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At-Tawbah

At-Tawbah(Arabic:ٱلتوبة,lit. 'the Repentance') is theninth chapter(sura) of theQuran.It contains 129 verses (ayat) and is one of the lastMedinan surahs.This Surah is known by two names, At-Taubah and Al-Bara'at. It is called At-Taubah in light of the fact that it articulates taubah (atonement) and informs about the conditions of its acceptance. (verse9:102,9:118). The name Bara'at (Release) is taken from the opening word of the Surah.[1]

Surah9 of theQuran
ٱلتَّوْبَة‎
at-Tawbah
The Repentance
ClassificationMedinan
Other namesBara'ah ( "Repudiation" )
PositionJuzʼ10 to 11
Hizbno.19 to 21
No.ofverses129
No.ofRukus16
No.ofSajdahsNone
No.of words2505
No.of letters11115

It is believed byMuslimsto have beenrevealedat the time of theExpedition of TabukinMedinain the 9th year of theHijrah.TheSanaa manuscriptpreserves some verses, on parchmentradiocarbon datedto between 578/44bhand 669/49 ah.[2][3]

It is the only Surah of the Quran thatdoes not beginwithBismillah,the usual opening formula,In the name ofGod,the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionate.It deals with almost the same topics as those dealt with inSurat al-Anfal.In contrast to all other surahs, theIslamic prophetMuhammaddid not order that this formula should be put at the beginning of this surah.[4][5]at-Tawba's verse 40 refers toAbu Bakrasthaniya ithnayn('Second of the Two').[6]

Summary

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  • 1-2Allah makes a declaration of disassociation from the polytheists.
  • 2they can travel freely for 4 months
  • 3It would be better if they repent
  • 4Polytheists who didn’t break any treaty are to be spared and treated with respect until time of treaty is over
  • 5after the Sacred months have passed Polytheists are to be killed but if they repent they are accepted
  • 6Any Polytheist who goes to Muslims and asks for protection is to be granted protection so they can hear the words of Allah
  • 7Polytheists who upheld treaties not to be harmed
  • 8Polytheists rebuked for not observing treaty believing they have the upper hand
  • 9Polytheists rebuked for exchanging the signs of Allah and averting from his way
  • 10Those who broke the treaties are the transgressors
  • 11If those who broke the treaties become Muslims they are regarded as brothers to the believers
  • 12Muslims are told to fight the leaders of disbelief
  • 13-16Muslims exhorted to fight against the truce-breakers
  • 17-18All but Muslims to be excluded from the sacred temples
  • 19Abbásrebuked for his vainglory
  • 20-22TheMuhajirunassigned the first rank among Muslims—their reward
  • 23-24True believers to refuse friendship with nearest kin if they be infidels
  • 25-27TheBattle of Hunaynvictory due to God's help
  • 28Idolators excluded from theKaaba
  • 29TheJews and Christiansto be attacked (if they refuse to pay theJizyatax)
  • 30Jews and Christians reproved for applying the epithet “Son of God”toUzayrandJesus
  • 31-32They take their priests and monks and Jesus as Lords besides Allah.
  • 33Islam superior to all other religions
  • 34-35Stingy Muslims likened to covetous monks—their punishment
  • 36Infidels may be attacked in sacred months
  • 37The sacred months not to be transferred
  • 38–41Muslims exhorted to go on expedition toTabukby reference to God's help to Muhammad andAbu Bakrin the cave; Abu Bakr is referenced asthaniya ithnayn('Second of the Two')
  • 42The lukewarm Muslims rebuked for wishing to stay at home
  • 43Muhammad rebuked for excusing some of these from going
  • 44-46Willingness to fight for Muhammad, a test of faith
  • 47-50Seditious Muslims rebuked
  • 51-52The sure reward of thefaithful
  • 53-55God refuses the offerings of infidels andhypocrites
  • 55The wealth and prosperity of infidels a sign of their reprobation
  • 56-57Half-hearted Muslims reproved
  • 58-59Those who had spread libellous reports regarding Muhammad's use ofalmsrebuked
  • 60How alms should be expended
  • 61-69Grumblers and hypocrites threatened
  • 70They are warned by the example of the wicked in former ages
  • 71-72The faithful described—their rewards
  • 73-74Hypocrites denounced and threatened
  • 76-78Prosperity of infidels a prelude to their destruction
  • 79God shall scoff at the scoffers
  • 80The defamers of the faithful shall never be forgiven
  • 81-83Punishment of the “stayers at home”
  • 84Muhammad forbidden to pray at the grave of unbelievers and hypocrites
  • 85-87The Prophet not to wonder at the prosperity of the wicked
  • 88-89Reward of those who assist the Apostle in his wars
  • 90Hypocritical Arabs of the desert reproved
  • 91-92Who may lawfully remain at home in time of war
  • 93-96Other hypocrites reproved
  • 97-98TheBedouin,the worst of hypocrites
  • 99Some of them true believers
  • 100The reward of theAnsarsand Muhájjirín
  • 101The desert Arabs and some of the people of Madína reproved
  • 102-105The penitent confessors in Madína are pardoned
  • 106Others await God's decision in their case
  • 107-110Denunciation against those who built a Masjid in opposition to Muhammad and his faithful ones
  • 111-112True believers are sold to God
  • 113Muslims not to pray for idolatrous relatives
  • 114Why Abraham prayed for his idolatrous parents
  • 115-117God merciful to the faithful
  • 118The three recreant Ansars pardoned
  • 119-121The people of Madína rebuked for want of loyalty to Muhammad
  • 122Some believers excused from going to war
  • 123True believers to war against neighbouring infidels and hypocrisy
  • 124-127Reproof of those who doubt the revelations of God and Muhammad
  • 128-129The Apostle trusts in the help of God[7]

