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Avengers (comics)

This article is about the Marvel Comics team. For the comic books that feature this team, seeThe Avengers (comic book).For the Marvel Cinematic Universe adaptation, seeAvengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe).

TheAvengersare a team ofsuperheroesappearing inAmerican comic bookspublished byMarvel Comics,created by writer-editorStan Leeand artist/co-plotterJack Kirby.The team made its debut inThe Avengers#1 (cover-dated September 1963). Labeled "Earth's Mightiest Heroes", the original Avengers consisted ofIron Man,Ant-Man,Hulk,Thorand theWasp.Captain Americawas discovered trapped in ice in issue #4, and joined the group after they revived him. The Avengers are an all-star ensemble cast of established superhero characters from theMarvel Comicsportfolio. Diegetically, these superheroes usually operate independently but occasionally assemble as a team to tackle especially formidable villains. This in contrast to certain other superhero teams such as theX-Men,whose characters were created specifically to be part of their team, with the team being central to their identity. The Avengers were created to create a new line of books to sell and to cross-promoteMarvel Comicscharacters.

The Avengers
Cover ofThe Avengers(vol. 3) #38 (March 2001).
Depicting (left-to-right):Hulk,Iron Man,Wasp,Thor,Vision,Captain America,Wonder Man,Hank Pym(as Goliath),Scarlet Witch,Carol Danvers(as Warbird),Quicksilver,andDelroy Garrett(as Triathlon).
Art byAlan Davis.
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
First appearanceThe Avengers#1 (September1963)
Created byStan Lee(writer/editor)
Jack Kirby(artist/co-plotter)
In-story information
Base(s)
Member(s)
Roster
See:List of Avengers members

An Iron Man fan might buy an Avengers book because Iron Man appears in them, and perhaps in turn take an interest in Thor, who appears in the same book as Iron Man's friend and comrade.[2]The cast usually features a few highly popular characters who have their own solo books, such as Iron Man, alongside a number of lesser-known characters who benefit from exposure, such asQuicksilver,Wonder ManandTigra.[3]

The Avengers have appeared in a wide variety of media outside of comic books, including several different animated television series and direct-to-video films. Beginning in 2008,theywere adapted in afilm seriesfromMarvel Studios,known as theMarvel Cinematic Universe,culminating withThe Avengersin 2012, with more appearances of the team in subsequent films.

Publication history

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Further information:List of Avengers titles
The debut of the original Avengers:The Avengers#1 (Sept. 1963). Cover art byJack KirbyandDick AyersThe five founding members were: Iron Man, Thor, Ant-Man, The Wasp, and The Hulk.

The team debuted inThe Avengers#1 (September 1963). Much like theJustice League,the Avengers were an assemblage of superheroes who each had an existing series of his own. All of the characters were created byStan LeeandJack Kirby.This initial series, published bi-monthly through issue #6 (July 1964) and monthly thereafter ran through issue #402 (Sept. 1996), with spinoffs including severalannuals,miniseriesand a giant-size quarterly sister series that ran briefly in the mid-1970s.[4]Writers of the first series includedRoy Thomas,Steve Englehart,Gerry Conway,Jim Shooter,David MichelinieandRoger Stern.Artists includedJohn Buscema,Tom Palmer,Neal Adams,George Perez,John ByrneandSteve Epting.

Other spinoff series includeWest Coast Avengers,initially published as a four-issue miniseries in 1984, followed by a 102-issue series (Oct. 1985–Jan. 1994), retitledAvengers West Coastwith #47;[5][6]and the 40-issueSolo Avengers(Dec.1987–Jan. 1991), retitledAvengers Spotlightwith #21.[7][8]

Between 1996 and 2004, Marvel relaunched the primary Avengers title three times. In 1996, the "Heroes Reborn"line took place in an alternate universe, with a revamped history unrelated to mainstream Marvel continuity.

The Avengersvol. 3 ran for 84 issues from February 1998 to August 2004. Early issues were written byKurt Busiekand pencilled byGeorge Perez.To coincide with what would have been the 500th issue of the original series, Marvel changed the numbering, andThe Avengers#500–503 (Sept.– Dec. 2004), theone-shotAvengers Finale(Jan. 2005)[9]became the "Avengers Disassembled"storyline and final issues. In January 2005, a new version of the team appeared in the ongoing titleThe New Avengers,[10]followed byThe Mighty Avengers,Avengers: The Initiative,andDark Avengers.Avengersvol. 4 debuted in July 2010 and ran until January 2013.[11]Vol. 5 was launched in February 2013.[12]AfterSecret Wars,a new Avengers team debuted, dubbed theAll-New, All-Different Avengers,starting with aFree Comic Book Daypreview.[13]FollowingCivil War II,the book was relaunched in 2016 asAvengers,while retaining the same writer and much of the cast from theAll-New, All-Differentrun.[14]The series ran for 11 issues before reverting to the numbering of the originalAvengersseries with issue #672. Starting with issue #675, all four Avengers titles being published at the time (Avengers,Uncanny Avengers,U.S. AvengersandOccupy Avengers) were merged into a single weekly series dubbedAvengers: No Surrender, lasting 16 issues,designed to close out this era of the team's history.[15]

