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August 1962

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The following events occurred inAugust 1962:

August 4, 1962: Marilyn Monroe takes fatal overdose
August 5, 1962: Nelson Mandela begins 27 years incarceration
August 6, 1962: Jamaica becomes independent
August 31, 1962: Trinidad & Tobago becomes independent

August 1,1962 (Wednesday)

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A monument to the Kulungulu attack[1]

August 2,1962 (Thursday)

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August 3,1962 (Friday)

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August 4,1962 (Saturday)

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August 5,1962 (Sunday)

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August 6,1962 (Monday)

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August 7,1962 (Tuesday)

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Dr. Kelsey and President Kennedy

August 8,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • Elizabeth Ann Duncan,58, became the last woman to be executed in the United States prior to the restoration of the death penalty in 1977. She was put to death in thegas chamberat California'sSan Quentin State Prisonon the same day as the two men whom she had hired to murder her pregnant daughter-in-law. On November 17, 1958, Mrs. Olga Kupczyk Duncan and her unborn daughter had been beaten to death by Augustine Baldonado and Luis Moya, to whom Elizabeth had promised $8,000 which was never paid.[32][33][34]
  • Mercury spacecraftNo. 9 (redesignated 9A) was phased into the Project Orbit program in preparation for the Mercury extended range or 1-day mission.[24]Atlaslaunch vehicle 113-D was delivered to Cape Canaveral for theMercury 8mission ofWally Schirra.[24]
  • The 3rdNippon Jamboreecame to an end inGotenba,Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan.
  • Born:Charmaine Crooks,Jamaican-born Canadian athlete; inMandeville
  • Died:Don Davis,28; of injuries sustained in a sprint car race three days earlier atNew Bremen, Ohio.Less than three months earlier, Davis had finished in fourth place in the1962 Indianapolis 500.

August 9,1962 (Thursday)

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August 10,1962 (Friday)

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  • CIA DirectorJohn McConeprovided his first memorandum to U.S. President Kennedy about surveillance that would lead to a U.S. and Soviet confrontation in theCuban Missile Crisis,describing an increase of Soviet shipments to Cuba, and his speculation that the Soviet Union was placing offensive missiles in the Caribbean island nation. McCone would give the President three more warnings in August.[37]
  • TheHerbert Hoover Presidential Librarywas dedicated and opened to the public inWest Branch, Iowa.Hoover, who had served as the 31st President of the United States (1929–1933) was present and was celebrating his 88th birthday.[38]
  • TheBell 533research helicopter made its first flight, at Bell'sFort Worth, Texas,headquarters.[39]
  • Died:

August 11,1962 (Saturday)

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  • Harry Wexler,an Americanmeteorologistwho had been researching the link between depletion ofstratospheric ozoneandaerosol propellants,died of aheart attackwhile on vacation. Wexler had accepted an invitation to deliver a lecture entitled "The Climate of Earth and Its Modifications" at theUniversity of MarylandSpace Research and Technology Institute. Another twelve years would pass before the first papers about the effect ofchlorofluorocarbonon theozone layerwere published. "Had Wexler lived to publish his ideas", an author would comment later, "they would certainly have been noticed and could have led to a different outcome and perhaps an earlier coordinated response to the issue of stratospheric ozone depletion."[40]
  • Andriyan Nikolayevbecame the third Sovietcosmonaut,and the fifth man to orbit the Earth, when the Soviet Union launchedVostok 3fromBaikonur Cosmodrome.[24][41]Although the Soviets maintained the practice of not announcing the launch until after it had happened, live video of a Soviet cosmonaut in orbit was broadcast for the first time.[42]
  • The Mercury spacecraftreaction control systemtest was completed. Data compiled from this test was used to evaluate the thermal and thruster configuration of the Mercury extended range or 1-day mission spacecraft.[24]
  • King Kong vs. Godzilladebuts theatrically in Japan, becoming the 2nd-highest grossing movie in Japanese filmography, earning ¥352 million at the Japanese box office, under a ¥150 million budget.[43]
  • Pyotr Bolotnikovof the Soviet Union set the new world record for the10,000 metresrace in Moscow, perfecting the world record he already held.

