TheAustralian Capital Territory(ACT), known as theFederal Capital Territory(FCT) until 1938, is a landlockedfederal territoryof Australia.Canberra,the capital city of Australia, is situated within the territory, and serves as the territory'sprimate city.It is located in southeasternAustralian mainlandas anenclavewithin the state ofNew South Wales.Founded afterFederationas theseat of governmentfor the new nation, the territory hosts the headquarters of all important institutions of theAustralian Government,most notablyParliament House.
Australian Capital Territory | |
---|---|
Nicknames:
| |
Motto: For the King, the Law, and the People | |
Country | Australia |
Transferred to Commonwealth | 1 January 1911 |
Responsible government | 1988 |
Capital and largest city | Canberra |
Government | |
Charles III | |
Sam Mostyn | |
Andrew Barr(ALP) | |
Legislature | Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly |
Judiciary | Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory |
Parliament of Australia | |
2 senators(of 76) | |
3 seats (of 151) | |
Area | |
• Total | 2,358 km2(910 sq mi) (8th) |
• Land | 2,358 km2(910 sq mi) |
• Water | 0 km2(0 sq mi) |
Highest elevation | 1,912 m (6,273 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 429 m (1,407 ft) |
Population | |
• March 2022 estimate | 455,869[1](7th) |
• Density | 190/km2(492.1/sq mi) (1st) |
GSP | 2022 estimate |
• Total | AU$45.318 billion[2](6th) |
• Per capita | AU$102,334 (3rd) |
HDI(2022) | 0.976[3] very high·1st |
Time zone | UTC+10:00(AEST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+11:00(AEDT) |
Postal abbreviation | ACT |
ISO 3166 code | AU–ACT |
Symbols | |
Bird | Gang-gang cockatoo[5] |
Flower | Royal bluebell[6] |
Mammal | Southern brush-tailed rock-wallaby[4] |
Colour(s) | Blue and gold[7] |
Website | act |
On 1 January 1901,federation of the coloniesof Australia was achieved. Section 125 of the newAustralian Constitutionprovided that land, situated in New South Wales and at least 100 miles (160 km) fromSydney,would be ceded to the newfederal government.Following discussion and exploration of various areas within New South Wales, theSeat of Government Act 1908was passed in 1908 which specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region. The territory was transferred to the federal government byNew South Walesin 1911, two years prior to the capital city being founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913.
While the overwhelming majority of the population resides in the city ofCanberrain the ACT's north-east, the territory also includes some towns such asWilliamsdale,Oaks Estate,Uriarra,TharwaandHall.The ACT also includes theNamadgi National Park,which comprises the majority of land area of the territory. Despite a common misconception, theJervis Bay Territoryis not part of the ACT, although the laws of the Australian Capital Territory apply as if Jervis Bay did form part of the ACT.[8]The territory has a relatively dry, continental climate, experiencing warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters.
The Australian Capital Territory is home to many important institutions of the federal government, national monuments and museums. These include theParliament of Australia,theHigh Court of Australia,theAustralian Defence Force Academyand theAustralian War Memorial.It also hosts the majority of foreign embassies in Australia, as well as regional headquarters of many international organisations, not-for-profit groups, lobbying groups and professional associations. Several major universities also have campuses in the ACT, including theAustralian National University,theUniversity of Canberra,theUniversity of New South Wales,Charles Sturt Universityand theAustralian Catholic University.
A locally elected legislative assemblyhas governed the territory since 1988. However, the Commonwealth maintains authority over the territory and may overturn local laws. It still maintains control over the area known as theParliamentary Trianglethrough theNational Capital Authority.Residents of the territory elect three members of theHouse of Representativesand twosenators.
With 453,324 residents, the Australian Capital Territory is the second smallest mainland state or territory by population. At the2016 census,the median weekly income for people in the territory aged over 15 was $998, significantly higher than the national median of $662.[9]The average level of degree qualification in the ACT is also higher than the national average. Within the ACT, 37.1% of the population hold a bachelor's degree level or above education compared to the national figure of 20%.[9]The Australian Capital Territory had the equal fourth highestHuman Development Indexscore (0.976)out of over 1,700 subnational regionsin 2022, coming close to a perfect score of 1.
History
editIndigenous inhabitants
editIndigenous Australianshave long inhabited the area.[10]Evidence indicates habitation dating back at least 25,000 years,[11]and it is possible that the area was inhabited for considerably longer, withevidence of an Aboriginal presence at Lake Mungodating back around 40,000–62,000 years.[12]The principal group occupying the region were theNgunnawal people,with theNgarigoandWalgaluliving immediately to the south, theWandadianto the east, theGandangarato the north and theWiradjurito the north-west.[13]
European colonisation
editFollowing European settlement, the growth of the new colony of New South Wales led to an increasing demand forarable land.[13]GovernorLachlan Macquariesupported expeditions to open up new lands to the south ofSydney.[14]The 1820s saw further exploration in the Canberra area associated with the construction of a road from Sydney to theGoulburnplains. While working on the project,Charles Throsbylearned of a nearby lake and river from the local Indigenous peoples and he accordingly sent Wild to lead a small party to investigate the site. The search was unsuccessful, but they did discover theYass River,and it is surmised that they would have set foot on part of the future territory.[15]
A second expedition was mounted shortly thereafter, and they became the first Europeans to camp at theMolonglo(Ngambri) andQueanbeyan(Jullergung) Rivers.[10]However, they failed to find theMurrumbidgee River.[15]The issue of the Murrumbidgee was solved in 1821 when Throsby mounted a third expedition and successfully reached the watercourse, on the way providing the first detailed account of the land where the Australian Capital Territory now resides.[15]The last expedition in the region before settlement was undertaken byAllan Cunninghamin 1824.[10]He reported that the region was suitable for grazing and the settlement of the Limestone Plains followed immediately thereafter.[16]
Early settlement
editThe first land grant in the region was made to Joshua John Moore in 1823, and European settlement in the area began in 1824 with the construction of a homestead by his stockmen on what is now theActon Peninsula.[14]Moore formally purchased the site in 1826 and named the propertyCanberryorCanberra.[10]
A significant influx of population and economic activity occurred around the 1850sgold rushes.[17]The gold rushes prompted the establishment of communication between Sydney and the region by way of theCobb & Cocoaches, which transported mail and passengers.[18]The first post offices opened inGinninderrain 1859 and at Lanyon in 1860.[14]
During colonial times, the European communities of Ginninderra,Molongloand Tuggeranong settled and farmed the surrounding land. The region was also called theQueanbeyan-Yassdistrict, after the two largest towns in the area. The villages of Ginninderra and Tharwa developed to service the local agrarian communities.