Following the conclusion ofNo Surrenderin 2018, the series was relaunched again asAvengers.[16]

Fictional history

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1960s

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When theAsgardiangodLokiseeks revenge against his brotherThor,his machinations unwittingly lead teenagerRick Jonesto collectAnt-Man(Hank Pym), theWaspandIron Manto help Thor and theHulk,the latter of whom Loki used as a pawn. After the group vanquished Loki, Ant-Man stated that the five worked well together and suggested they form a team; the Wasp named the groupAvengers.[17][18]

The roster changed almost immediately; in the second issue (November 1963), Ant-Man became Giant-Man, and at the end of the issue, the Hulk left once he realized how much the others feared his unstable personality.[19]Captain Americajoined the team in issue #4 (March 1964),[20][21]and he was given "founding member" status in the Hulk's place.[22]The Hulk, upset about being replaced by Captain America and the apparent betrayal by Rick, sought revenge against the Avengers, who teamed up with theFantastic Fourto stop him inThe Fantastic Four#26 (May 1964).[23]The Avengers went on to fight foes such asBaron Zemo,who formed theMasters of Evil,[24]Kang the Conqueror,[25][26]Wonder Man,[27][28]andCount Nefaria.[29][30]

The next milestone came when every member but Captain America resigned; they were replaced by three former villains:Hawkeyeand the Maximoff twins,Scarlet WitchandQuicksilver (Marvel Comics).[31][32][33]Giant-Man, now calling himself Goliath,[34]and the Wasp rejoined.[34]Herculesbecame part of the team,[35]while theBlack Knight[36]and theBlack Widow[37]abetted the Avengers but did not become members until years later.Spider-Manwas offered membership but did not join the group.[38]TheBlack Pantherjoined after rescuing the team from theGrim ReaperandKlaw.[39][40]The X-Men#45 (June 1968) featured a crossover withThe Avengers#53 (June 1968).[41][42]This was followed by the introduction of the androidVision.[43][44]Pym assumed the new identity of Yellowjacket in issue #59,[45]and married the Wasp the following month.[46]

The Avengers headquarters was in a New York City building calledAvengers Mansion,courtesy of Tony Stark (Iron Man's real identity). The mansion was serviced byEdwin Jarvis,the Avengers' faithful butler,[47]and furnished with state of the art technology and defense systems, and included the Avengers' primary mode of transport: the five-engineQuinjet.

The prequel comicAvengers#1 1/2 (Dec. 1999), by writer Roger Stern and artist Bruce Timm, told a retro-style story taking place between issues #1 and #2, detailing Ant-Man's decision to transform himself into Giant-Man.[48]

1970s

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The team encountered new characters such asArkonin issue #75 (April 1970)[49]andRed Wolfin #80 (Sept. 1970).[50]The team's adventures increased in scope as the team crossed into an alternate dimension and battled theSquadron Supreme,[51][52][53]and fought in theKree-Skrull War,[54][55][56]an epic battle between the alienKreeandSkrullraces and guest-starred the Kree hero,Captain Marvel.The Avengers briefly disband when Skrulls impersonating Captain America, Thor, and Iron Man used their authority as founders of the team and disbanded it.[57]The true founding Avengers, minus the Wasp, reformed the team in response after complaints from Jarvis.[58]

Mantisjoined the team along with the reformedSwordsman.[59]"The Avengers-Defenders Clash" storyline crossed over between the two team titles.[60][61][62]"The Celestial Madonna" arc linked Mantis' origins to the very beginnings of the Kree-Skrull conflict in a time-spanning adventure involving Kang the Conqueror,[63]andImmortus,who were past and future versions of each other.[64][65][66]Mantis was revealed to be the Celestial Madonna,[67]who was destined to give birth to a being that would save the universe.[68]It was revealed that the Vision's body had only been appropriated, and not created by Ultron, and that it had belonged to the 1940sHuman Torch.With his origins clear to him, the Vision proposed to the Scarlet Witch. The "Celestial Madonna" saga ended with their wedding, presided over by Immortus.[69][70]TheBeastandMoondragonjoined the team soon after.[71]A seven-part story featured the Squadron Supreme and theSerpent Crown.[72]