August 12,1962 (Sunday)

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  • The Soviet Union launchedVostok 4from Baikonur Cosmodrome, with cosmonautPavel Popovichon board, marking the first time that two crewed spacecraft were in orbit at the same time. The twoVostok capsulescame within 6.5 km (4.0 mi) of one another, and the cosmonauts established ship-to-ship radio contact.[24][44][45]Arthur C. Clarkewould write later that the double launch "stunned the world", because the Soviet Union accomplishment "required synchronization of Herculean proportions at the launch site", with the second launch "at exactly the right moment to ensure the near-perfectrendezvous... only their fourth manned space flight, "something well beyond the American space program at the time.[42]

August 13,1962 (Monday)

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  • On the first anniversary of the creation of theBerlin Wall,three minutes of silence were supposed to be observed at noon in West Berlin. Instead, angry crowds began hurling stones across the border at police in East Berlin, who responded by firing a water cannon across the Wall and into the crowd. After more stones were thrown by the Western protesters, tear gas grenades were fired from East Berlin, after which West Berlin riot police sent their own tear gas across the border. The clash ended after an hour, and there were no serious injuries.[46]
  • A thief started a fire at Mangurian Furniture inFort Lauderdale, Florida,that completely destroyed the building and caused over $315,000 in damage, and resulted in more stringent fire codes to be implemented in the city.[47]
  • Renato Daguin and Giovanni Ottin made the first complete ascent of the west face of theMatterhorn.[48]This was the last face to have been completely ascended.
  • Jean Marie Bertrand becameAdministrator Superior of Wallis and Futuna,a colony of France.
  • Born:
  • Died:Mabel Dodge Luhan,83, American patron of the arts

August 14,1962 (Tuesday)

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  • In thePlymouth Mail Robbery,robbers armed withsubmachine gunsheld up a U.S. Mail truck nearPlymouth, Massachusetts,and heisted its $1,500,000 cargo that had been en route to the Federal Reserve Bank in Boston. A man dressed as a police officer flagged the truck down, and two cars pulled out from side roads.[49]The caper was financed by mobsterGennaro "Jerry" Angiuloand carried out under the direction ofJohn "Red" Kelley.Kelley would later arrange for the murder of six of the participants in the plot, would avoid prison by becoming a witness against his fellow criminals, and, after being relocated by the federal witness protection program, would eventually die of natural causes.[50]
  • For only the fifth time in its history, and for the first time in 35 years, the U.S. Senate invokedcloture,the ending of afilibusteragainst theCommunications Satellite Act of 1962.The vote was 63–27 in favor of ending debate, three more than the two-thirds necessary.[51]When it came up for a vote, the bill, establishingCOMSAT,passed the Senate 66–11 and the House 371–10. President Kennedy would sign it into law on August 31.[52]
  • North American began flight tests for the half-scale text vehicle (HSTV) for the Paraglider Development Program two months late. The instrumented HSTV was towed aloft by helicopter. Despite various minor malfunctions in all five test flights from August 14 to October 23, test results verified the stability of the wing/vehicle combination in free flight and the adequacy of control effectiveness.[11]
  • Born:Ikililou Dhoinine,President of the Comorosfrom 2011 to 2016; inDjoièzi
  • Died:Rudi Arnstadt,35, East German border guard captain, was shot by Hans Plüschke, a 23-year-old West German border guard. Plüschke claimed to be returning fire after his patrol was shot at.[53]