During the first 20 years of settlement, there was only limited contact between the settlers and Aboriginal people. Over the succeeding years, the Ngunnawal and other local indigenous people effectively ceased to exist as cohesive and independent communities adhering to their traditional ways of life.[14]Those who had not succumbed to disease and other predations either dispersed to the local settlements or were relocated to more distantAboriginal reservesset up by the New South Wales government in the latter part of the 19th century.[citation needed]
Creation of the territory
editIn 1898, a referendum on a proposed Constitution was held in four of the colonies –New South Wales,South Australia,Tasmania,andVictoria.Although the referendum achieved a majority in all four colonies, the New South Wales referendum failed to gain the minimum number of votes needed for the bill to pass. Following this result, a meeting of the four Premiers in 1898 heard fromGeorge Reid,thePremier of New South Wales,who argued that locating the future capital in New South Wales would be sufficient to ensure the passage of the Bill. The 1899 referendum on this revised bill was successful and passed with sufficient numbers.[19]Section 125 of theAustralian Constitutionthus provided that, following Federation in 1901, land would be ceded freely to the newfederal government.[citation needed]
This, however, left open the question of where to locate the capital. In 1906 and after significant deliberations, New South Wales agreed to cede sufficient land on the condition that it was in theYass-Canberraregion,[10]this site being closer to Sydney.[20]Initially,Dalgety, New South Walesremained at the forefront, but Yass-Canberra prevailed after voting by federal representatives.[15]TheSeat of Government Act 1908was passed in 1908, which repealed the 1904 Act and specified a capital in the Yass-Canberra region.[10][21]Government surveyorCharles Scrivenerwas deployed to the region in the same year to map out a specific site and, after an extensive search, settled upon the present location,[22]basing the borders primarily on the need to secure a stable water supply for the planned capital.[23]
Site | Distance fromSydney |
Ballot | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | ||
Dalgety | 452 km | 27 | 26 | 28 | 28 | 27 | 27 | 24 | 27 | 33 |
Yass-Canberra | 248 km | 19 | 22 | 23 | 21 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 31 | 39 |
Tooma | 514 km | 4 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 13 | 14 | |
Lyndhurst | 269 km | 6 | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | ||
Armidale | 485 km | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | |||
Tumut | 411 km | 3 | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 | ||||
Canberra | 248 km | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
Bombala | 485 km | 1 | 1 | |||||||
Albury | 554 km | 2 | ||||||||
Orange | 254 km | 2 | ||||||||
Total | 72 | 70 | 72 | 72 | 73 | 71 | 69 | 72 | 72 | |
Abstention | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 2 | |
Absent | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
The Australian Capital Territory was transferred to the Commonwealth byNew South Waleson 1 January 1911, two years before the naming of Canberra as the national capital on 20 March 1913.[25]
The Commonwealth gained control of all land within the borders of the new territory but ownership only of NSW Crown land, with significant parcels of extant freehold remaining in the hands of their pre-existing owners. Much of this was acquired duringWorld War One,though a few titles were not transferred until the late 20th Century.