Other classic storylines included "The Bride of Ultron",[73][74]the "NefariaTrilogy ",[75][76][77]and "TheKorvacSaga ", which featured nearly every Avenger who joined the team up to that point.[78][79]Henry Peter Gyrichbecame the Avengers' liaison to theUnited States National Security Council.[76][80]Gyrich was prejudiced against superhumans and acted in a heavy-handed, obstructive manner, and insisted that the Avengers follow government rules and regulations or else lose their priority status with the government. Among Gyrich's demands was that the active roster be trimmed down to only seven members, and that theFalcon,anAfrican American,be admitted to the team to comply withaffirmative actionlaws. This last act was resented by Hawkeye, who because of the seven-member limit lost his membership slot to the Falcon.[81]The Falcon, in turn, was unhappy to be the beneficiary of what he perceived to betokenism,and decided to resign from the team, after which Wonder Man rejoined.[82]The true origins of Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch were revealed in a three-part story that ran in issues #185–187 (July–Sept. 1979).[83]After this adventure, the Scarlet Witch took a leave of absence andMs. Marvelofficially joined the team as her replacement.[84]

1980s

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The first major development was the breakdown of Henry Pym,[85]with his frequent changes of costume and name being symptomatic of an identity problem and aninferiority complex.After he abused his wife, failed to win back the confidence of the Avengers with a ruse and was duped by the villainEgghead,Pym was jailed.[86]Pym would later outwit Egghead and defeated the latest incarnation of the Masters of Evil single-handedly, and proved his innocence.[87]Pym reconciled with the Wasp, but they decided to remain apart.[88]Pym retired from super-heroics,[88]but returned years later.[89]

This was followed by several major storylines, such as "Ultimate Vision" in which the Vision took over the world's computer systems in a misguided attempt to create world peace;[90][91][92][93]the formation of theWest Coast Avengers;[94][95]and "Avengers Under Siege" which involved the secondBaron Zemoand the Masters of Evil taking over the mansion and severely injuring Jarvis and Hercules.[96]"Assault on Olympus" featured Hercules' father, Zeus, blaming the Avengers for his son's injuries and brought them to Olympus for trial,[97]and the "Heavy Metal" arc saw theSuper Adaptoidorganized several robotic villains for an assault on the team.[98]New members during the 1980s includedTigra;[99]theShe-Hulk;[100]Monica Rambeau(then going by the name Captain Marvel);[101]Starfox(the brother ofThanos);[102]Hawkeye's wife,Mockingbird;[94]andNamor,[103]while Henry Pym emerged from retirement to join the West Coast Avengers.[89]Spider-Man was again offered membership,[104]but failed to gain admission due to security concerns by the Avengers' government liaison.[105]

The villainNebulafalsely claimed to be the granddaughter ofThanos.[106]The team relocated for a period to a floating island off the coast of New York called Hydrobase after Avengers Mansion was severely damaged during the events in "Under Siege".[107]Hydrobase was later sunk during theActs of Vengeancecrossover.[108]

The Avengers and West Coast Avengers changed to allow members to be active when available and reserved when not available and merged the two separate Avengers teams into one team with two bases.[109]The Vision had his personality fundamentally altered, along with the discovery that the children of the Scarlet Witch and the Vision were actually illusions. The loss of the Scarlet Witch's children and the Vision, who was disassembled by government agents in retaliation for theUltimate Visionstoryline, drove her insane, although she eventually recovered and rejoined the team. This story revealed that the Scarlet Witch's powers included wide-range reality manipulation and she was what the time-traveling Immortus refers to as a "nexus being" setting the stage for 2004's eventualChaosandAvengers Disassembledstorylines.[110]This played out in theDarker than Scarletstoryline which ran inAvengers West Coastfrom issues #51–62 (Nov. 1989–Sept. 1990). The Avengers titles in late 1989 were involved in the major crossover event "Acts of Vengeance"where Loki assembled many of Marvel's arch-villains, his inner circle consisted of Doctor Doom,Magneto,Kingpin,Mandarin,Wizard,andRed Skull,in a plot to destroy the team. Loki orchestrated a mass breakout of villains from prison facility, theVault,as part of his "Acts of Vengeance" scheme, but he ultimately failed in his goal to destroy the Avengers.

1990s

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The U.S. government revoked the Avengers' New York State charter in a treaty with the Soviet Union. The Avengers then received a charter from the United Nations and the Avengers split into two teams again with a substitute reserve team backing up the main teams.[111]

At this point, ongoing storylines and character development focused on the Black Knight,Sersi,Crystal,Hercules, the Vision, and the Black Widow. Their primary antagonists in this run were the mysteriousProctorand his team of other-dimensional Avengers known as the Gatherers. During this period, the Avengers found themselves facing increasingly murderous enemies and were forced to question their rule against killing.[112]

This culminated in "Operation: Galactic Storm",a 19-part storyline that ran through all Avengers-related titles and showcased a conflict between the Kree and theShi'ar Empire.[113]The team split when Iron Man and several dissidents executed theSupreme Intelligenceagainst the wishes of Captain America. After a vote disbanded theWest Coast Avengers,Iron Man formed a proactive and aggressive team calledForce Works.[114]During the team's first mission, Wonder Man was killed again, though his atoms were temporarily scattered. Force Works later disbanded after it was revealed that Iron Man became a murderer via the manipulations of the villain Kang,[115]the same storyline seeing Iron Man sacrificing himself and being replaced by his teenage counterpart from a parallel timeline.

