Wikipedia

Australia Day

This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon24 September 2024.
For the film, seeAustralia Day(film).

Australia Dayis the officialnational dayofAustralia.Observed annually on 26 January, it marks the 1788 landing of theFirst Fleetand raising of theUnion Flagof Great Britain byArthur PhillipatSydney Cove,a small bay on the southern shore ofSydney Harbour.[2]In the present, the governmentAustralia Day Councilorganises events that seek to recognise the contributions of Australians to the nation, while also encouraging reflection on past wrongs including towards Indigenous Australians and also giving respect and celebrating the diversity and achievements of Australian society past and present.[3]The presentation of community awards and citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held on the day.[1]The holiday is marked by the presentation of theAustralian of the YearAwards on Australia Day Eve, announcement of theAustralia Day Honourslist and addresses from thegovernor-generalandprime minister.It is an official public holiday in every state and territory. With community festivals, concerts and citizenship ceremonies, the day is celebrated in large and small communities and cities around the nation. Australia Day has become the biggest annual civic event in Australia.[4]

Australia Day
Sydney Harbour on Australia Day, 2014
Also called
  • Anniversary Day
  • Foundation Day
  • Survival Day
  • Invasion Day
Observed byAustralian citizens, residents and expatriates
TypeNational
SignificanceDate of the landing of theFirst FleetonSydney Covein 1788
ObservancesFamily gatherings, fireworks, picnics and barbecues, parades,citizenship ceremonies,Australia Day honours,Australian of the Yearpresentation,many other celebrationsalongside protests and mourning ceremonies[1]
Date26 January
FrequencyAnnual

The meaning and significance of Australia Day has evolved since the first records of celebration in 1808, with contested views on the day existing since at least 1888.[5]Previously, the states celebrated different days that acknowledged their founding, such asRegatta Dayin Tasmania,Queensland Dayin Queensland orFoundation Dayin Western Australia, and the celebration of the firstAnniversary DayorFoundation Day(as the day was called) by New South Wales in 1818 was seen in a similar light.[5]FollowingFederationin 1901, moves for a national holiday gained pace (prompted by lobbying by theAustralian Natives' Associationwhich celebrated ANA Day), with the nameAustralia Dayand the date of 26 January finally selected in 1935, with a public holiday at or around that date in all states in 1940.[6][5]The first prominent protest also occurred around this time in 1938, with the firstDay of Mourningheld by theAustralian Aborigines' League.In 1994 the date was fixed in all jurisdictions on 26 January when the practice by some states of holding the holiday on a Friday in late January for along weekendwas dropped.[7]

Since at least 1938, the date of Australia Day has also been a day ofprotestand of mourning the start of the Britishcolonisation of Australia,characterised as an invasion in which Indigenous Australians had the land that they had occupied for millennia forcibly taken.[8][9]Some observe 26 January asInvasion Day,Survival Dayor as a Day of Mourning, as acounter-observanceto the national day. Some counter-observers and others have calledfor the date of Australia Day to be changedor the holiday to be abolished entirely.[8][10][11][12]Support for changing the date has been a minority position; however, polls from 2021 have indicated that Australians under the age of 30 are much more supportive of the change than older generations.[13][14][15][16][17][18]

History

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Arrival of the First Fleet: 1788

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Main article:First Fleet

On 13 May 1787 a fleet of 11 ships, which came to be known as the First Fleet, was sent by theBritish Admiraltyfrom England to New Holland.[a]Under the command of Naval Captain Arthur Phillip, the fleet sought to establish apenal colonyatBotany Bayon the coast of New South Wales, which had been explored andclaimedby LieutenantJames Cookin 1770. The settlement was seen as necessary because of the loss of theThirteen Coloniesin North America.[19]The Fleet arrived between 18 and 20 January 1788, but it was immediately apparent that Botany Bay was unsuitable.

On 21 January, Phillip and a few officers travelled toPort Jackson,12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north, to see if it would be a better location for a settlement. They stayed there until 23 January; Phillip named the site of their landing Sydney Cove, after the Home Secretary,Thomas Townshend, 1st Viscount Sydney.They also made contact with the local Aboriginal people.