Omission of Bismillah

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Out of all 114 Surahs of the Quran this is the only one to which Bismillah is not prefixed.[4]Among the explanations put forward for his not doing so, the most commonly accepted according to Unal is that, like the Islamic salutation,Peace be upon you,the expression,In the Name of God, the All-Merciful, the All-Compassionateconveys security and giving of quarter to those addressed.[4]However,Surat at-Tawbahbegins with an ultimatum to certain polytheists in Arabia. It deals, for the most part, with a re-evaluation of the relations with the polytheists who were frequently violating their agreements, the campaign to Tabuk, a disclosure of the intrigues of the hypocrites in Madinah(9:64-67, 101),the importance ofjihadin God's cause(9:24),and relationships with the People of the Book.[8]

Sanaa manuscript folio 22, Q9:122-129

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Verses 122-129 are preserved inFolio 22of theSanaa manuscript.The sequence ofSanaa 1chapters do not follow any other known quranic order and folio 22 is shared withChapter 19 (Mary).[9]Saudi-based experts in Quranic history emphasize that while Muhammad was alive, Quranic texts did not follow any standard sequence of surahs.[10]

Folio 22,recto[11] Visible Traces Reconstruction Standard Text
Quran 9 (al-Tawbah),Verse 122
Line 3, p. 62		 ما [كـ]ﺎ ﮞ مَا كَانَ وَمَا كَانَ
Quran 9:122
Line 4		 مں كل ا ﻣﻪ مِن كُلِّأُمَّةٍ مِن كُلِّفِرْقَةٍ
Quran 9:124
Line 9		 و ا د ا ا ٮر لٮ وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ وَإِذَامَاأُنزِلَتْ
Quran 9:125
Line 12		 ڡی ٯلو ٮهم ر حس فِى قُلُوبِهِمرِجْسٌ فِى قُلُوبِهِممَرَضٌ
Quran 9:125
Line 13		 ر حر ا ا لی ر ﺣﺴ[ﻬ]ـﻢ رِجزاًإِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ رِجساًإِلَىٰ رِجْسِهِمْ
Quran 9:125
Line 13		 و ما ٮو ا و هم ڡـ(ـﺴٯـ)[ـﻮ] ﮞ وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْفَـٰسِقُونَ وَمَاتُوا۟ وَهُمْكَـٰفِرُونَ
Quran 9:126
Line 13		 ا [و] / / ٮر و أَوَلَايَرَوْ أَوَلَايَرَوْنَ
Quran 9:126
Line 15		 و لا ٮـ(ـٮـ)ـﺪ كر و ﮞ وَلَا يَتَذَكَّرُونَ وَلَا هُمْ يَذَّكَّرُونَ
Quran 9:127
Line 15		 و ا د ا ا [ٮـ]ـﺮ (ﻟ)ـٮ وَإِذَا أُنزِلَتْ وَإِذَامَاأُنزِلَتْ
Quran 9:127
Line 16		 هل ٮر ٮٮا هَلْيَرَىٰنَا هَلْيَرَىٰكُم
Quran 9:127
Line 17		 ڡا ٮـ[ـﺼ](ـﺮ) ڡـ(ـﻮ) ا فَـﭑنصَرَفُوا ثُمَّانصَرَفُوا
Quran 9:127
Line 17		 ڡصر ڡ ا ﻟـﻠـﻪ فَــصَرَفَ اللهُ صَرَفَ ٱللَّـهُ
Quran 9:127
Line 17		 د لک ٮـ(ﺎ ٮـ)//[ـﻢ] (ٯـ)ـﻮ م لا ٮڡٯهو ﮞ ذَٰلِكَبِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ بِأَنَّهُمْ قَوْمٌ لَّا يَفْقَهُونَ
Quran 9:128
Line 18		 و لٯد حا کم وَلَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ لَقَدْ جَاءَكُمْ
Quran 9:128
Line 18		 ر سو ل ﻣٮـ(ﮑ)ـﻢ رَسولٌمِنْكُمْ رَسُولٌمِنْ أَنْفُسِکُمْ
Quran 9:128
Line 19		 عر ٮر (ﻋ)ﻠ[ـٮـ](ﻪ) ما عٮٮکم عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَاعَنَّتَكُمْ عَزِيزٌ عَلَيْهِ مَاعَنِتُّمْ
Quran 9:129
Line 20		 ڡا / / (ٮـ)ـﻮ لو ا [ﻋ](ـٮـ)ـﮏ فَإن تَوَلَّوْاعَنْكَ فَإن تَوَلَّوْا
Quran 9:129
Line 21		 ا لد ی لا ا ﻟ[ﻪ] ا لا ﻫﻮ الَّذيلَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ لَا إِلَـٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ

Three Discourses

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From opening up to the 37th ayat, the initial talk,[12]was uncovered in Zil-Qa'adah A.H. 9. As the significance of the subject of the talk required its affirmation on the event of Hajj Muhammad dispatched Ali to follow Abu Bakr, who had just left for Makkah to lead the Pilgrims to the Ka'abah. He trained Ali to convey the talk before the representatives of the various clans of Arabia in order to advise them regarding the new policy guidelines pertinent to the mushriks.

Starting from ayat 38 up to 72nd ayat the subsequent talk[13]was revealed during Rajab A.H. 9 or a little before this, when Muhammad was occupied with getting ready for the Campaign of Tabuk. The Believers were encouraged to take a dynamic part in Jihad, and the shirkers were seriously reproached for keeping down their riches and for wavering to forfeit their lives in the path for Allah due to their hypocrisy, powerless belief(iman) or carelessness.

The final section of ayaat 73rd to last,[14]was uncovered on his return from the Campaign of Tabuk. There are a few pieces revealed in different events during the same time frame and were incorporated by Muhammad into the Surah as per instructions from Allah. This talk cautions the hypocrites of their malevolent deeds and censures those Believers who had remained behind in the Campaign of Tabuk. At that point in the wake of berating them, Allah exculpates those genuine Believers who had not partaken in the Jihad in the Way of Allah for one explanation or the other.

In the middle of the ayat 97 In other words, apart from hypocrisy, one of their defects is that they did not even keep in touch with the Muslims of Madinah through which they would have known the rules of Sharia.

That is, these people want the Muslims to fall into such a cycle of trouble that these people get freedom from the kind of commands that they find very difficult to follow. Especially on the occasion of the Battle of Tabuk, these people had the hope that this time the Muslims were facing the great power of Rome, so maybe this time they would lose all their power after being defeated by the Romans. Further, Allah Ta'ala said that in reality these people are lying in the cycle of self-hypocrisy, which will cause them to be disgraced both in this world and in the hereafter.[15]

Exegesis

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Battle of Badr

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Some parts of the chapter are believed to be speaking about the help ofAllahby sending the invisible army of war, particularly mentioning thebattle of Badr.[16]According to Muhammad Sulaiman al-Ashqar fromIslamic University of Madinah,who quoted several contemporary and classical scholars, the invisible army here were the Angels army consisted ofGabriel,[5][17]Michael,Raphael[18][note 1][note 2]and thousands ofbest angelsfrom the third level of heaven, all came to the battle of Badr by impersonating the appearance ofZubayr ibn al-Awwam,companion of Muhammad.[note 3][23]are deemed as his other personal virtue and venerable status according to Islamic belief.[24][25][note 4][27][28]Meanwhile, Mahdi Rizqullah has compiled the commentary from classical Islamic scholars, that the verse narration about the angels attendance in the battle were also supported by hadiths from hadith collection fromMuslim ibn Hajjaj,Ahmad ibn Hanbal,and the also from Quranic historiography work byIbn Kathir.[29]Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albanigave commentary of another supportive narration fromal-BaihaqiandIbn Ishaq,through various hadith narration chains about the testimony from several differentsahabah.[29]This included the narration ofAbbas ibn Abd al-Muttalibwho at that time fought on the side of Qurayshite polytheist, who testified that he has been taken captive on the aftermath of the battle by a horse rider whom he did not recognize at all from Muslims rank. According to the hadith authority from Ahmad ibn Hanbal, The captor of Abbas were confirmed by Muhammad as one of the angel who helped the Muslims during this battle.[29][note 5]

Verses 9:2 - 9:6

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Main article:Sword Verse

TheQuran,chapter9 (At-Tawba),verses2–6:

  • 9:2 “You ˹polytheists˺ may travel freely through the land for four months, but know that you will have no escape from Allah, and that Allah will disgrace the disbelievers.”
  • 9:3 A declaration from Allah and His Messenger ˹is made˺ to all people on the day of the greater pilgrimage that Allah and His Messenger are free of the polytheists. So if you ˹pagans˺ repent, it will be better for you. But if you turn away, then know that you will have no escape from Allah. And give good news ˹O Prophet˺ to the disbelievers of a painful punishment.
  • 9:4 As for the polytheists who have honoured every term of their treaty with you and have not supported an enemy against you, honour your treaty with them until the end of its term. Surely Allah loves those who are mindful ˹of Him˺.
  • 9:5 But once the Sacred Months have passed, kill the polytheists ˹who violated their treaties˺ wherever you find them, capture them, besiege them, and lie in wait for them on every way. But if they repent, perform prayers, and pay alms-tax, then set them free. Indeed, Allah is All-Forgiving, Most Merciful.
  • 9:6 And if anyone from the polytheists asks for your protection ˹O Prophet˺, grant it to them so they may hear the Word of Allah, then escort them to a place of safety, for they are a people who have no knowledge.
— Quran9:2-6