Land within the territory is granted under aleaseholdsystem, with99-year residential leasessold to buyers as new suburbs are planned, surveyed, and developed. The current policy is for these leases to be extended for another 99-year period on expiry, subject to payment of an administrative fee.[26]In an arrangement inspired byGeorgism,the ideas of 19th-century American economistHenry George,leaseholders had to pay 5% of the unimproved value of the underlying land in rent until theGorton governmentabolished it in 1970.[27]
Development throughout 20th century
editIn 1911, an international competition to design the future capital was held; it was won by the Chicago architectWalter Burley Griffinin 1912.[14]The official naming of Canberra occurred on 12 March 1913 and construction began immediately.[14]
After Griffin's departure following difficulty in implementing his project,[28]theFederal Capital Advisory Committeewas established in 1920 to advise the government of the construction efforts.[10]The committee had limited success meeting its goals. However, the chairman,John Sulman,was instrumental in applying the ideas of thegarden city movementto Griffin's plan. The committee was replaced in 1925 by theFederal Capital Commission.[10]
In 1930, the ACT Advisory Council was established to advise the minister for territories on the community's concerns. In 1934, theSupreme Court of the Australian Capital Territorywas established.[29]
From 1938 to 1957, theNational Capital Planning and Development Committeecontinued to plan the further expansion of Canberra. However, it did not have executive power, and decisions were made on the development of Canberra without consulting the committee.[18]During this time, Prime MinisterRobert Menziesregarded the state of the national capital as an embarrassment.[30]
After World War II, there was a shortage of housing and office space in Canberra.[31]A Senate Select Committee hearing was held in 1954 to address its development requirements. This Committee recommended the creation of a single planning body with executive power. Consequently, theNational Capital Planning and Development Committeewas replaced by theNational Capital Development Commissionin 1957.[32]TheNational Capital Development Commissionended four decades of disputes over the shape and design ofLake Burley Griffinand construction was completed in 1964 after four years of work. The completion of the centrepiece of Griffin's design finally laid the platform for the development of Griffin'sParliamentary Triangle.[30]
Self-government
editIn 1978, an advisory referendum was held to determine the views of ACT citizens about whether there should be self-government. Just under 64 percent of voters rejected devolved government options, in favour of the status quo.[33]Nevertheless, in 1988, the new minister for the Australian Capital TerritoryGary Punchreceived a report recommending the abolition of theNational Capital Development Commissionand the formation of a locally elected government. Punch recommended that theHawke governmentaccept the report's recommendations and subsequentlyClyde Holdingintroduced legislation to grant self-government to the territory in October 1988.[34]
The enactment on 6 December 1988 of theAustralian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988established the framework for self-government.[35]Thefirst electionfor the 17-memberAustralian Capital Territory Legislative Assemblywas held on 4 March 1989.[36]
The initial years of self-government were difficult and unstable.[37]A majority of ACT residents had opposed self-government and had it imposed upon them by the federal parliament. At the first election, 4 of the 17 seats were won by anti-self-government single-issue parties due to a protest vote by disgruntled Canberrans and a total of 8 were won by minor parties and independents.[37]
In 1992, Labor won eight seats and the minor parties and independents won only three. Stability increased, and in 1995,Kate Carnellbecame the first elected Liberal chief minister. In 1998, Carnell became the first chief minister to be re-elected.
Geography
editThe Australian Capital Territory is the smallest mainland territory (aside from theJervis Bay Territory) and covers a total land area of 2,358 km2(910 sq mi), slightly smaller than Luxembourg.
It is bounded by theBombala railway linein the east, thewatershedofNaas Creekin the south, the watershed of theCotter Riverin the west and the watershed of theMolonglo Riverin the north-east. These boundaries were set to give the ACT an adequate water supply.[38]The ACT extends about 88.5 km (55.0 mi) north-south between 35.124°S and 35.921°S, and 57.75 km (35.88 mi) west-east between 148.763°E and 149.399°E.[note 1]The city area ofCanberraoccupies the north-eastern corner of this area.
The Australian Capital Territory includes the city ofCanberraand some towns such asWilliamsdale,Oaks Estate,Uriarra Village,TharwaandHall.The Australian Capital Territory also contains agricultural land (sheep,dairy cattle,vineyardsand small amounts of crops) and a large area of national park (Namadgi National Park), much of it mountainous and forested.
Tidbinbilla is a locality to the south-west of Canberra that features theTidbinbilla Nature Reserveand theCanberra Deep Space Communication Complex,operated by the United States'NASAas part of itsDeep Space Network.TheSouthern Tablelands Temperate Grasslandstraddles the state.
The territory includes a large range of mountains, rivers and creeks, largely contained within theNamadgi National Park.These include the Naas and Murrumbidgee Rivers.
In September 2022, it was announced that the border between NSW and the ACT would change for the first time since it was created in 1911.[39]ACT chief ministerAndrew Barrsaid NSW premierDominic Perrottethad agreed to a proposed border change of 330 ha (1.3 sq mi) in theGinninderrawatershed.[40]
Climate
editThe territory has a relatively dry, continental climate, experiencing warm to hot summers and cool to cold winters.[41]Under theKöppen-Geiger classification,the territory has anoceanic climate(Cfb).[42]
January is the hottest month with an average high of 27.7 °C.[41]July is the coldest month when the average high drops to 11.2 °C (52.2 °F).[41]The highest maximum temperature recorded in the territory was 44.0 °C on 4 January 2020. The lowest minimum temperature was −10.0 °C on 11 July 1971.[41]