August 15,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • Representatives of theNetherlandsandIndonesiasigned theNew York Agreement,with the Netherlands transferring administration of theWestern New Guineacolony to theUnited Nations Trusteeship Counciluntil May 1, 1963, after which the U.N. Temporary Executive Authority (UNTEA) and Indonesia would jointly administer the territory for a period of six years, during which the Western New Guineans were to be given a choice as to their future. In 1969, the territory would be incorporated into Indonesia.[54]
  • PFCJames Joseph Dresnokof the United States Army decided to defect toNorth Koreawhile stationed on the south side of theKorean Demilitarized Zone.[55]Fifty years later, he was the only surviving American defector remaining in North Korea.[56]
  • Vostok 3landed at 06:52 UTC at42°2′N75°45′E/ 42.033°N 75.750°E/42.033; 75.750,nearKaraganda.[57]CosmonautAndrian Nikolayevejected the spacecraft during its descent and parachuted to earth, having set a new record of 64 orbits during nearly four days in space.[58]
  • TheAustralian Air Force's "Red Sales" aerobatic stunt flying team was wiped out when all four of its Vampire jets crashed, killing the six airmen aboard, during formation flying near the East Sale Air Force Base.[59]
  • South Africalegalized the sale of beer, wine and liquor to Africans and Asians for the first time. Previously, the privilege had been limited to White people only.[60]
Feng
  • Died:Lei Feng,21, who had in 1957 been named as a "model worker" by thePeople's Republic of Chinafor good citizens to emulate, and in 1960, a "model soldier" of thePeople's Liberation Army,died "after being accidentally killed by a falling telephone pole that had been run into by a truck".[61]He would become even more famous on March 5, 1963, whenChina Youth Dailywould begin the "Learn from Lei Feng" campaign (Xiang Lei Feng tongzhi xuexi).[62][63]

August 16,1962 (Thursday)

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  • The Agena status displays for Gemini were reviewed, and 8 were approved. These displays comprised seven green lights which, when on, indicated that various functions of the Agena were satisfactory. The eighth, a red light, would go on to indicate main engine malfunction. The Gemini Project Office also approved the list of commands (which would be set at 34 after review) required to control certain Agena functions during rendezvous anddockingmaneuvers by the Gemini spacecraft.[11]
  • The four former colonies ofFrench Indiawere formally transferred to Indian control with the exchange of the instruments of ratification by the French parliament of the 1954 transfer agreement. The four French territories (Pondicherry,Karaikal,YanamandMahé) would be merged to form the Union Territory ofPuducherry.[64]
  • The Air Force and NASA agreed to use a standard Atlas space booster for the Gemini program. The first standard vehicle was expected to be available by September 1963.[11]
  • BeatlesdrummerPete Bestwas fired and replaced byRingo Starr.[65]
  • Born:Steve Carell,American comedian and TV and film actor known forThe OfficeandThe 40-Year-Old Virgin;inConcord, Massachusetts
  • Died:Phillip Kastel,69, American gangster

August 17,1962 (Friday)

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  • Peter Fechter,aged 18, was killed byEast Germanborder guards as he attempted to cross theBerlin Wallinto WestBerlin.Fechter's death has been described as "the most notorious incident of all"[66]in the 27-year history of the Wall, because Fechter slowly bled to death from his bullet wounds, in front of newspaper photographers and hundreds of spectators who were unable to assist him, and East German guards who refused to approach him until he died an hour later. In 1996, indictments would be returned against the two former guards, Rolf Friedrich and Erich Schreiber, who had shot Fechter.[67]They would be convicted of manslaughter on March 5, 1997, and placed on probation.
  • Television was first broadcast inIndonesia,at the time a nation of 97,000,000 people, as Jakarta stationTVRI(Televisi Republik Indonesia) or The National Television Channel of Indonesia, began test broadcasting on Channel 5, coming directly from the Presidential Palace on the Indonesian independence day.[68]Regular broadcasting began on August 24, with transmission of the Asian Games.
  • Foy D. Kohlerwas confirmed by the U.S. Senate to be the new United States ambassador to the Soviet Union.[69]