9:5is termed as theSword Verse.The journalistArun Shouriehas criticized this and many other verses from the Quran contending that theSunnahand theHadithare equally evocative in their support ofJihad.[31]Many mainstream Islamic scholars, however, assert that this verse relates to a very specific event in early Islamic history i.e. the covenant that was made and consecutively broken by the polytheist tribes of Mecca[32]:74-91.Some think they very easily bypass the fact that Quran is often quoted by Islamic scholars to be the book perfect for all times and all places and all humans, and if it is so, its verses never need a historical context at all. On the other hand, even if the Quran are not supposed to have a historic contextual explanation the context provided (such as the unfaithfulness in pacts and treatises) are mentioned in the previous verses, thus a part of the Quran itself instead of an "out-world" context relations. According toAsma Afsaruddin,citing various early exegetes' opinions regarding the Arab polytheists, the consensus among the earliest commentators has been that this does not translate into indiscriminate killing.[32]:88-89

Mujāhid said that this verse guarantees the safety of people in general (insān) who came to listen to the Prophet recite from the Qurān until they had returned to the place of refuge whence they came.
The Tanwīr al-miqbās says that the verse commands the Prophet to grant safe conduct to anyone from among the polytheists who asks for it, so that he may hear the recitation of the speech of God. If he does not believe (sc. embrace Islam), then he is to be granted safe passage back to his land (waṭanahu). This is so because they are people ignorant of the commandments of God and His oneness.

— Asma Afsaruddin,Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought,2013, pp. 88-89

Similarly, Western Islam-scholarRudolph F. Petersalso asserts that indiscriminate killing is not supported in this verse.[33]

Verse 9:29

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Main article:At-Tawba 29

At-Tawbah also contains:

Fight against those who believe not in Allah, nor in the Last Day, nor forbid that which has been forbidden by Allah and His Messenger, and those who acknowledge not the religion of truth among the People of the Scripture, until they pay theJizyahwith willing submission, and feel themselves subdued.[5]

Al-Rāzī(d. 606/1210), on this occasion quoted an early exegetical authority, Abū Rawq (d. 140/757), who explained that this verse was not a unilateral condemnation of all Jews and Christians, but those "who do not heed the prescriptions contained in the Torah and the Gospel, respectively". SimilarlyAl-Qurṭubī(d. 671/1273) "did not read into Qurān 9:29 a wholesale denunciation of the People of the Book as an undifferentiated collectivity".[32]:278[34]Modern Muslim scholars likeMuhammad Abduhshared similar views, agreeing that this verse was revealed on the occasion of the military campaign in Tabuk, and this verse specifically deals with the People of the Book ", and also that" the only kind of legitimate war on which there is unanimity among Muslim scholars is the defensive war when proclaimed by the Imām in the event of an attack upon Muslim territory ". TheGrand Imam of al-Azharfrom 1935 to 1945,Mustafa Al-Maraghi,notes that 9:29 means: "fight those mentioned when the conditions which necessitate fighting are present, namely, aggression against you or your country, oppression and persecution against you on account of your faith, or threatening your safety and security, as was committed against you by the Byzantines, which was what led to Tabuk."[35]

Verse 9:103

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InKitab al-Kafi,Ja'far al-Sadiqhas narrated that Imams are not needy to what people own but rather collect religious tax on accord that Allah said, "Take from their wealth (religious tax) and charity by which you purify them and cause them to increase and invoke blessings upon them." Therefore, it is the people who need that the Imam accepts from them.[36]

Q9:29 in Hadith

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According toZayd ibn Thabit,when the Qu'ran was first being compiled, he found the last verses of this Surah in the possession ofAbu al-h al-Ansariand no one else.[37][38]In another account,Ubay ibn Ka'binformed Zayd that Muhammad taught him the end of thissūrahand recited the same verses.[39]Some, likeIbn Hazm,suggested that Abu Khuzayma was the only one to have the last verses in written form, as Zayd and others had memorized them.[39]In a continuum of Surah Al-Anfal, this Surah additionally manages the issues of harmony and war and puts together the subject with respect to the Tabuk Expedition. The Significant Issues, Divine Laws and pieces of Guidance incorporated in this surah are as follows

  2. Policy guidelines for Muslims pertaining themushriks.
  4. Instructions to participate inJihad.
  6. Guidelines about hypocrisy, feeble faith, and carelessness.
  8. Battle of Tabuk.
  10. Foundation of aDar-ul-Islam(an Islamic state).
  12. Stretching out the impact of Islam toabutting nations.
  14. Pulverizingthe underhandedness of thehypocrites.
  16. Setting up the Muslims for abattle in the reason for Islam.