Rainfall varies significantly across the territory.[41]Much higher rainfall occurs in the mountains to the west of Canberra compared to the east.[41]The mountains act as a barrier during winter with the city receiving less rainfall.[41]Average annual rainfall in the territory is 629mm and there is an average of 108 rain days annually.[41]The wettest month is October, with an average rainfall of 65.3mm, and the driest month is June, with an average of 39.6mm.[41]
Frost is common in the winter months.Snowis rare in Canberra's city centre, but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow-capped mountains can be seen from the city. The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968.[41]
Smoke haze became synonymous with the 2019/2020 Australian summer. On 1 January 2020 Canberra had the worst air quality of any major city in the world, with an AQI of 7700 (USAQI 949).[43]
Climate data for Canberra Airport, ACT (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1939–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 44.0 (111.2) |
42.2 (108.0) |
37.5 (99.5) |
32.6 (90.7) |
24.5 (76.1) |
20.1 (68.2) |
19.7 (67.5) |
24.0 (75.2) |
30.2 (86.4) |
32.7 (90.9) |
39.9 (103.8) |
41.6 (106.9) |
44.0 (111.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 28.7 (83.7) |
27.7 (81.9) |
24.8 (76.6) |
20.5 (68.9) |
16.3 (61.3) |
12.5 (54.5) |
11.8 (53.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.6 (61.9) |
19.9 (67.8) |
23.3 (73.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 21.2 (70.2) |
20.7 (69.3) |
17.9 (64.2) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.0 (50.0) |
6.9 (44.4) |
6.0 (42.8) |
7.4 (45.3) |
10.2 (50.4) |
13.2 (55.8) |
16.4 (61.5) |
19.1 (66.4) |
13.6 (56.5) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 13.7 (56.7) |
13.6 (56.5) |
10.9 (51.6) |
7.1 (44.8) |
3.7 (38.7) |
1.3 (34.3) |
0.2 (32.4) |
1.3 (34.3) |
3.8 (38.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
9.5 (49.1) |
11.9 (53.4) |
7.0 (44.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) |
2.8 (37.0) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
−3.7 (25.3) |
−7.5 (18.5) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−8.5 (16.7) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
−1.8 (28.8) |
0.3 (32.5) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) | 58.5 (2.30) |
56.4 (2.22) |
50.7 (2.00) |
46.0 (1.81) |
44.4 (1.75) |
40.4 (1.59) |
41.4 (1.63) |
46.2 (1.82) |
52.0 (2.05) |
62.4 (2.46) |
64.4 (2.54) |
53.2 (2.09) |
615.2 (24.22) |
Average precipitation days | 7.3 | 6.7 | 6.9 | 7.3 | 8.4 | 9.8 | 10.5 | 11.1 | 10.2 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 7.7 | 106.1 |
Mean monthlysunshine hours | 294.5 | 254.3 | 251.1 | 219.0 | 186.0 | 156.0 | 179.8 | 217.0 | 231.0 | 266.6 | 267.0 | 291.4 | 2,813.7 |
Source: Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010)[44]
source 2 = Special climate statements and climate summaries for more recent extremes[45] |
Geology
editNotable geological formations in the Australian Capital Territory include theCanberra Formation,thePittman Formation,Black Mountain SandstoneandState Circle Shale.
In the 1840sfossilsofbrachiopodsandtrilobitesfrom theSilurianperiod were discovered at Woolshed Creek nearDuntroon.At the time, these were the oldest fossils discovered in Australia, though this record has now been far surpassed.[46]Other specific geological places of interest include the State Circle cutting and the Deakinanticline.[47][48]
The oldest rocks in the ACT date from theOrdovicianaround 480 million years ago. During this period the region along with most of Eastern Australia was part of the ocean floor; formations from this period include theBlack Mountain Sandstoneformation and thePittman Formationconsisting largely ofquartz-richsandstone,siltstoneandshale.These formations became exposed when the ocean floor was raised by a majorvolcanic activityin theDevonianforming much of the east coast of Australia.
Flora and fauna
editThe environments range fromalpinearea on the higher mountains, tosclerophyllforest and towoodland.Much of the ACT has been cleared for grazing and is also burnt off bybushfiresseveral times per century. The kinds of plants can be grouped intovascular plants,that includegymnosperms,flowering plants, andferns,as well asbryophytes,lichens,fungi and freshwateralgae.Four flowering plants are endemic to the ACT. Several lichens are unique to the territory. Most plants in the ACT are characteristic of theFlora of Australiaand include well known plants such asGrevillea,Eucalyptustrees andkangaroo grass.
The native forest in the Australian Capital Territory was almost whollyeucalyptspecies and provided a resource for fuel and domestic purposes. By the early 1960s, logging had depleted the eucalypt, and concern about water quality led to the forests being closed. Interest in forestry began in 1915 with trials of a number of species includingPinus radiataon the slopes of Mount Stromlo. Since then, plantations have been expanded, with the benefit of reducing erosion in the Cotter catchment, and the forests are also popular recreation areas.[49]
The fauna of the territory includes representatives from most majorAustralian animal groups.This includes kangaroos, wallabies, koalas, platypus, echidna, emu, kookaburras and dragon lizards.
Government and politics
editTerritory government
editUnlike the States of Australia which have their own constitutions, territories like the ACT are governed under a Commonwealth statute[50]—for the ACT, theAustralian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988.[51]TheSelf-Government Actconstitutes a democratic government for the Territory consisting of a popularly electedLegislative Assemblywhich elects aChief Ministerfrom among its membership who, in turn, appoints an Executive consisting of a number of Ministers.
The executive power of the Territory rests with theACT Government,led by the Executive. The Executive is chaired by the Chief Minister (currently theLabor Party'sAndrew Barr) and consists of Ministers appointed by them. The Executive are supported by the ACT Public Service, which is arranged into directorates, and a number of public authorities.[52]The Chief Minister is the equivalent of aState Premierand sits on the National Cabinet.[53]Unlike the States and the Northern Territory, there is novice-regal representativewho chairs the Executive. The Chief Minister performs many of the roles that a state governor normally holds in the context of a state; however, the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly gazettes the laws and summons meetings of the Assembly.
TheACT Labor partyhas held Government since 2001.