They returned to Botany Bay on the evening of 23 January, when Phillip gave orders to move the fleet to Sydney Cove the next morning, 24 January. That day, there was a huge gale blowing, making it impossible to leave Botany Bay, so they decided to wait till the next day, 25 January. However, during 24 January, they spotted the shipsAstrolabeandBoussole,flying the French flag, at the entrance to Botany Bay; they were having as much trouble getting into the bay as the First Fleet was having getting out.[citation needed]

On 25 January the gale was still blowing; the fleet tried to leave Botany Bay, but onlyHMSSupplymade it out, carrying Arthur Phillip,Philip Gidley King,some marines and about 40 convicts; they anchored in Sydney Cove in the afternoon. Meanwhile, back at Botany Bay, CaptainJohn HunterofHMSSiriusmade contact with the French ships, and he and the commander,Captain de Clonard,exchanged greetings. Clonard informed Hunter that the fleet commander wasJean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse.Siriussuccessfully cleared Botany Bay, but the other ships were in great difficulty.Charlottewas blown dangerously close to rocks,FriendshipandPrince of Walesbecame entangled, both ships losing booms or sails,CharlotteandFriendshipcollided, andLady Penrhynnearly ran aground. Despite these difficulties, all the remaining ships finally managed to clear Botany Bay and sail to Sydney Cove on 26 January. The last ship anchored there at about 3 pm.[20]

Captain Arthur Phillip raising the British flag at Sydney Cove, 26 January 1788. Oil sketch byAlgernon Talmage,1937.
Foundation of Australia plaque, Loftus Street, Circular Quay

So it was on 26 January that a landing was made at Sydney Cove and clearing of the ground for an encampment immediately began. Then, according to Phillip's account:[21]

In the evening of the 26th the colours were displayed on shore, and the Governor, with several of his principal officers and others, assembled round the flag-staff, drank the king's health, and success to the settlement, with all that display of form which on such occasions is esteemed propitious, because it enlivens the spirits, and fills the imagination with pleasing presages.

— The Voyage of Governor Phillip to Botany Bay

The formal establishment of the Colony of New South Wales did not however occur on 26 January as is commonly assumed. It did not occur until 7 February 1788, when the formal proclamation of the colony and of Arthur Phillip's governorship were read out. The vesting of all land in the reigning monarchKing George IIIalso dates from 7 February 1788.[22][23][24]

1788–1838

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Although there was no official recognition of the colony's anniversary, with theNew South Wales Almanacksof 1806 and 1808 placing no special significance on 26 January,[25]by 1808 the date was being used by the colony's immigrants, especially theemancipated convicts,to "celebrate their love of the land they lived in"[26]with "drinking and merriment".[27]The 1808 celebrations followed this pattern, beginning at sunset on 25 January and lasting into the night, the chief toast of the occasion beingMajor George Johnston.Johnston had the honour of being the first officer ashore from the First Fleet, having been carried from the landing boat on the back of convictJames Ruse.Despite suffering the ill-effects of a fall from his gig on the way home toAnnandale,Johnston led the officers of theNew South Wales Corpsin arresting GovernorWilliam Blighon the following day, 26 January 1808, in what became known as the "Rum Rebellion".

Almanacsstarted mentioning "First Landing Day" or "Foundation Day" and successful immigrants started holding anniversary dinners.[5]In 1817The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiserreported on one of these unofficial gatherings at the home ofIsaac Nichols:

On Monday the 27th ult. a dinner party met at the house of Mr. Isaac Nichols, for the purpose of celebrating the Anniversary of the Institution of this Colony under Governor Philip, which took place on 26 Jan. 1788, but this year happening upon a Sunday, the commemoration dinner was reserved for the day following. The party assembled were select, and about 40 in number. At 5 in the afternoon dinner was on the table, and a more agreeable entertainment could not have been anticipated. After dinner a number of loyal toasts were drank, and a number of festive songs given; and about 10 the company parted, well gratified with the pleasures that the meeting had afforded.