During theHeroes Rebornevent, many of the Avengers together with theFantastic Fourand others, died trying to stop the psychic entityOnslaught,although it was revealed thatFranklin Richardspreserved those heroes in a pocket universe. Believing the main team to be gone, theBlack Widowdisbanded the Avengers, and only butler Edwin Jarvis remained to tend to the Mansion.

The previous continuity of theMarvel Universewas set aside as the heroes were "reborn" in the pocket universe created by Franklin Richards to save his parents and their friends, while the "Heroes Reborn"line ended[116]and the heroes returned to the prime Marvel Universe. This restoration also undid recent changes to the team members such as the Wasp being mutated into an insectoid state, Hawkeye being rendered deaf, and Stark being replaced by his teenage self, attributed to Franklin's childish perception recreating the heroes in the manner he was more familiar with.

After the Heroes Reborn series concluded, the Avengers comic was restarted with vol. 3 #1 written byKurt Busiekand pencilled byGeorge Pérez.New members during this run included the revived Wonder Man,Justice,Firestar,Silverclaw,andTriathlon.The Avengers fought many of their traditional villains such as theGrim Reaper,[117][118]Ultron,[119]Count Nefaria,andKang the Conqueror.[120]Thelimited seriesAvengers Forever,starting during this period, was a time travel story that explored the history of the Avengers and resolved many outstanding questions about Kang and Immortus's past manipulations of the team, featuring various Avengers from the past (Captain America immediately after "Secret Empire",Hank Pym early in his Yellowjacket delusion, and Hawkeye just after the Kree-Skrull war), present (Hank Pym as Giant-Man and Janet as the Wasp) and possible futures (Genis-Vell and Songbird) working alongside Kang the Conqueror and Rick Jones as part of Kang's attempt to escape his perceived 'destiny' as Immortus.

2000s

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The Avengers were granted international authority by the United Nations. Members joining during that period includedJack of Heartsand the secondAnt-Man.A newCaptain Britainwas added to the team. The "Avengers Disassembled"storyline followed.[121][122]TitledChaos,the story featured the deaths of some members and a loss of credibility for the team. The culprit is revealed to be theScarlet Witch,who had gone insane after agonizing over the memory of her lost children and who subsequently lost control of her reality-altering powers.[123]With the team in disarray and Avengers Mansion ruined, the surviving members agreed to disband.

A new Avengers team formed, in the seriesNew Avengersafter a group of heroes banded together to thwart a break-out at super-villain prison the Raft, composed of Iron Man, Captain America,Luke Cage,Wolverine,Ronin,Spider-Man,[124]Spider-Woman,and the mysteriousSentry.[125]This was soon followed by theHouse of Mevent.

In the company-wide "Civil War"story arc, Marvel superheroes were split over compliance with the U.S. government's newSuperhuman Registration Act,which required all superpowered persons to register their true identities with the federal government and become agents of same. The New Avengers disbanded, with a rebel underground starring in a series retainingThe New Avengersin itstrademarkedcover logo andNew Avengersin itscopyrightindicia.Luke Cage led this team, consisting of himself,Echo,Ronin, Spider-Man, Spider-Woman, Wolverine,Iron Fist,andDoctor Strange.During the long-termSecret Invasionby the shape-shifting alien race theSkrulls,it was revealed that Spider-Woman had been abducted and replaced by the Skrull queenVerankebefore she even joined the team. After the Skrulls' defeat, Spider-Woman was rescued along with other abducted and replaced heroes. During the company-wide story arc "Dark Reign",Echo and Iron Fist left the team and the Avengers gainedMs. Marvel,Bucky Barnesas a fill-inCaptain America,andMockingbird.

Iron Man, in the seriesThe Mighty Avengers,formed a team under the aegis of the government'sFifty State Initiativeprogram, and took up residency in New York City, joined byAres,theBlack Widow,the Sentry, theWasp,Wonder Man,and leader Carol Danvers as Ms. Marvel.[126][127]After the events of theSecret Invasionstory arc,Norman Osbornassumed control of the formerly S.H.I.E.L.D.-sponsored Avengers, now under the auspices of his own agency, H.A.M.M.E.R. All but Ares and the Sentry left this team — the Wasp appeared to have died — and the team migrated to the seriesDark Avengers.Osborn recruitedMarvel Boyto pose as Captain Marvel andDakento pose as his father,Wolverine,bringing Moonstone, Bullseye, and Venom from his previousThunderboltsteam to impersonate Ms. Marvel, Hawkeye, and Spider-Man respectively.