August 18,1962 (Saturday)

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  • Denied the right to anabortionin her home state ofArizonaand anywhere else in the United States,Sherri Finkbinereceived the procedure inStockholm.[70]Mrs. Finkbine, host of a children's TV show inPhoenix,had been seeking to terminate her pregnancy since lateJulyafter learning that a medicine she had taken wasthalidomide,which was found to cause severe birth defects, and her search for a legal abortion began the first nationwide debate in the U.S. over whether abortion should be legal.
  • An experiment in publishing a "worldwide newspaper" bysatellitewas conducted from New York City, as seven newspaper pages were photographed, reduced in size, transmitted to the orbitingTelstarsatellite, and then received at ground stations on various continents.[71]
  • A group of 17 children from the Blessed Hope Missionary Baptist Church ofQuincy, Florida,ranging in age from 5 to 14 years old, drowned along with their Sunday school teacher when their boat capsized inLake Talquin.Seven of the children were from the same family.[72]
  • DrummerRingo Starrmade his first appearance as a full member of theBeatles,at a Horticultural Society dance atPort Sunlight.[73]
  • Norwaylaunched its firstsounding rocket,Ferdinand 1, fromAndøya Space Centerto begin its space program.[74]
  • Born:Felipe Calderón,63rdPresident of Mexicofrom 2006 to 2012; inMorelia,Michoacán state

August 19,1962 (Sunday)

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August 20,1962 (Monday)

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August 21,1962 (Tuesday)

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August 22,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • An assassination attempt against French PresidentCharles De Gaullefailed, as he, his wife, and son-in-law were nearPetit Clamart,being driven in hisCitroën DSfrom Paris to theVillacoublay Airfield.A team of 12 OAS gunmen, led by former French Air Force Lieutenant Colonel.Jean Bastien-Thiry,attacked the limousine. The rear window and two tires of De Gaulle's car were shot out, and the President was struck by shattered glass, as ambushers fired more than 120 bullets at the automobile, but miraculously, nobody was injured.[83]Bastien-Thiry was arrested on September 17, and executed by firing squad on March 11, 1963.[84]

August 23,1962 (Thursday)

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August 24,1962 (Friday)

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  • In the most dramatic attack on Cuba since the Bay of Pigs Invasion the year before, a suburb of Havana was shelled from speedboats operated by theCuban exileterrorist groupDirectorio Estudiantile.Operating from a 31-foot (9.4 m) boat, the attackers, led by Manuel Salvat, fired 60 artillery shells at buildings inMiramar,an upscale section of the Havana suburb ofPlaya.Nine rooms of theIcar Hostel,formerly theHotel Rosita de Hornedo,were damaged, and 20 people were injured. The boat departed after seven minutes.[88][89][90]
  • TVRIor Televisi Republik Indonesia (Indonesian National Television Channel), the first national television network of Indonesia, made its official debut with a broadcast of the opening of the1962 Asian GamesinJakarta.
  • Born:Craig Kilborn,American television host, actor, comedian, and sports commentator; inKansas City, Missouri[91]

August 25,1962 (Saturday)

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  • Venera 2MV-1 No.1,also called Sputnik 19, was launched from theBaikonur Cosmodrome,[92]with the aim of being the first craft to land on the planetVenus.However, the probe never succeeded in leaving low Earth orbit and re-entered the atmosphere three days later.[93]At the time, Soviet policy was to never announce a space mission until after it was launched, and to never announce a failed launch.[94]
  • Born:

August 26,1962 (Sunday)

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August 27,1962 (Monday)