— The Sydney Gazette and New South Wales Advertiser[28]

In 1818, the 30th anniversary of the founding of the colony, GovernorLachlan Macquariechose to acknowledge the day with the first official celebration.[29]The governor declared that the day would be a holiday for all government workers, granting each an extra allowance of "one pound [450 grams] of fresh meat", and ordered a 30-gun salute atDawes Point– one for each year that the colony had existed.[30]This began a tradition that was retained by the Governors that were to follow.[26]

The first in what would become the Sydney Regatta tradition, 26 January 1838

Foundation Day, as it was known at the time, continued to be officially celebrated in New South Wales, and in doing so became connected with sporting events.[29]One of these became a tradition that is still continued today: in 1837 the first running of what would become the Australia Dayregattawas held onSydney Harbour.[26][31]Five races were held for different classes of boats, from first class sailing vessels towatermen'sskiffs,and people viewed the festivities from both onshore and from the decks of boats on the harbour, including thesteamboatAustralianand theFrancis Freeling—the latter running aground during the festivities and having to be refloated the next day.[32]Happy with the success of the regatta, the organisers resolved to make it an annual event.[31]However, some of the celebrations had gained an air of elitism, with the "United Australians" dinner being limited to those born in Australia.[26]In describing the dinner, theSydney Heraldjustified the decision, saying:

The parties who associated themselves under the title of "United Australians" have been censured for adopting a principle of exclusiveness. It is not fair so to censure them. If they invited emigrants to join them they would give offence to another class of persons – while if they invited all they would be subject to the presence of persons with whom they might not wish to associate. That was a good reason. The "Australians" had a perfect right to dine together if they wished it, and no one has a right to complain.

— The Sydney Herald[33]

The following year, 1838, was the 50th anniversary of the founding of the colony, and as part of the celebrations Australia's first public holiday was declared. The regatta was held for a second time, and people crowded the foreshores to view the events, or joined the five steamers (Maitland,Experiment,Australia,Rapid,and the miniature steamerFirefly) to view the proceedings from the water. At midday 50 guns were fired from Dawes' Battery as theRoyal Standardwas raised, and in the evening rockets and other fireworks lit the sky.[34]The dinner was a smaller affair than the previous year, with only 40 in attendance compared to the 160 from 1837,[33][34]and the anniversary as a whole was described as a "day for everyone".[29]

1839–1935

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NSW state banquet to commemorate "the first 100 years of Australian settlement", 26 January 1888

Prior to 1888, 26 January was very much a New South Wales affair, as each of the colonies had its own commemoration for its founding. In Tasmania,Regatta Dayoccurred initially in December to mark the anniversary of the landing ofAbel Tasman.[35]South Australia celebratedProclamation Dayon 28 December. Western Australia had its own Foundation Day (nowWestern Australia Day) on 1 June.[26]

The decision to mark the occasion of the First Fleet's arrival in 1788 at Sydney Cove and Captain Arthur Phillip's proclamation of British sovereignty over the eastern continent on 26 January was first made outside NSW by theAustralian Natives' Association(ANA), a group of white "native-born" middle-class men formed inVictoriain 1871.[36]They dubbed the day "ANA Day".[6]

In 1888, all colonial capitals exceptAdelaidecelebrated "Anniversary Day". In 1910,South Australiaadopted 26 January as "Foundation Day",[26]to replace another holiday known as Accession Day, which had been held on 22 January to mark the accession to the throne ofKing Edward VII,who died in May 1910.[37]

The first Australia Day was established in response to Australia's involvement inWorld War I.In 1915, Ellen "Ellie" Wharton Kirke MBE, née Clements, mother of fourservicemen,thought up the idea of a national day, with the specific aim of raising funds for wounded soldiers,[38]and the term was coined to stir up patriotic feelings.[39][37]In 1915 a committee to celebrate Australia Day was formed, and the date chosen was 30 July,[40]on which many fund-raising efforts were run to support the war effort.[41]It was also held in July in subsequent years of World War I: on 28 July 1916,[41]27 July 1917,[42]and 26 July 1918.[43]

Foundation Day celebrations inSomerset Region,Queensland, 1937

The idea of a national day to be celebrated on 26 January was slow to catch on, partly because of competition withAnzac Day.[44]Victoria adopted 26 January as Australia Day in 1931,[29]and by 1935, all states of Australia were celebrating 26 January as Australia Day (although it was still known as Anniversary Day in New South Wales).[26]The name "Foundation Day" persisted in local usage.[45]

1936–1960s

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Sesquicentenary parade in Sydney, 26 January 1938

The 150th anniversary of British settlement in Australia in 1938 was widely celebrated. Preparations began in 1936 with the formation of a Celebrations Council. In that year, New South Wales was the only state to abandon the traditional long weekend, and the annual Anniversary Day public holiday was held on the anniversary day – Wednesday 26 January.[26]However, it was also a declared aDay of Mourningby theAborigines Progressive Associationand theAustralian Aborigines Leagueas a protest against the "Whiteman's seizure of our country".[46]