The legislative power of the Territory is vested in the unicameralLegislative Assembly.The Assembly consists of 25memberswho are elected fromfive electoratesusing theHare-Clarksingle transferable voting system.[54]The Assembly is presided over by the Speaker (currently the Labor Party'sJoy Burch). The Assembly has almost all of the same powers as the state parliaments, the power to "make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Territory", with limited exceptions relating to the Territory's unique relationship with the Commonwealth.[55]The Hare-Clark voting system was adopted aftera referendum in 1992and was entrenched by another referendum in 1995.[56]The electoral system cannot be changed except by a two-thirds majority in the Assembly or a majority vote of support at a public referendum.[57]
There is no level oflocal governmentbelow the Territory government as in the States and the functions associated with local government are carried out principally by theTransport Canberra and City Services Directorate.[58]There is an indigenous voice to the ACT Government, called theAboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Elected Body.[59]
Despite the wide powers of the Territory government, the federal government continues to have power over the Territory. This includes an unused power to dissolve the Assembly and appoint a caretaker government in extraordinary circumstances.[60]The federal and territory governments share some officers, such as theOmbudsman.[61]The federal parliament also retains the power to make any law for the Territory undersection 122 of the Constitutionand an exclusive power to legislate for the "seat of government".[50][62]Territory laws which conflict with federal law are inoperable to the extent of the inconsistency.[63][64]Land in the Territory that is designated to be "National Land" under federal law remains under the control of the federal government, usually represented by theNational Capital Authority.[65]The federal parliament can disallow laws enacted by the Assembly by a joint resolution of both houses of Parliament, a power which replaced a federal executive veto in 2011.[66][67]
Judiciary and policing
editThe judicial power of the Territory is exercised by the territory courts. These courts are theSupreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory,theMagistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territoryand theACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal.It is unique in that the territory does not have an intermediary court like other mainland states and territories; there is only the superior court and a court of summary jurisdiction. From 2001, appeals from the Supreme Court are heard by a panel of Supreme Court judges sitting as the Court of Appeal.[68]The current Chief Justice isLucy McCallumand the current Chief Magistrate isLorraine Walker.
TheFederal Courthas concurrent jurisdiction over civil matters arising under Territory law, a fact which has become increasingly important to the practice ofdefamation lawacross Australia.[69][70][71]
Policing services are provided by theACT Policingunit of theAustralian Federal Policeunder agreements between the territory government, the federal government, and the police force.[72][73][74]Canberrahad the lowest rate of crime of any capital city in Australia as of February 2019[update].[75]
Federal representation
editIn Australia'sFederal Parliament,the ACT is represented by five federal members: three members of theHouse of Representativesrepresent theDivision of Bean,theDivision of Canberraand theDivision of Fenner,and it is one of only two territories to be represented in the Senate, with twoSenators(the other being the Northern Territory). The Member for Bean and the ACT Senators also represent the constituents ofNorfolk Island.The Member for Fenner and the ACT Senators also represent the constituents of theJervis Bay Territory.
Jervis Bay Territory
editIn 1915, theJervis Bay Territory Acceptance Act 1915created theJervis Bay Territoryas an annex to the Federal Capital Territory. While the Act's use of the language of "annexed" is sometimes interpreted as implying that the Jervis Bay Territory was to form part of the Federal Capital Territory, the accepted legal position is that it has been a legally distinct territory from its creation despite being subject to ACT law and, prior to ACT self-government in 1988, being administratively treated as part of the ACT.[76]
In 1988, when the ACT gained self-government, Jervis Bay was formally pronounced as a separate territory administered by the Commonwealth known as the Jervis Bay Territory. However, the laws of the ACT continue to apply to the Jervis Bay Territory.[8]Magistrates from the ACT regularly travel to the Jervis Bay Territory to conduct court.[77]
Another occasional misconception is that the ACT retains a small area of territory on the coast on theBeecroft Peninsula,consisting of a strip of coastline around the northern headland of Jervis Bay. While the land is owned by the Commonwealth Government, that area itself is still considered to be under the jurisdiction of New South Wales government, not a separate territory nor a part of the ACT.[78]
Demographics
editTheAustralian Bureau of Statisticsestimates that the population of the territory was 453,324 on 31 December 2021, with an annual growth in 2021 of 0.4%.[1]A 2019 projection estimated the population would reach to approximately 700,000 by 2058.[79][80]
The overwhelming majority of the population reside in the city of Canberra.[1]
At the2016 census,the median weekly income for people in the territory aged over 15 was $998 while the national average was $662.[9]
The average level of degree qualification in the ACT is higher than the national average. Within the ACT, 37.1% of the population hold a bachelor's degree level or above education compared to the national figure of 20%.[9]
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1950 | 19,921 | — |
1955 | 31,393 | +57.6% |
1960 | 51,208 | +63.1% |
1965 | 84,411 | +64.8% |
1970 | 137,300 | +62.7% |
1979 | 218,995 | +59.5% |
1980 | 222,885 | +1.8% |
1985 | 251,649 | +12.9% |
1990 | 282,263 | +12.2% |
1995 | 305,308 | +8.2% |
2000 | 343,655 | +12.6% |
2005 | 366,339 | +6.6% |
2010 | 397,692 | +8.6% |
2011 | 404,973 | +1.8% |
2012 | 410,821 | +1.4% |
2013 | 416,737 | +1.4% |
2014 | 422,747 | +1.4% |
2015 | 428,843 | +1.4% |
2016 | 435,036 | +1.4% |
2017 | 441,318 | +1.4% |
2018 | 447,692 | +1.4% |
2019 | 452,497 | +1.1% |
2020 | 457,330 | +1.1% |
2021 | 462,213 | +1.1% |
City and towns
editThe Australian Capital Territory consists of the city ofCanberraand some towns includingWilliamsdale,Oaks Estate,Uriarra,TharwaandHall.
