Antiviral protein

Antiviral proteinsareproteinsthat are induced by human or animalcellsto interfere withviral replication.These proteins are isolated to inhibit thevirusfrom replicating in a host's cells and stop it from spreading to other cells.^{[citation needed]}ThePokeweedantiviralproteinand the Zinc-Finger antiviral protein are two major antiviral proteins that have undergone several tests for viruses, includingHIVandinfluenza.^{[citation needed]}

Pokeweed antiviral protein

Pokeweed antiviral protein is aribosome inactivating proteinthat providespokeweedplants protection against both viral and fungal infections.^[1]It also protects other types of plants that have genetically engineered to express RAP that do not normally do so.^[1]Recombinantpokeweed antiviral protein has also been proposed as a treatment of human diseases such asAIDSand cancer.^[2]^[3]

ZC3HAV1

ZAP (Zinc finger Antiviral Protein) is encoded by theZC3HAV1gene in humans^[4]whose expression is induced byinterferonand helps fight a number of viral infections including influenza.^[5]

RNase L

Ribonuclease LorRNase L(forlatent), ais aninterferon (IFN)-inducedribonucleasewhich, upon activation, destroys allRNAwithin thecell(both cellular and viral) as well as inhibiting mRNA export.^[6]^[7]RNase L is anenzymethat in humans is encoded by theRNASELgenein humans.

IFITM3

Interferon-induced transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) inhibits the replication of number of enveloped RNA viruses includinginfluenza A,HIVand theEbolaandDengueviruses.^[8]Consequently pharmacological induction of IFITM3 potentially could be used to treat a number of viral infections.^[5]

Protein kinase R

Protein kinase Ris interferon stimulated and activated either bydouble-stranded RNA(occurring as an intermediate in RNA viruses replication) or by other proteins. It is able to phosphorylate the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF2α thus inhibiting further cellular mRNA translation.^[9]

References

^^a ^bDi R, Tumer NE (March 2015)."Pokeweed antiviral protein: its cytotoxicity mechanism and applications in plant disease resistance".Toxins.7(3): 755–72.doi:10.3390/toxins7030755.PMC4379523.PMID 25756953.
^Rajamohan F, Engstrom CR, Denton TJ, Engen LA, Kourinov I, Uckun FM (July 1999). "High-level expression and purification of biologically active recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein".Protein Expression and Purification.16(2): 359–68.doi:10.1006/prep.1999.1084.PMID 10419833.
^Uckun FM, Rajamohan F, Pendergrass S, Ozer Z, Waurzyniak B, Mao C (March 2003)."Structure-based design and engineering of a nontoxic recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity".Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.47(3): 1052–61.doi:10.1128/aac.47.3.1052-1061.2003.PMC149289.PMID 12604541.
^Gupte R, Liu Z, Kraus WL (January 2017)."PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: recent advances linking molecular functions to biological outcomes".Genes & Development.31(2): 101–126.doi:10.1101/gad.291518.116.PMC5322727.PMID 28202539.
^^a ^bBedford JG, O'Keeffe M, Reading PC, Wakim LM (2019)."Rapid interferon independent expression of IFITM3 following T cell activation protects cells from influenza virus infection".PLOS ONE.14(1): e0210132.Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1410132B.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210132.PMC6334895.PMID 30650117.
^Brennan-Laun, Sarah E.; Ezelle, Heather J.; Li, Xiao-Ling; Hassel, Bret A. (April 2014)."RNase-L Control of Cellular mRNAs: Roles in Biologic Functions and Mechanisms of Substrate Targeting".Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.34(4): 275–288.doi:10.1089/jir.2013.0147.ISSN 1079-9907.PMC3976596.PMID 24697205.
^Burke, James M.; Gilchrist, Alison R.; Sawyer, Sara L.; Parker, Roy (2021-06-04)."RNase L limits host and viral protein synthesis via inhibition of mRNA export".Science Advances.7(23).doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2479.ISSN 2375-2548.PMC8177694.PMID 34088676.
^Wellington D, Laurenson-Schafer H, Abdel-Haq A, Dong T (February 2019)."IFITM3: How genetics influence influenza infection demographically".Biomedical Journal.42(1): 19–26.doi:10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.004.PMC6468115.PMID 30987701.
^Fensterl, V.; Sen, G. C. (2009),"Interferons and viral infections",BioFactors,35(1): 14–20,doi:10.1002/biof.6,PMID 19319841,S2CID 27209861

[Di_2015-1] Di R, Tumer NE (March 2015)."Pokeweed antiviral protein: its cytotoxicity mechanism and applications in plant disease resistance".Toxins.7(3): 755–72.doi:10.3390/toxins7030755.PMC4379523.PMID 25756953.

[pmid10419833-2] Rajamohan F, Engstrom CR, Denton TJ, Engen LA, Kourinov I, Uckun FM (July 1999). "High-level expression and purification of biologically active recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein".Protein Expression and Purification.16(2): 359–68.doi:10.1006/prep.1999.1084.PMID 10419833.

[pmid12604541-3] Uckun FM, Rajamohan F, Pendergrass S, Ozer Z, Waurzyniak B, Mao C (March 2003)."Structure-based design and engineering of a nontoxic recombinant pokeweed antiviral protein with potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus activity".Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.47(3): 1052–61.doi:10.1128/aac.47.3.1052-1061.2003.PMC149289.PMID 12604541.

[4] Gupte R, Liu Z, Kraus WL (January 2017)."PARPs and ADP-ribosylation: recent advances linking molecular functions to biological outcomes".Genes & Development.31(2): 101–126.doi:10.1101/gad.291518.116.PMC5322727.PMID 28202539.

[Bedford_2019-5] Bedford JG, O'Keeffe M, Reading PC, Wakim LM (2019)."Rapid interferon independent expression of IFITM3 following T cell activation protects cells from influenza virus infection".PLOS ONE.14(1): e0210132.Bibcode:2019PLoSO..1410132B.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210132.PMC6334895.PMID 30650117.

[6] Brennan-Laun, Sarah E.; Ezelle, Heather J.; Li, Xiao-Ling; Hassel, Bret A. (April 2014)."RNase-L Control of Cellular mRNAs: Roles in Biologic Functions and Mechanisms of Substrate Targeting".Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.34(4): 275–288.doi:10.1089/jir.2013.0147.ISSN 1079-9907.PMC3976596.PMID 24697205.

[7] Burke, James M.; Gilchrist, Alison R.; Sawyer, Sara L.; Parker, Roy (2021-06-04)."RNase L limits host and viral protein synthesis via inhibition of mRNA export".Science Advances.7(23).doi:10.1126/sciadv.abh2479.ISSN 2375-2548.PMC8177694.PMID 34088676.

[pmid30987701-8] Wellington D, Laurenson-Schafer H, Abdel-Haq A, Dong T (February 2019)."IFITM3: How genetics influence influenza infection demographically".Biomedical Journal.42(1): 19–26.doi:10.1016/j.bj.2019.01.004.PMC6468115.PMID 30987701.

[9] Fensterl, V.; Sen, G. C. (2009),"Interferons and viral infections",BioFactors,35(1): 14–20,doi:10.1002/biof.6,PMID 19319841,S2CID 27209861

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