The Commonwealth and state governments agreed to unify the celebrations on 26 January as "Australia Day" in 1946,[47]although the public holiday was instead taken on the Monday closest to the anniversary.[48]

TheNationality and Citizenship Act 1948came into effect on 26 January 1949, creating Australian citizenship for the first time. Previously, Australiannationalswere simply British subjects alongside all other members ofCommonwealth of Nations;now they were bothBritish subjectsand Australian citizens.[49][50]

HistorianKen Ingliswrote in 1967 that Australia Day was not celebrated publicly inCanberraat that time.[44]

1988: Bicentenary

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Sydney Harbour, 26 January 1988
Main article:Australian Bicentenary

In 1988, the celebration of 200 years since the arrival of the First Fleet was organised on a large scale as theAustralian Bicentenary,with many significant events taking place in all major cities.[26]Over 2.5 million people attended the event in Sydney.[29]These included street parties, concerts, including performances on the steps and forecourt of theSydney Opera Houseand at many other public venues, art and literary competitions, historic re-enactments, and the opening of thePowerhouse Museumat its new location. Are-enactment of the arrival of the First Fleettook place in Sydney Harbour, with ships that had sailed fromPortsmoutha year earlier taking part.[26][29]

Contemporary celebrations

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Australia Day in Perth
Prime MinisterJulia Gillardat the 2013 National Flag Raising and Citizenship Ceremony in Canberra
For many years theCity of Perth Skyworkswere the largest Australia Day fireworks display in the country.
Australia Day barbecue at Berridge Park,Denmark, Western Australia
"Dawn Reflections" Indigenous art display on the Sydney Opera House, Australia Day 2023

The various celebrations and civic ceremonies such ascitizenship ceremonies,theAustralian of the Yearawards and theAustralia Day Honours(introduced in 1975[51]) only started to be performed on Australia Day from around the 1950s onwards.[44]

After 1988, participation in Australia Day increased, and in 1994 all states and territories began to celebrate a unified public holiday on 26 January – regardless of the day of the week – for the first time.[7]Previously, some states had celebrated the public holiday on a Monday or Friday to provide along weekend.[52]Research conducted in 2007 reported that 28% of Australians polled attended an organised Australia Day event and a further 26% celebrated with family and friends.[53]This reflected the results of an earlier research project where 66% of respondents anticipated that they would actively celebrate Australia Day 2005.[54]

Outdoor concerts, community barbecues, sports competitions, festivals and fireworks are some of the many events held in communities across Australia. These official events are presented by theNational Australia Day Council,an official council or committee in each state and territory, and local committees.[55]

In Sydney, the harbour is a focus and boat races are held, such as a ferry race and the tall ships race. In Adelaide, the key celebrations are "Australia Day in the City" which is a parade, concert and fireworks display held in Elder Park, with a new outdoor art installation in 2019 designed to acknowledge, remember and recognise Aboriginal people who have contributed to the community.[56]Featuring the People's March and the Voyages Concert,Melbourne's events[57]focus strongly on the celebration of multiculturalism.[58]In Perth, for many years until 2022, theSkyworkswere the largest single event presented each Australia Day.[59]

Since 2012, with the exceptions of 2015 and 2020–22, aBig Bluematch betweenMelbourne Victory FCandSydney FChas been played annually on Australia Day.[60]

Citizenship ceremonies are also commonly held, with Australia Day now the largest occasion for the acquisition ofAustralian citizenship.On 26 January 2011, more than 300 citizenship ceremonies took place and around 13,000 people from 143 countries took Australian citizenship.[61]In recent years many citizenship ceremonies have included anaffirmationby existing citizens. Research conducted in 2007 reported that 78.6% of respondents thought that citizenship ceremonies were an important feature of the day.[53]In September 2019, theMorrison governmentamended theAustralian Citizenship Ceremonies Codeto requirelocal councilsto hold a citizenship ceremony on Australia Day.[62]

The official Australia Day Ambassador Program supports celebrations in communities across the nation by facilitating the participation of high-achieving Australians in local community celebrations. In 2011, 385 ambassadors participated in 384 local community celebrations.[63]TheOrder of Australiaawards are also a feature of the day. The Australia Day Achievement Medallion is awarded to citizens by local governments based on excellence in both government and non-government organisations. The governor-general and prime minister both address the nation. On the eve of Australia Day each year, the Prime Minister announces the winner of the Australian of the Year award, presented to an Australian citizen who has shown a "significant contribution to the Australian community and nation" and is an "inspirational role model for the Australian community".[64]Subcategories of the award includeYoung Australian of the YearandSenior Australian of the Year,and an award forAustralia's Local Hero.