InThe Mighty Avengers,Pym, assumed the Wasp identity in tribute to his fallen ex-wife, led a new team of Avengers, and claimed the name for his team as he was the only founding Avenger on any of the three active Avengers rosters (Wasp and Cap were dead, Thor was acting solo, and Iron Man was on the run from Osborn). His team operated under a multinational umbrella group, the Global Reaction Agency for Mysterious Paranormal Activity (GRAMPA). This team featured the roster ofHercules,Amadeus Cho,Stature,the Vision,Jocasta,U.S. Agent,Quicksilver,Magneto,and Pym.Lokiin disguise as theScarlet Witchwas a recurring character. Iron Man and the Hulk were briefly with them.

2010s

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After Osborn's Dark Avengers are exposed as criminals and their attack on Asgard was thwarted, the next iteration of the Avengers roster consists ofThor,Hawkeye,Spider-Man,Wolverine,Captain America,Spider-Woman,Iron Man,and team leaderMaria Hill.[128]Steve Rogers,briefly eschewing his Captain America persona, responds to Luke Cage's concerns about the team reverting to old methods by granting Cage's "New Avengers" recognition as an official team independent of Stark's more traditional Avengers. Bucky Barnes as Captain America joined the main Avengers, while Iron Fist,Power Woman,and theThingjoined Cage's team, Spider-Man and Wolverine maintaining dual membership in both teams. Rogers was an occasional presence andVictoria Handwas added as a government liaison for the New Avengers with Rogers's backing.

A second series, titledSecret Avengers,was released in May 2010, written byEd BrubakerwithMike Deodatoas the regular artist.[129]The second volume of theNew Avengersseries was launched in June 2010, written by Bendis and drawn byStuart Immonen.[130]A fourth title,Avengers Academy,was launched in June 2010, replacingAvengers: The Initiative.Christos Gageserved as writer, withMike McKoneas artist.[131]

Following a meeting between Rogers andMI-13,Captain Britainaccepts a position with the Avengers.[132]Noh-Varrlater does as well.[133]Bruce Bannermade arrangements with Rogers for theRed Hulkto join.[134][135]

The "Shattered Heroes"storyline leads to several changes in the main Avengers lineup, withQuakeandStormbeing recruited, and theVisionrejoining the team. Wolverine and Spider-Man leave the main team and become more involved with theNew Avengers.[136]During the events of the "Avengers vs. X-Men"storyline, Storm quits to side with her fellow mutants as a member of the X-Men. The Avengers dismiss Noh-Varr after he attempted to betray the team, though ultimately he did not. The conflict ends with both teams united but defeated by an unrepentantCyclops.A new series,Uncanny Avengers,debuted in the flagship title of theMarvel NOW!initiative. The title is written byRick Remenderwith art byJohn Cassaday,and the team contains members of both the Avengers and the X-Men.[137]As well, a biweeklyAvengerstitle was launched, written byJonathan Hickmanand drawn by different artists for each story arc.[138]Hickman also began writingNew Avengers.[139] During the 2014 "AXIS"storyline, when a now-evil Scarlet Witch invades Latveria, Doctor Doom forms his own team of Avengers consisting of 3D Man, Elsa Bloodstone, Stingray, Valkyrie, and U.S. Agent.[140]After various heroes and villains experience a moral inversion in the battle against the Red Skull empowered with Professor Charles Xavier's abilities, Rogers later assembles Magneto, Doctor Doom, the Absorbing Man, Carnage, Deadpool, the Enchantress, the Hobgoblin, the fifth Jack O'Lantern, Loki, Mystique, and Sabretooth, all temporarily 'inverted' to act as heroes, to assist he and Spider-Man in defeating the inverted Avengers and X-Men until the original spell can be undone.[141]During the "Time Runs Out"storyline,Sunspotcreated a team of the Avengers, consisting of himself, Black Widow, Cannonball, Manifold, Pod, Shang-Chi, Smasher, Spider-Woman, Validator, and the Children of the Sun. The "Multiversal Avengers" division of this team consists of Abyss, the Ex Nihili (including Ex Nihilo), Hyperion, Nightmask, Odinson, and Star Brand.[142]