The urban areas of the Australian Capital Territory are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven districts (with an eighth currently under construction), each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities. The districts were settled in the following chronological order:
- North Canberra:mostly settled in the 1920s and '30s, with expansion up to the 1960s, now 14 suburbs;
- South Canberra:settled from the 1920s to '60s, 13 suburbs;
- Woden Valley:first settled in 1963, 12 suburbs;
- Belconnen:first settled in 1967, 25 suburbs;
- Weston Creek:settled in 1969, 8 suburbs;
- Tuggeranong:settled in 1974, 19 suburbs;
- Gungahlin:settled in the early 1990s, 18 suburbs although only 15 are developed or under development;
- Molonglo Valley:first suburbs currently under construction.
The North and South Canberra districts are substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.[81]In 1967, the thenNational Capital Development Commissionadopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in the Australian Capital Territory a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,[82]with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.[82]
Ancestry and immigration
editBirthplace[note 2] | Population |
---|---|
Australia | 269,682 |
England | 12,739 |
Mainland China | 11,334 |
India | 10,405 |
New Zealand | 4,722 |
Philippines | 3,789 |
Vietnam | 3,340 |
United States | 2,775 |
Sri Lanka | 2,774 |
Malaysia | 2,431 |
South Korea | 2,283 |
At the2021 census,the most commonly nominated ancestries were:[note 3][84]
The2021 censusshowed that 32.5% of the ACT's inhabitants wereborn overseas.[84]Of inhabitants born outside of Australia, the most prevalent countries of birth were India, England, China, Nepal and New Zealand.[84]
2.0% of the population, or 8,949 people, identified asIndigenous Australians(Aboriginal AustraliansandTorres Strait Islanders) in 2021.[note 6][84]
Language
editAt the2021 census,71.3% of people spoke only English at home. The other languages most commonly spoken at home wereMandarin(3.2%),Nepali(1.3%),Vietnamese(1.1%),Punjabi(1.1%),Hindi(1.0%).[84]
Religion
editThe most common responses in the2021 censusfor religion in the territory were No Religion (43.5%), Catholic (19.3%), Anglican (8.2%), Not stated (5.2%) and Hinduism (4.5%).[84]
Culture
editEducation
editAlmost all educational institutions in the Australian Capital Territory are located withinCanberra.The ACT public education system schooling is normally split up intoPre-School,Primary School (K-6), High School (7–10) andCollege(11–12) followed by studies at University or Institute of Technology. Many private high schools include years 11 and 12 and are referred to as colleges. Children are required to attend school until they turn 17 under theACT Government's "Learn or Earn" policy.[86]
In February 2004 there were 140public and non-governmental schoolsin ACT; 96 were operated by the Government and 44 are non-Government.[87]In 2005, there were 60,275 students in the ACT school system. 59.3% of the students were enrolled in government schools with the remaining 40.7% in non-government schools. There were 30,995 students in primary school, 19,211 in high school, 9,429 in college and a further 340 in special schools.[88]
As of May 2004, 30% of people in the ACT aged 15–64 had a level of educational attainment equal to at least a bachelor's degree, significantly higher than the national average of 19%.[89]The two main tertiary institutions are theAustralian National University(ANU) inActonand theUniversity of Canberra(UC) inBruce.There are also two religious university campuses in Canberra: Signadou is a campus of theAustralian Catholic Universityand St Mark's Theological College is a campus ofCharles Sturt University.Tertiary level vocational education is also available through the multi-campusCanberra Institute of Technology(CIT).
TheAustralian Defence Force Academy(ADFA) and theRoyal Military College, Duntroon(RMC) are in the suburb ofCampbellin Canberra's inner northeast. ADFA teaches military undergraduates andpostgraduatesand is officially a campus of theUniversity of New South Waleswhile Duntroon providesAustralian ArmyOfficertraining.
TheAcademy of Interactive Entertainment(AIE) offers courses in computer game development and 3D animation.
Sport
editThe Australian Capital Territory is home to a number of major professional sports league franchise teams including theACT Brumbies(Rugby Union),Canberra United(Soccer),Canberra Raiders(Rugby League),Canberra Capitals(Basketball) and theCanberra Chill[90][91](Field Hockey).
ThePrime Minister's XI(Cricket), started byRobert Menziesin the 1950s and revived byBob Hawkein 1984, has been played every year atManuka Ovalagainst an overseas touring team.
TheGreater Western Sydney Giants(Football) play three regular season matches a year and one pre-season match in Canberra at Manuka Oval.