Research in 2009 indicated that Australians reflect on history and future fairly equally on Australia Day. Of those polled, 43% agreed that history is the most important thing to think about on Australia Day and 41% said they look towards "our future", while 13% thought it was important to "think about the present at this time" and 3% were unsure.[65]Despite the date reflecting the arrival of the First Fleet, contemporary celebrations are not particularly historical in their theme. There are no large-scale re-enactments and the national leader's participation is focused largely on events such as the Australian of the Year Awards announcement and Citizenship Ceremonies.[66]

Possibly reflecting a shift in Australians' understanding of the place of Indigenous Australians in their national identity,Newspollresearch in November 2009 reported that ninety percent of Australians polled believed "it was important to recognise Australia's indigenous people and culture" as part of Australia Day celebrations. A similar proportion (89%) agreed that "it is important to recognise the cultural diversity of the nation".[67]Despite the strong attendance at Australia Day events and a positive disposition towards the recognition of Indigenous Australians, the date of the celebrations remains a source of challenge and national discussion.

Debate

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Main article:Australia Day debate
An Invasion Day rally inBrisbane,2007

Some Australians regard Australia Day as a symbol of the adverse impacts of British settlement on Australia's Indigenous peoples.[68]In 1888, prior to the first centennial anniversary of the First Fleet landing on 26 January 1788, New South Wales premierHenry Parkeswas asked about inclusion of Aboriginal people in the celebrations. He replied: "And remind them that we have robbed them?"[69]

The 150th anniversary celebrations in 1938 were accompanied by an AboriginalDay of Mourning,declared by theAborigines Progressive Associationand theAustralian Aborigines Leagueas a protest against the "Whiteman's seizure of our country".[46]At the bicentennial celebrations in 1988, large gathering of Aboriginal people in Sydney led an "Invasion Day" commemoration marking the loss of Indigenous culture.[9]Some Indigenous figures and others continue to label Australia Day as "Invasion Day", and protests occur almost every year, sometimes at Australia Day events.[70]Thousands of people participate in protest marches in capital cities on Australia Day; estimates for the 2018 protest in Melbourne ranged into tens of thousands.[71][72][73][74]

The anniversary is also termed by some as "Survival Day" and marked by events such as the Survival Day concert, first held in Sydney in 1992, celebrating the fact that the Indigenous people and culture have survived despite colonisation and discrimination.[75]In 2016,National Indigenous Televisionchose the name "Survival Day" as its preferred choice on the basis that it acknowledges the mixed nature of the day, saying that the term "recognises the invasion", but does not allow that to frame the entire story of the Aboriginal people.[76]

In response, official celebrations have tried to include Indigenous people, holding ceremonies such as the Woggan-ma-gule ceremony, held in Sydney, which honours the past and celebrates the present.[77]Several major employers, both public and private, including theAustralian Public Service,permit employees to work on Australia Day and take another day off.[78]

Polling byEssential Mediasince 2015 suggested that the number of people celebrating Australia Day was declining, indicating a shift in attitudes. In 2019, 40% celebrated the day; in 2020, 34%. In 2021 it was down to 29%, and in that year, 53% said that they were treating the day as just a public holiday.[79]

Polls by a team atDeakin Universityfound in November 2021 that 60% of all respondents strongly disagreed or disagreed with changing the date, whereas in June 2023 this figure had dropped to 56%. Asked whether they approved of celebrating Australia Day on 26 January, respondents under the age of 35 disapproved respectively by 53% and 57%, while those aged 35 to 54 disapproved respectively by 35% and 42%. The authors observe: "while younger Australians might be leading the push for change, there is a shift towards change in all age groups".[80]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The nameNew Hollandremained in popular and semi-official use until at least the mid-1850s.[81]: 11 

References

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