Following the destruction and reconstruction of reality in the 2015 "Secret Wars"storyline, a new team is created known as Avengers Idea Mechanics, set to tackle Avengers-level threats beyond simply fighting villains, while the Avengers Unity Squad continues to operate to support mutant relations. Iron Man forms a new team of Avengers in theAll-New All-Different Avengersseries consisting of himself, the Vision,Nova,Ms. Marvel(Kamala Khan),Spider-Man(Miles Morales), Captain America (Sam Wilson), andThor(Jane Foster).[143]Following the "Civil War II",storyline, the title was canceled and replaced with a new volume of the regularAvengerstitle. The roster was also changed, where following Iron Man being placed in a coma, and Spider-Man, Nova, and Ms. Marvel's resignation from the team (who instead teamed up with other heroes their own age to form their own group theChampions[144]), the remaining three members are joined by Spider-Man (Peter Parker),HerculesandWasp(Nadia Pym) to form a new team.[145]

During the 2017 "Secret Empire"storyline, when Captain America was 'reprogrammed' to believe that he had been a Hydra sleeper agent since childhood, the Hydra regime formed their own Avengers. This team consisted of Odinson (Thor currently doubting his worth and believing that Rogers must be 'right' as he could wield Mjolnir when Thor couldn't, unaware that Hydra had used the cosmic cube to change the nature of the enchantment), Deadpool, a Chthon-possessed Scarlet Witch, Vision (who was suffering from an A.I. Virus created byArnim Zola),Taskmaster,Eric O'Grady'sLife Model DecoycounterpartBlack Ant,andDoctor Octopus' Superior Octopus appearance.[146]However, in the final stand, Odinson rejects Rogers' authority and sides with his old allies, while the Vision's daughter purges him of the virus and Brother Voodoo exorcises Chthon from the Witch. Taskmaster and Black Ant free the imprisoned Champions in exchange for leniency, and the true version of Steve Rogers was restored, using Mjolnir against his counterpart.[147]

In May 2018, another volume for the series was launched as part of Marvel'sFresh Startinitiative, written byJason Aaronand drawn byEd McGuinness.This new volume also saw the return of the main three core members, as Steve Rogers and Thor met up with Tony Stark to convince him to reassemble the group with themselves at its core. The reunion was consolidated by the machinations of Loki, who facilitated the arrival of the world-threatening Dark Celestials as a ploy to get the Avengers back in action, resulting in the participation ofBlack Panther,Captain Marvel,She-Hulk,Ghost RiderandBlade,with the Black Panther being elected chairperson. After the Dark Celestials were defeated, the Celestials set upright the corpse of the long-time dead Progenitor in the North Pole. The Avengers refurbished the Progenitor's corpse, transforming it into their base of operations, the Avengers Mountain.[148]

2020s

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Team roster

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Main article:List of Avengers members

The Avengers team lineup is known for being perpetually fluid and changing, with many members coming and going, often more than once. The founding members of the team wereIron Man,Thor,Hulk,Ant-Manand theWasp.Hulk left after a single issue, which would become a running gag among splinter team members (for example,Spider-Manleaving the second incarnation of the Avengers Unity Division), and his founder status was retroactively filled in byCaptain America.Later additions and frequent members includeHawkeye,Wonder Man,Falcon,Black Panther,Captain Marvel,Scarlet Witch,Quicksilver,andVision,among others.

There are also numerous splinter teams that have formed, starting with theWest Coast Avengersin 1984. Each of these splinter teams tends to specialize in a way the main team does not. Members of these teams can be on other splinter teams or on the main team. These teams are, in alphabetical order:

Of these teams, only the main team, Avengers World, the Great Lakes Avengers, the Savage Avengers, and the Young Avengers are currently active. Additionally, all members of theFantastic Four,as well as various members of theX-Men,Heroes for Hire,and other prominent Marvel teams have served as members of the Avengers.

Enemies

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Main article:List of Avengers enemies

The Avengers have a long list of villains they frequently face.

Some of the most recurring includeUltron,Kang the Conqueror,LokiandThanos.

Cultural impact and legacy

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Critical response

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Abraham Josephine Riesman ofVultureincluded the Avengers team in their "12 Teams That Defined Superhero Storytelling" list.[149]Michael Doran ofNewsaramaranked the Avengers team 1st in their "Best Superhero Teams of All Time" list.[150]Comic Book Resourcesasserted, "The Avengers are known as Earth's mightiest heroes, and that appellation is self-explanatory. The team combines Marvel's greatest heroes into one powerful unit, an assemblage of heroes that faces down the deadliest threats the Marvel Universe can throw at them. The team has proven to be one of the most potent groups in all of comics, boasting legendary heroes and battling in titanic wars for the fate of all reality,"[151]and ranked the Avengers team 1st in their "10 Most Important Marvel Hero Teams" list,[152]1st in their "Every Marvel Superhero Team" list,[153]1st in their "Marvel: The 10 Strongest Superhero Teams" list,[154]and 2nd in their "Marvel: 10 Most Powerful Teams" list.[155]