Arts and entertainment
editThe territory is home to many national monuments and institutions such as theAustralian War Memorial,theNational Gallery of Australia,theNational Portrait Gallery,theNational Library,[92]theNational Archives,[93]theAustralian Academy of Science,[94]theNational Film and Sound Archiveand theNational Museum.[92]Many Commonwealth government buildings in the Australian Capital Territory are open to the public, includingParliament House,theHigh Courtand theRoyal Australian Mint.[95][96][97]
Lake Burley Griffin is the site of theCaptain James Cook Memorialand theNational Carillon.[92]Other sites of interest include theTelstra Tower,theAustralian National Botanic Gardens,theNational Zoo and Aquarium,theNational Dinosaur MuseumandQuestacon – the National Science and Technology Centre.[92][98]
TheCanberra Museum and Galleryinthe cityis a repository of local history and art, housing a permanent collection and visiting exhibitions.[100]Several historic homes are open to the public: Lanyon and Tuggeranong Homesteads in theTuggeranong Valley,[101][102]Mugga-Mugga inSymonston,[103]and Blundells' Cottage inParkesall display the lifestyle of the early European settlers.[104]Calthorpes' House inRed Hillis a well-preserved example of a 1920s house from Canberra's very early days.[105]
The Australian Capital Territory has many venues for live music and theatre: theCanberra Theatre and Playhousewhich hosts many major concerts and productions;[106]andLlewellyn Hall(within theANU School of Music), a world-class concert hall are two of the most notable.[107]The Albert Hallwas Canberra's first performing arts venue, opened in 1928. It was the original performance venue for theatre groups such as the Canberra Repertory Society.[108]
There are numerous bars and nightclubs which also offer live entertainment, particularly concentrated in the areas ofDickson,Kingstonandthe city.[109]Most town centres have facilities for a community theatre and a cinema, and all have a library.[110]Popular cultural events include theNational Folk Festival,theRoyal Canberra Show,theSummernatscar festival,Enlightenfestival and theNational Multicultural Festivalin February.[111]
Media
editThe Australian Capital Territory has a daily newspaper,The Canberra Times,which was established in 1926.[112][113]There are also several free weekly publications, including news magazinesCity NewsandCanberra Weekly.
Major daily newspapers such as theDaily TelegraphandSydney Morning Heraldfrom Sydney,The AgeandHerald Sunfrom Melbourne as well as national publicationsThe Australianand theAustralian Financial Revieware also available for purchase via retail outlets or via home delivery in the Australian Capital Territory.
There are a number of AM and FM stations broadcasting throughout the ACT (AM/FM Listing). The main commercial operators are theCapital Radio Network(2CAand2CC), andSouthern Cross Austereo/ARN Media(Hit 104.7andMix 106.3). There are also several community operated stations as well as the local and national stations of theAustralian Broadcasting Corporation.
A DAB+ digital radio trial is also in operation, it simulcasts some of the AM/FM stations, and also provides several digital only stations (DAB+ Trial Listing).
Five free-to-air television stations service the territory:
- ABCCanberra (ABC)
- SBSNew South Wales/Australian Capital Territory (SBS)
- WIN TelevisionSouthern NSW & ACT (WIN) –Nine Networkaffiliate
- Prime7Southern NSW & ACT (CBN) – ASeven Networkowned & operated station,Seven Networkaffiliate
- Southern Cross 10Southern NSW & ACT (CTC) –Network 10affiliate
Each station broadcasts a primary channel and severalmultichannels.
Pay televisionservices are available fromFoxtel(via satellite) and telecommunications companyTransACT(via cable).[114]
Infrastructure
editHealth
editThe Australian Capital Territory has two large public hospitals both located in Canberra: the approximately 600-bedCanberra HospitalinGarranand the 174-bed Calvary Public Hospital inBruce.Both are teaching institutions.[115][116][117][118]The largest private hospital is the Calvary John James Hospital inDeakin.[119][120]Calvary Private Hospital in Bruce andHealthscope's National Capital Private Hospital in Garran are also major healthcare providers.[115][117]
The Australian Capital Territory has 10 aged care facilities. ACT's hospitals receive emergency cases from throughout southern New South Wales,[121]andACT Ambulance Serviceis one of four operational agencies of theACT Emergency Services Authority.[122]NETSprovides a dedicated ambulance service for inter-hospital transport of sick newborns within the ACT and into surrounding New South Wales.[123]
Transport
editThe automobile is by far the dominant form of transport in the Australian Capital Territory.[124]The city is laid out so that arterial roads connecting inhabited clusters run through undeveloped areas of open land or forest, which results in a low population density;[125]this also means that idle land is available for the development of future transport corridors if necessary without the need to build tunnels or acquire developed residential land. In contrast, other capital cities in Australia have substantially less green space.[126]
Australian Capital Territory's localitiesare generally connected byparkways—limited accessdual carriagewayroads[124][127]with speed limits generally set at a maximum of 100 km/h (62 mph).[128][129]An example is theTuggeranong Parkwaywhich links Canberra's CBD and Tuggeranong, and bypasses Weston Creek.[130]In most districts, discrete residential suburbs are bounded by main arterial roads with only a few residential linking in, to deter non-local traffic from cutting through areas of housing.[131]
ACTION,the government-operated bus service, provides public transport throughout the Australian Capital Territory.[132]CDC Canberraprovides bus services between the Australian Capital Territory and nearby areas of New South Wales (MurrumbatemanandYass)[133]and as Qcity Transit (Queanbeyan).[134]Alight rail linethat opened in April 2019 links the CBD with the northern district ofGungahlin.At the 2016 census, 7.1% of the journeys to work involved public transport while 4.5% were on foot.[135]
There are two local taxi companies.Aerial Capital Groupenjoyed monopoly status until the arrival of Cabxpress in 2007.[136]In October 2015, the ACT Government passed legislation to regulate ride sharing, allowing ride share services includingUberto operate legally in the Australian Capital Territory.[137][138][139]The ACT Government was the first jurisdiction in Australia to enact legislation to regulate the service.[140]