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August 27, 1962: U.S. launches Mariner 2 to Venus
  • NASA launched theMariner 2space probe toward the planetVenus,lifting off from Florida at 1:58 a.m. (658 UTC) local time.[97]As the first successful mission to another planet, Mariner 2 would reach Venus on December 14, 1962, gathering data for 42 minutes and approaching within 21,600 miles (34,752 km).[98]The launch came a month after the failed American launch ofMariner 1to Venus, and three days after the Soviet launch of Sputnik 19 to Venus.
  • The proposedTwenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution,outlawing thepoll tax,was submitted to the states for ratification. The House of Representatives voted 295–86 to approve the resolution, which had passed the U.S. Senate 77–16 on March 27.[99]By 1962, only two American states (Alabama and Mississippi) still used the poll tax to deter African-Americans from voting, and only three others (Arkansas, Texas and Virginia) had a poll tax law.[100]The Amendment would be ratified on January 23, 1964, when South Dakota would become the 38th of 50 states to approve it.[101]
  • At a meeting inGuangzhoubetween China's Prime MinisterZhou Enlaiand North Vietnam's Prime MinisterPham Van Dong,the People's Republic committed to supplying the Viet Cong, at China's expense, "with enough weapons to arm 230 infantry battalions".[102]
  • Born:Sjón(Sigurjón Birgir Sigurðsson), Icelandic novelist, poet and lyricist; inReykjavík

August 28,1962 (Tuesday)

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August 29,1962 (Wednesday)

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  • Photographs by an American U-2 spy plane over Cuba first revealed the presence there of SovietSA-2missiles, for anti-aircraft defense. Offensive, nuclear-armed missiles would not be discovered in Cuba until later flights, precipitating theCuban Missile Crisis.[106]
  • FC NurembergdefeatedFortuna Düsseldorf,2–1, in the final of the1961–62 DFB-Pokal,the postseason tournament of the 16 highest finishing West German clubs.[107]

August 30,1962 (Thursday)

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  • An American U-2 spyplane, flying from Japan, accidentally drifted over the Soviet Union'sSakhalin Island,the only known incursion after the1960 U-2 incident.The U.S. State Department formally apologized to the Soviet Union following a protest.[108]
  • The Supremesrecorded their fourth single, "Let Me Go the Right Way",at Studio A of" Hitsville U.S.A. ", the Motown Records recording studios at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit.[109]
  • Born:Alexander Litvinenko,Russian defector who was murdered bypolonium-210radiation poisoning in 2006 after publishing two books critical of the regime ofVladimir Putin;inVoronezh
  • Died:
    • Al Tomaini,50, retired American circus performer billed as "The Tallest Man in the World" (verified as being 8 feet 4.5 inches (2.553 m) tall in 1931); inGibsonton, Florida,of complications after the removal of a pituitary gland tumor a few weeks earlier.[110]
    • Aaslaug Aasland,72, Norwegian politician

August 31,1962 (Friday)

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  • Gemini Project Office outlined plans for checking out the spacecraft at Cape Canaveral. Gemini preflight checkout would follow the pattern established for Mercury, a series of end-to-end functional tests to check the spacecraft and its systems completely. To implement the checkout of the Gemini spacecraft, the Hangar S complex at Cape Canaveral would be enlarged. Major test stations would be housed at Hangar AR, an existing facility adjacent to Hangar S. The required facilities were scheduled to be completed by March 1, 1963, in time to support the checkout of Gemini spacecraft No. 1, which was due to arrive at the Cape by the end ofApril 1963.[11]
  • Trinidad and Tobago,consisting of the two southernmost islands of theWest Indies,became independent after 165 years as a British colony. As midnight approached inPort of Spainon August 30, the British flag was slowly lowered as the Royal Marine Band playedTaps,and after a moment of silence, the new nation's red, white and black flag was quickly run up the flagpole as the National Guard and police bands played the new national anthem,Forged from the Love of Liberty.Eric Williamsserved as the nation's first Prime Minister, while former governorSolomon Hochoybecame Governor-General.[111]