Poushali Guharauth ofSportskeedaranked the Avengers 1st in their "10 Best Superhero Teams of All Time" list.[156]Jason Serafino ofComplexranked the Avengers 2nd in their "10 Best Superhero Teams In Comics" list.[157]Chris Isaac ofScreen Rantthe Avengers team 2nd in their "15 Best Superhero Teams Of All Time" list.[158]Geoff Boucher ofDeadlineranked the Avengers team 3rd in their "Stan Lee's Legacy: Ranking The Hollywood Heroes Co-Created By The Marvel Comics Icon" list.[159]

Impact

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Most of the characters that appear inMarvel Comics' books are set in the same fictional universe, known as theMarvel Universe.They occasionally make guest appearances in each other's books, and more regularly in team books, such asThe Avengers.Such crossovers encouraged readers to buy other books in the Marvel Comics catalogue, and readers became engrossed not just in the individual characters but in their web of relationships across the broader setting.DC Comicspioneered this idea with theJustice Society of Americaand theJustice League,likewise promoting and developing theDC Universe.Many readers devoted themselves to just one of these two comic book universes. After all, they were both quite large and didn't overlap. Thus, the superhero fan community developed sub-communities of DC devotees and Marvel devotees.[2]

Marvel Cinematic Universe

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Main article:Reception of the Marvel Cinematic Universe

Marvel Studiosrepeated this business strategy when it produced theMarvel Cinematic Universe(MCU), culminating with the release ofThe Avengersin 2012. Before the MCU, superhero movies were usually isolated productions mostly because of licensing issues, but theshared universemodel has led to its continued growing success. In response,Warner Brothers(which owns DC Comics) began to produce its own series of interconnected superhero movies known as theDC Extended Universe(DCEU), culminating withJustice Leaguein 2017. Movies tend to have bigger audiences than comic books, so, the general public are more aware that the likes ofWonder Womanand Captain America existed in separate universes owned by different companies. The movies raised brand awareness of DC Comics and Marvel Comics.

As of June 2022, the MCU is the highest-grossing film franchise in history, having collectively grossed over $26 billion in box-office revenue, more than twice that by the second largest franchise,Star Wars.[160]

Theme park attractions

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Avengers Campus

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Main article:Avengers Campus

After the acquisition by Disney in 2009, Marvel films began to be marketed at theInnoventionsattraction inTomorrowlandatDisneyland.ForIron Man 3,the exhibit, entitled "Iron Man Tech Presented by Stark Industries", featured the same armor display that was shown at the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con, with the Marks I-VII and the new Mark XLII. In addition, there was a simulator game, titled "Become Iron Man", that usedKinect-like technology to allow the viewer to be encased in an animated Mark XLII armor and take part in a series of "tests," in which you fire repulsor rays and fly through Tony Stark's workshop. The game was guided by J.A.R.V.I.S., who is voiced again by Paul Bettany. The exhibit also had smaller displays that included helmets and chest pieces from the earlier films and the gauntlet and boot from an action sequence inIron Man 3.[161]The exhibit forThor: The Dark Worldwas called "Thor: Treasures of Asgard", and featured displays ofAsgardianrelics and transports guests toOdin's throne room, where they were greeted by Thor.[162]Captain America: The Winter Soldier's exhibit, "Captain America: The Living Legend and Symbol of Courage", featured a meet and greet experience.[163]

From May to September 2017, Disneyland Resort featured the "Summer of Heroes", which sees members of the Guardians and Avengers making appearances throughout the Disneyland Resort. Additionally, the Guardians of the Galaxy: Awesome Dance Off event was featured, which involvedPeter Quill / Star-Lordblasting music from his boombox, along with the Avengers Training Initiative, a limited experience whereBlack WidowandHawkeye"assemble a group of young recruits to see if they have what it takes to be an Avenger." Marvel-related food and merchandise was also available throughoutHollywood LandatDisney California Adventureduring the "Summer of Heroes".[164]

In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced three new Marvel-themed areas inspired by the MCU to Disney California Adventure,Walt Disney Studios Paris,andHong Kong Disneyland.The developments will be designed byWalt Disney Imagineeringin collaboration with Marvel Studios and Marvel Themed Entertainment.[citation needed]As was established withGuardians of the Galaxy – Mission: Breakout!,Avengers Campus exists in its own theme park universe that is inspired by the MCU.[165]Being in the MCU multiverse, Avengers Campus has a shared history with the MCU proper, with a few notable exceptions beingthe BlipfromAvengers: Infinity Wardid not occur, and some characters who died, such as Tony Stark, are still alive.[citation needed]