Hadith

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  • Abu Ishaq said that he heard al-Bara' b. 'Azib (Allah be pleased with him) say: The last complete sura revealed (in the Holy Qur'an) is Sura At-Tawbah (i e. al-Bara'at, ix.), and the last verse revealed is that pertaining to Kalala.[40]
  • NarratedSa'id ibn Jubayr:I askedIbn `Abbasabout Surat At-Tawbah, and he said, "Surat Al-Tauba? It is exposure (of all the evils of the infidels and the hypocrites). And it continued revealing (that the oft-repeated expression): '...and of them...and of them.' till they started thinking that none would be left unmentioned therein." I said, "What about) SuratAl-Anfal?"He replied," Surat Al-Anfal was revealed in connection with theBattle of Badr."I said," (What about) SuratAl-Hashr?"He replied," It was revealed in connection withBanu Nadir."[41][42]
  • NarratedZayd ibn ThabitAl-Ansari: who was one of those who used to write the Divine Revelation: Abu Bakr sent for me after the (heavy) casualties among the warriors (of the battle) of Yamama (where a great number of Qurra' were killed). `Umar was present with Abu Bakr who said, `Umar has come to me and said, The people have suffered heavy casualties on the day of (the battle of) Yamama, and I am afraid that there will be more casualties among the Qurra' (those who know the Qur'an by heart) at other battle-fields, whereby a large part of the Qur'an may be lost, unless you collect it. And I am of the opinion that you should collect the Qur'an. "Abu Bakr added," I said to `Umar, 'How can I do something which Allah's Apostle has not done?' `Umar said (to me), 'By Allah, it is (really) a good thing.' So `Umar kept on pressing, trying to persuade me to accept his proposal, till Allah opened my bosom for it and I had the same opinion as `Umar. "(Zaid bin Thabit added:) `Umar was sitting with him (Abu Bakr) and was not speaking. me)." You are a wise young man and we do not suspect you (of telling lies or of forgetfulness): and you used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Messenger. Therefore, look for the Qur'an and collect it (in one manuscript). "By Allah, if he (Abu Bakr) had ordered me to shift one of the mountains (from its place) it would not have been harder for me than what he had ordered me concerning the collection of the Qur'an. I said to both of them," How dare you do a thing which the Prophet has not done? "Abu Bakr said," By Allah, it is (really) a good thing. So I kept on arguing with him about it till Allah opened my bosom for that which He had opened the bosoms of Abu Bakr and `Umar. So I started locating Qur'anic material and collecting it from parchments, scapula, leaf-stalks of date palms and from the memories of men (who knew it by heart). I found with Khuza`ima two Verses of Surat At-Tawbah which I had not found with anybody else, (and they were):-- "Verily there has come to you an Apostle (Muhammad) from amongst yourselves. It grieves him that you should receive any injury or difficulty He (Muhammad) is ardently anxious over you (to be rightly guided)" (9.128) The manuscript on which the Qur'an was collected, remained with Abu Bakr until Allah took him unto Him, and then with `Umar till Allah took him unto Him, and finally it remained with Hafsa, `Umar's daughter.[43][44][45][46][47]

Placement and coherence with other surahs

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The idea of textual relation between the verses of a chapter has been discussed under various titles such asnazmandmunasabahin non-English literature andcoherence,text relations,intertextuality,andunityin English literature.Hamiduddin Farahi,anIslamicscholar of theIndian subcontinent,is known for his work on the concept of nazm, or coherence, in the Quran.Fakhruddin al-Razi(died 1209 CE), Zarkashi (died 1392) and several other classical as well as contemporary Quranic scholars have contributed to the studies.[48]The entire Qur'an thus emerges as a well-connected and systematic book.[49]Each division has a distinct theme. Topics within a division are more or less in the order of revelation. Within each division, each member of the pair complements the other in various ways. The seven divisions are as follows:

Group From To Central theme
1 Al-Fatiha[Quran1] Al-Ma'ida[Quran5] Islamic law
2 Al-An'am[Quran6] At-Tawba[Quran9] The consequences of denyingMuhammadfor thepolytheistsofMecca
3 Yunus[Quran10] An-Nur[Quran24] Glad tidings of Muhammad's domination
4 Al-Furqan[Quran25] Al-Ahzab[Quran33] Arguments on the prophethood of Muhammad and the requirements of faith in him
5 Saba[Quran34] Al-Hujurat[Quran49] Arguments onmonotheismand the requirements offaithin it
6 Qaf[Quran50] At-Tahrim[Quran66] Arguments onafterlifeand the requirements of faith in it
7 Al-Mulk[Quran67] An-Nas[Quran114] Admonition to theQurayshabout their fate in the Herein and the Hereafter if they deny Muhammad