An interstateNSW TrainLinkrailway service connects Canberra to Sydney.[141]Canberra's railway stationis in the inner south suburb ofKingston.[142]Train services to Melbourne are provided by way of a NSW TrainLink bus service which connects with a rail service between Sydney and Melbourne in Yass, about a one-hour drive from Canberra.[141][143]
Canberra is about three hours by road from Sydney on theFederal Highway(National Highway 23),[144]which connects with theHume Highway(National Highway 31) nearGoulburn,and seven hours by road from Melbourne on theBarton Highway(National Highway 25), which joins the Hume Highway at Yass.[144]It is a two-hour drive on theMonaro Highway(National Highway 23) to the ski fields of theSnowy Mountainsand theKosciuszko National Park.[143]Batemans Bay,a popular holiday spot on the New South Wales coast, is also two hours away via theKings Highway.[143]
Canberra Airportprovides direct domestic services toSydney,Melbourne,Brisbane,Adelaide,Gold Coast,HobartandPerth,with connections to other domestic centres.[145]There are also direct flights to regional cities:DubboandNewcastlein New South Wales. Regular direct international flights operate to Singapore andDohafrom the airport daily, but both with a stopover in Sydney before Canberra.[146][147]Canberra Airport is, as of September 2013, designated by theAustralian Government Department of Infrastructure and Regional Developmentas a restricted use designated international airport.[148]Until 2003, the civilian airport shared runways withRAAF Base Fairbairn.In June of that year, the Air Force base was decommissioned and from that time the airport was fully under civilian control.[149]
Utilities
editThe government-ownedIcon Water,formerly ACTEW, manages the territory's water and sewerage infrastructure.[151]ActewAGLis a joint venture between Icon andAGL,and is the retail provider of Australian Capital Territory's utility services including water, natural gas, electricity, and also some telecommunications services via a subsidiaryTransACT.[152]
Australian Capital Territory's water is stored in four reservoirs, the Corin, Bendora and Cotter dams on theCotter Riverand the Googong Dam on the Queanbeyan River. Although the Googong Dam is located in New South Wales, it is managed by the ACT government.[153]Icon Water owns Australian Capital Territory's two wastewater treatment plants, located atFyshwickand on the lower reaches of theMolonglo River.[154][155]
Electricity for the Australian Capital Territorymainly comes from the national power grid through substations atHoltandFyshwick(viaQueanbeyan).[156]Power was first supplied from a thermal plant built in 1913, near the Molonglo River, but this was finally closed in 1957.[157][158]The ACT has four solar farms, which were opened between 2014 and 2017:Royalla(rated output of 20 megawatts, 2014),[159]Mount Majura(2.3 MW, 2016),[150]Mugga Lane(13 MW, 2017)[160]andWilliamsdale(11 MW, 2017).[161]In addition numerous houses in Canberra have photovoltaic panels or solar hot water systems. In 2015 and 2016, rooftop solar systems supported by the ACT government's feed-in tariff had a capacity of 26.3 megawatts, producing 34,910 MWh. In the same year, retailer-supported schemes had a capacity of 25.2 megawatts and exported 28,815 MWh to the grid (power consumed locally was not recorded).[162]
The ACT has the highest rate with internet access at home (94 per cent of households in 2014–15).[163]
Economy
editThe economic activity of the Australian Capital Territory is heavily concentrated around the city of Canberra.
A stable housing market, steady employment and rapid population growth in the 21st century have led to economic prosperity and, in 2011,Commsecranked the ACT as the second best performing economic region in the country.[164]This trend continued into 2016, when the territory was ranked the third best performing out of all of Australia's states and territories.[165]
In 2017–18, the ACT had the fastest rate of growth in the nation due to a rapid growth in population, a strongly performing higher education sector as well as a significant housing and infrastructure investment.[166]
Higher education is the territory's largest export industry.[166][167]The ACT is home to a significant number of universities and higher education providers. The other major services exports of the ACT in 2017–18 were government services and personal travel.[167]The major goods exports of the territory in 2017–18 were gold coin, legal tender coin, metal structures and fish, though these represent a small proportion of the economy compared to services exports.[167]
The economy of the ACT is largely dependent on the public sector with 30% of the jobs in the territory being in the public sector.[168]Decisions by the federal government regarding the public service can have a significant impact on the territory's economy.[168]
The ACT's gross state product in 2017–18 was $39.8 billion which represented 2.2% of the overall gross domestic product of Australia.[167]In 2017–18 the ACT economy grew by 4.0 per cent, the highest growth rate of any jurisdiction in Australia. This brought real economic growth over the three years to June 2018 to 12 per cent.[169]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Limits plotted on Google Maps: north: 35.12452°S, 149.12091°E (Gungahlin); east: 35.31918°S, 149.39928°E (Kings Highway); south: 35.92076°S, 149.04608°E (near Bumbalong); west: 35.49551°S, 148.76268°E (Mount Franklin Rd, near Bimberi).
- ^In accordance with the Australian Bureau of Statistics source, England,Scotland,Mainland Chinaand the Special Administrative Regions of Hong Kong andMacauare listed separately.
- ^As a percentage of all people in that area, including those who did not state an ancestry.
- ^The Australian Bureau of Statistics has stated that most who nominate "Australian" as their ancestry are part of theAnglo-Celticgroup.[85]
- ^Includes those identifying as havingAboriginal AustraliansorTorres Strait Islandersancestry. Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
- ^Of any ancestry. Includes those identifying asAboriginal AustraliansorTorres Strait Islanders.Indigenous identification is separate to the ancestry question on the Australian Census and persons identifying as Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander may identify any ancestry.
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External links
edit- Government of the Australian Capital Territory
- Legislative Assembly of the Australian Capital Territory
- Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory
- Statistical Subdivisions of the Australian Capital Territory
- List of public art in Australian Capital Territory
- Geographic data related toAustralian Capital TerritoryatOpenStreetMap