolsheviks and Workers Control, 1917–1921: The State and Counter-revolution".Spunk Library.Retrieved4 March2013.
  21. ^Harrington, Austin, et al.Encyclopedia of Social TheoryRoutledge (2006) p. 50
  22. ^Proudhon 1890.
  23. ^Marx 1969,Chapter VII
  24. ^abGoldman, Emma.Anarchism and Other Essays.3rd ed. 1917. New York: Dover Publications Inc., 1969., p. 54.
  25. ^"Conversation with Noam Chomsky, p. 2 of 5".Globetrotter.berkeley.edu. Archived fromthe originalon September 19, 2019.RetrievedAugust 16,2011.
  26. ^Lindemann, Albert S.(1983).A History of European Socialism.Yale University Press.p. 160.
  27. ^Ely, Richard;et al. (1914).Property and Contract in Their Relations to the Distribution of Wealth.The Macmillan Company.
  28. ^Richman, Sheldon,Libertarian LeftArchived2011-08-14 at theWayback Machine,The American Conservative(March 2011)
  29. ^Marx 1969,p. 501.
  30. ^Wallerstein, Immanuel (September 1974). "The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis".Comparative Studies in Society and History.16(4): 387–415.doi:10.1017/S0010417500007520.S2CID73664685.
  31. ^Agger, Ben (1991). "Critical Theory, Poststructuralism, Postmodernism: Their Sociological Relevance".Annual Review of Sociology.17:105–131.doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.000541.JSTOR2083337.
  32. ^Farred, Grant (2000). "Endgame Identity? Mapping the New Left Roots of Identity Politics".New Literary History.31(4): 627–648.doi:10.1353/nlh.2000.0045.JSTOR20057628.S2CID144650061.
  33. ^Gilbert, Jeremy (2008). "Another World Is Possible: The Anti-Capitalist Movement".Anticapitalism and culture: radical theory and popular politics.Berg. pp. 75–106.ISBN978-1-84788-451-0.
  34. ^Gerstle 2022,p. 149.
  35. ^Fisher 2009,p. 2.

Bibliography

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