See also

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Appendix

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Notes

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  1. ^found in Mustadrak al Sahihayn.[19]The complete narration fromAl-Hakim al-Nishapuriwere:...Abu Abdullah Muhammad bin Yaqoub has reported from Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al-Saadi, who told us Muhammad bin Khalid bin Uthma, told us Musa bin Yaqoub, told me Abu Al-Huwairith, that Muhammad bin Jubayr bin Mut’im told him, that he heard Ali - may God be pleased with him - addresses the people, and he said: While I was leaving from the well of Badr, a strong wind came, the like of which I had never seen, then it left, then came a strong wind, the like of which I have never seen except for the one before it, then it went, then came a strong wind that I did not see before. I have never seen anything like it except for the one before it, and the first wind was Gabriel descended among a thousand angels with the Messenger of God - may God bless him and grant him peace - and the second wind was Michael who descended among a thousand angels to the right of the Messenger of God - may God bless him and his family and grant them peace - and Abu Bakr was On his right, and the third wind was Israfil. He descended with a thousand angels on the side of the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - and I was on the right side. When God Almighty defeated his enemies, the Messenger of God - may God’s prayers and peace be upon him and his family - carried me on his horse, I blew up, and I fell On my heels, I prayed to God Almighty...Ibn al Mulqin[id],Hadith scholar from Cordoba of 13-14 AD century, evaluate this hadith tha he found weaknesses in Musa ibn Yaqoub and Abu al Huwairith chain, so he deemed there is weakness about this hadith.[20]However, recent scholarship from Ali Hasan al-Halabi has noted there is another hadith which supported the participation of Raphael in Badr[18]
  2. ^According to Islamic belief in weak chain of Hadith, Raphael were acknowledged as angel who were tasked to blower ofArmageddontrumpet, and one of archangels who bear theThrone of Godon their back.[21]
  3. ^According to one Hadith, Muhammad was told that the angels that appeared in the battle of Badr were highest in status and the "best of angels" according to Gabriel.[22]
  4. ^According to one narration, during the battle, Muhammad found an angel whom he though was Zubayr standing next to him, which then prompted Muhammad to command him to attack, to which the angel simply replied, "I am not Zubayr." Thus, according to one Hadith expert this is another indication that the angels truly came down with the appearance of Zubayr during Badr.[26]
  5. ^Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources by Mahdi Rizqullah which published in Indonesian language were praised by Jonathan E. Brockopp fromCambridge University Pressfor providing more details ofProphetic biographynarration which does not offered byMohammed Hussein Heikalbiography works.[30]