References

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  3. ^Scoggins, Chaz (2014) [2006].Game of My Life Boston Red Sox.New York, NY:Sports Publishing.p. 50.
  4. ^"Plane Crash Killed Ten".Saskatoon Star-Phoenix.August 13, 1962. p. 5.
  5. ^Aviation Safety Networkretrieved 18 November 2006
  6. ^"Lost Nepali Airliner Found, 10 Aboard Reported Safe".Palm Beach Post.Palm Beach, Florida.August 4, 1962. p. 11.
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  9. ^"Germ War Scientist Victim Of Black Death".Charleston News and Courier.Charleston, South Carolina.August 4, 1962. p. 1.
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  11. ^abcdefgThis article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.Grimwood, James M.; Hacker, Barton C.; Vorzimmer, Peter J."PART I (B) Concept and Design January 1962 through December 1962".Project Gemini Technology and Operations - A Chronology.NASA Special Publication-4002.NASA.Retrieved20 February2023.
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  81. ^"David Morales".Discogs.com.RetrievedDecember 16,2019.
  82. ^"Held for Killing Jews, Hangs Self in Prison".Chicago Daily Tribune.August 22, 1962. p. 21.
  83. ^"De Gaulle Narrowly Escapes Bullets Showered At His Car",Meriden (CT) Record,August 23, 1962, p1
  84. ^George Fetherling,The Book of Assassins(Random House Digital, 2011)
  85. ^Terras, Victor (1990).Handbook of Russian Literature.Yale University Press.p. 464.
  86. ^Spitz, Bob(2005).The Beatles – The Biography.Little, Brown and Company.p.348.ISBN978-0-316-80352-6– via Internet Archive.
  87. ^Brugioni, Dino A.(2010).Eyes in the Sky: Eisenhower, the CIA, and Cold War Aerial Espionage.Annapolis, Maryland:Naval Institute Press.p. 200.
  88. ^"Ships Dart In, Shell Havana Suburb".Miami News.August 25, 1962. p. 1.
  89. ^"Havana Raiders Return To Florida".Miami News.August 26, 1962. p. 1.
  90. ^Scheina, Robert L. (2003).Latin America's Wars.Vol. 2.Potomac Books.
  91. ^Lel, Richard (31 May 1997)."The Deadpan Zone".The Washington Post.Retrieved3 November2015.
  92. ^McDowell, Jonathan."Launch Log".Jonathan's Space Page.Retrieved28 July2010.
  93. ^"Sputnik 19",National Space Science Data Center,NASA.gov
  94. ^"Russia Made Try For Venus",Miami News,September 1, 1962, p2
  95. ^"West Boner Defeats East In Negro Tilt",Kansas City Times,August 27, 1962, p27
  96. ^"Reds Flay Common Market",Spokane (WA) Spokesman-Review,August 27, 1962, p2
  97. ^"Spacecraft Off Toward Venus".Miami News.August 27, 1962. p. 1.
  98. ^"Missions to Venus".Solar System Exploration.NASA.gov.Archived fromthe originalon January 18, 2015.
  99. ^"Poll Tax Measure To States".Daytona Beach Morning Journal.Daytona Beach, Florida.August 28, 1962. p. 1.
  100. ^"Anti-poll tax amendment now up to any 38 states".Oxnard Press-Courier.Oxnard, California.August 28, 1962. p. 118.
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  102. ^Barnouin, Barbara; Yu, Changgen (2006).Zhou Enlai: A Political Life.Chinese University Press.p. 211.
  103. ^"Frankfurter Leaves Court; Goldberg In".Miami News.August 27, 1962. p. 1.
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  105. ^Mottram, James (February 1, 2009)."David Fincher:" Awards are just icing on the cake "".The Independent.Archivedfrom the original on October 28, 2014.RetrievedOctober 11,2014.
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  110. ^"Retired Circus Giant Dies After Surgery".Orlando Sentinel.September 3, 1962. p. 10.
  111. ^"Trinidad-Tobago Raise Flag Of Free Nation".Meriden Journal.Meriden, Connecticut.August 31, 1962. p. 1.
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