References

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  1. ^"9. Surah At Taubah (The Repentance) - Sayyid Abul Ala Maududi - Tafhim al-Qur'an - The Meaning of the Qur'an".www.englishtafsir.com.Archived fromthe originalon 2024-05-30.Retrieved2021-02-20.
  2. ^"Birmingham Qur'an manuscript dated among the oldest in the world".University of Birmingham.22 July 2015.Retrieved22 July2015.
  3. ^"'Oldest' Koran fragments found in Birmingham University ".BBC.22 July 2015.Retrieved22 July2015.
  4. ^abcÜnal, Ali. (2008).The Qurʼan with annotated interpretation in modern English.Somerset, N.J.: Tughra Books. p. 385.ISBN978-1-59784-144-3.OCLC234244740.
  5. ^abcIbn Kathir."Tafsir Ibn Kathir (English): Surah Al Tawbah".Quran 4 U.Tafsir.Retrieved22 December2019.
  6. ^Muir 1878,p. 143.
  7. ^Wherry, Elwood Morris(1896).A Complete Index to Sale's Text, Preliminary Discourse, and Notes.London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner, and Co.This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
  8. ^Saheeh International. (2012).The Qur'ān: English meanings and notes.Al-Muntada Al-Islami Trust. pp. Surah 9: at–Tawbah.ISBN978-9960-792-63-7.OCLC840114255.
  9. ^Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012.
  10. ^"Experts doubt oldest Quran claim".Saudi Gazette.27 July 2015. Archived fromthe originalon 6 September 2015.Retrieved27 July2015.
  11. ^Sadeghi & Goudarzi 2012,p. 62. The hypothetical interpolation of texts for the missing parts in this and the next row are based on Sadeghi & Goudarzi's fn. 216 and 218.
  12. ^(vv. 1-37)
  13. ^(vv., 38-72)
  14. ^(vv. 73-129)
  15. ^"Surah falaq-in english translation".Retrieved2023-11-18.
  16. ^Omar Al-Muqbil;professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center; Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina."Surat at-Tawbah Ayat 40".Tafsirweb(in Indonesian and Arabic).Islamic University of Madinah;Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia);Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance.Retrieved30 January2022.
  17. ^al-Misri, Mahmud (2015).Sahabat-Sahabat Rasulullah vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam[Companion of the Prophet vol 1: Zubair bin Awwam] (in Indonesian and Arabic). Pustaka Ibnu Katsir. p.Shaja'ah Zubayr ibn al-Awwam Radhiyallahu anh (bravery of Zubayr ibn al-Awwam;byMahmud al-Misri[ar];official Book review byBasalamah;quoting various supplementary sources such as Sahih Bukhari,Sahih Muslim,Siyar A'lam Nubala,Al-Tirmidhi,Prophetic biographyof Ibn Hisham, etc.ISBN9789791294386.Retrieved6 November2021.
  18. ^abHakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (1)".Muslim.or.id(in Indonesian). Muslim.or.id.Retrieved14 December2021.[ يا آدم بر حجك ] "ما يروى عن آدم -عليه السلام- أنه لما حج قالت له الملائكة: «يا آدم بر حجك»: غير ثابت." [من فوائد جلسة مع طلبة العلم /16/ذو الحجة/1432 ] __________________ "... فهل يحسن بنا وقد أنضينا قرائحنا في تعلم هذه السنة المطهرة، وبذلنا في العمل بها جهد المستطيع، وركبنا المخاطر في الدعوة إليها؛ هل يحسن بنا بعد هذا كله أن نسكت لهؤلاء عن هذه الدعوى الباطلة، ونوليهم منا ما تولوا ونبلعهم ريقهم، وهل يحسن بنا أن لا يكون لنا في الدفاع عنها ما كان منا في الدعوة إليها؟ إنا إذن لمقصرون!..."
  19. ^al-Nishapuri, al-Hakim. "Kitabu Ma'rifat Shahabatu Radhiyallahu Anhum: Gabriel, Michael and Israfil descend in the Battle of Badr.".al Mustadrak ala Sahihayn.Islamweb: Islamweb.Retrieved13 December2021.4488 - Narrated Abu Abdullah Muhammad ibn Ya'kub, through Ibrahim bin Abdullah Al Saadi, on the authority of Muhammad bin Khalid bin Athmah, on the authority of Musa bin Yaqub, who reported Abu Huwayrith, that Muhammad bin Jabir bin Mut'im, told him
  20. ^Abu Hafs Umar bin Ali bin Ahmad bin Muhammad bin Abdullah Al-Anshari Al-Wadi Asyi Al-Andalusi At-Tukuruwi Al-Mishri Asy-Syafi`i, Sirajuddin."كتاب مختصر تلخيص الذهبي"[kitab mukhtasar talkhis aldhahabii].Islamweb.Islamweb.Retrieved14 December2021.
  21. ^Hakim, Saifuddin (2015)."Apakah Malaikat Israfil Bertugas Meniup Sangkakala pada Hari Kiamat? (2)"[Does angel Raphael tasked to blow the trumpet of Armageddon in the day of judgment? (2)].Muslim.or.id(in Indonesian). Muslim.or.id.Retrieved14 December2021.Tafsir Al-Qurthubi, 7/20 (Maktabah Syamilah); At-Tadzkirah bi Ahwaalil Mauta wa Umuuril Akhirah, 1/488 (Maktabah Syamilah).; Fathul Baari 11/368 (Maktabah Syamilah); see Al-Imaan bimaa Ba'dal Maut, p. 112.; Syarh Al-Ibanah: Al-Imaan bin Nafkhi Ash-Shuur, 5/33.; Syarh Al-'Aqidah Al-Washithiyyah, 1/59-60 (Maktabah Asy-Syamilah). while in another book: وذلك أن الله سبحانه وتعالى يأمر اسرافيل وهو أحد الملائكة الموكلين بحمل العرش أن ينفخ في الصور (Syarh Al-'Aqidah As-Safariyaniyyah, 1/467).
  22. ^Qadhi, Yasir(2016)."Lives Of The Sahaba 39 – Az-Zubayr Ibn Al-Awwam – PT 01".Muslim Central Audio.Muslim Central Audio.Retrieved4 December2021.
  23. ^Bin Al-Hassan & Al-Dimashqi (2012,p. 622, Al-Zubayr told us, he said: And Abu Al-Makarram Uqbah bin Makram Al-Dhabi told me, Musab bin Salam Al-Tamimi told me, on the authority of Saad bin Tarif, on the authority of Abu Jaafar Muhammad bin Ali, he said: On the day of Badr, Al-Zubayr bin Al-Awwam had a yellow turban)
  24. ^Rizqullah 2005,p. 410.
  25. ^Abasoomar & Abasoomar 2016.
  26. ^Ahmad Ath-Thahir, Hamid (2017).Kisah Teladan 20 Shahabat Nabi untuk Anak(Doctor) (in Indonesian). Hikam Pustaka. p. 103.ISBN9786236843703.Retrieved29 December2021.
  27. ^Nasrulloh, Muhammad (2020). "46: Doa Rasulullah SAW ketika perang Badar".PERISTIWA DIBALIK TURUNNYA AL-QURAN: Fakta Sejarah Pengantar Turunnya Ayat-Ayat Al-Quran[EVENTS BEHIND THE DECENT OF THE QURAN: Historical Facts Introduction](ebook)(Religion / Islam / History) (in Indonesian and Arabic). Aghitsna Publisher. pp. 92–93.ISBN9786236865101.Retrieved2 February2022.Hadith fromSahih Muslimno.1763;Sahih al-Bukharino.2915;Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbalno.1161;al-Tabaranivol 10 p.18110270; compiled in the book of Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani vol.7 p.289
  28. ^Omar Al-Muqbil;professor Shalih bin Abdullah bin Humaid from Riyadh Tafsir center; Imad Zuhair Hafidz from Markaz Ta'dhim Qur'an Medina (2016)."Surat Ali-Imran ayat 125".Tafsirweb(in Indonesian and Arabic).Islamic University of Madinah;Ministry of Religious Affairs (Indonesia);Ministry of Islamic Affairs, Dawah and Guidance.Retrieved30 January2022.
  29. ^abcMahdi Rizqullah Ahmad; Anis Maftukhin; Yessi HM. Basyaruddin (2017). Maftukhin, Anis (ed.).Biografi Rasulullah Sebuah Studi Analitis Berdasarkan Sumber-sumber yang Otentik[Biography of the Prophet An Analytical Study Based on Authentic Sources](ebook)(Biography & Autobiography / Religious, Religion / Islam / General, Muhammad, Prophet, d. 632 -- Biography) (in Indonesian). Qisthi Press. pp. 441–443.ISBN9789793715568.Retrieved9 March2022.
  30. ^Jonathan E. Brockopp (2010).The Cambridge Companion to Muhammad(ebook)(History / Middle East / General, Religion / Islam / General, Social Science / Islamic Studies). Cambridge University Press. p. 257.ISBN9781139828383.Retrieved9 March2022.
  31. ^Shourie, Arun.Indian Controversies, Essays in Religion and Politics,ASA Publications, New Delhi-110021
  32. ^abcAfsaruddin, Asma(2013-06-27).Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought.OUP USA.ISBN978-0-19-973093-3.
  33. ^Peters, Rudolph (2005).Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam.
  34. ^Tafsir al-Kabir, al-Razi, التفسير الكبير.
  35. ^Mustafa, al-Maraghi. Tafsir al-Maraghi. 10. p. 95. محمد مصطفى المراغي.
  36. ^Al-Kulayni, Abu Ja’far Muhammad ibn Ya’qub (2015).Kitab al-Kafi.South Huntington, NY: The Islamic Seminary Inc.ISBN9780991430864.
  37. ^Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl Bukhārī,Sahih al-Bukhari,Peace Vision, 1971 p.1727.
  38. ^F. E. Peters,A Reader on Classical Islam,Princeton University Press 1993 p.180.
  39. ^abAhmad Ali Al-Imam,Variant Readings of the Qurʼan: A Critical Study of Their Historical and Linguistic Origins,International Institute of Islamic Thought, 2006 pp.28-29.
  40. ^Sahih MuslimThe Book of the Rules of Inheritance. (3)Chapter: The Last Verse To Be Revealed Was The Verse Of Kalalah 1618 c In-book reference: Book 23, Hadith 15 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Book 11, Hadith 3941 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  41. ^Sahih al-Bukhari» Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 404 Arabic reference: Book 65, Hadith 4882
  42. ^Sahih Muslim» The Book of Commentary on the Qur'an 3031 In-book reference: Book 56, Hadith 35 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Book 43, Hadith 7185 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  43. ^Sahih al-Bukhari» Prophetic Commentary on the Qur'an (Tafseer of the Prophet (pbuh)) USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 6, Book 60, Hadith 201 Arabic reference: Book 65, Hadith 4679
  44. ^Sahih al-Bukhari» Book of Judgments (Ahkaam) (37)Chapter: It is desirable that a scribe should be honest and wise 7191 In-book reference: Book 93, Hadith 53 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 9, Book 89, Hadith 301 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  45. ^Sahih al-Bukhari» Book of Virtues of the Qur'an (3)Chapter: The collection of the Qur'an 4986 In-book reference: Book 66, Hadith 8 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 6, Book 61, Hadith 509 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  46. ^Sahih al-Bukhari7425 In-book reference: Book 97, Hadith 53 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 9, Book 93, Hadith 521 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  47. ^Sahih al-Bukhari4989 In-book reference: Book 66, Hadith 11 USC-MSA web (English) reference: Vol. 6, Book 61, Hadith 511 (deprecated numbering scheme)
  48. ^Hamiduddin Farahi, translated by Tariq Mahmood Hashmi(2008).Exordium to coherence in the Quran: an English translation of Fātiḥah Niẓām al-Qurʼān(1st ed.). Lahore: al-Mawrid.ISBN978-9698799571.
  49. ^Esposito, John,ed. (2003),"Islahi, Amin Ahsan",The Oxford Dictionary of Islam,Oxford University Press,ISBN0-19-512558-4

Bibliography

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