Walt Disney Studios Park

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In March 2018, the Walt Disney Company announced a new Marvel-themed area inspired by the MCU toDisneyland Paris' Walt Disney Studios Park. The area includes a reimagined attraction where riders team up with Iron Man and other Avengers on a "hyper-kinetic adventure" on July 20, 2022.[166]The park also hosted the "Summer of Super Heroes" live-action stage show from June–September 2018.[167]

Avengers: Quantum Encounter

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Main article:Disney Wish

In July 2021, the immersive family dining experience "Avengers: Quantum Encounter" at the Worlds of Marvel restaurant on theDisney Wishcruise line was announced, which debuted when the cruise began voyages on July 14, 2022.[168][169]The experience takes place during dinner with interactive elements and a full CGI recreation of theWish's upper decks.[170]Paul Rudd,Evangeline Lilly,Anthony Mackie,Brie Larson,Kerry Condon,andIman Vellanireprised their MCU roles,[171][172]whileRoss MarquandvoicedUltronafter previously doing so inWhat If...?,in which he replacedJames Spader.[171]Chris Waittdirected Rudd and Lilly's content, which was written by Steven Spiegel and featured visual effects by Framestore.[173][174]

Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.

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In May 2014, theAvengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.(Scientific Training and Tactical Intelligence Operative Network) exhibit opened at theDiscovery Times Squarecenter. The exhibit features replica set pieces, as well as actual props from the films, mixed with interactive technology and information, crafted through a partnership withNASAand other scientists. Titus Welliver also provides a "debrief" to visitors, reprising his role as S.H.I.E.L.D. agentFelix Blake.Created by Victory Hill Exhibits,Avengers S.T.A.T.I.O.N.cost $7.5 million to create,[175][176]and ran through early September 2015.[177]

The exhibit also opened inSouth Koreaat theWar Memorial of Koreain April 2015,[178][179]in Paris, France, atEsplanade de La Défensea year later, and in Las Vegas at theTreasure Island Hotel and Casinoin June 2016.[179]The Las Vegas version of the exhibit featured updated character details and corresponding science to incorporate the Marvel films that have released since the original exhibit in New York. Additionally, the Las Vegas version features Cobie Smulders reprising her role as Maria Hill to "debrief" visitors, replacing Welliver.[180]

Avengers: Damage Control

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In October 2019, Marvel Studios andILMxLABannounced thevirtual realityexperienceAvengers: Damage Control.The experience would be available for a limited time starting in mid-October 2019 at selectVoid VRlocations.Avengers: Damage Controlsees players taking control of one of Shuri's Emergency Response Suits–which combine Wakandan and Stark Industries technologies–to defeat a threat alongside Doctor Strange, Ant-Man, and the Wasp.Letitia Wright,Benedict Cumberbatch,Paul Rudd,andEvangeline Lillyall reprise their MCU roles,[181]while Ross Marquand voices Ultron, replacing James Spader.[182]The experience was extended to the end of 2019.[183]

Other versions

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1950s Avengers

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Main article:Agents of Atlas

A short-lived team of superheroes in the 1950s called themselves theAvengers.It consisted ofMarvel Boy,Venus,the3-D Man,Gorilla-Man,M-11,Jimmy Woo,Namora,andJann of the Jungle,[184]and existed in analternate timelinethat was erased by the time-manipulatingImmortus.[185]Agents of Atlas,a version of the group without 3-D Man and Jann, existed in mainstream continuity and eventually reformed in the present day.[186]

Age of Apocalypse

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A humanized version of the Avengers banded together during theAge of Apocalypseand were known as the Human High Council.[187][188]

Avengers 1959

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Main article:Avengers 1959

TheNew Avengersvol. 2, #10 revealed another 1950s Avengers team, formed byNick Furyto hunt the last remnants ofNazi Germanyand consisted of Fury himself,Dominic Fortune,Dum Dum Dugan,Namora,Silver Sable,Sabretooth,Kraven the Hunter,andUlysses Bloodstone.A follow-up miniseries penned byHoward Chaykinshowed this group assisted byBlonde Phantom,Eric Koenigand a brand new character British wizard and spy, Powell McTeague. That time they fought against a cult based on the Nazi party which employed several agents, includingBaron BloodandBrain Drain.

Avengers (1,000,000 B.C. version)

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In the one-shot issue that ties in with "Marvel Legacy",there was a version of the Avengers that existed back circa 1,000,000 B.C. The line-up consists ofAgamotto,Odin,Lady PhoenixandStone Ageversions ofBlack Panther,Ghost Rider,Iron Fist,andStar Brand.This group first came together to defeat an out-of-controlCelestialcalled the Fallen where they defeated it and sealed it underground somewhere in South Africa.[189][190]

Avengers (1000 A.D. version)

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During the 11th century, it is revealed that Thor had formed that time period's version of the Avengers with Boldof the Black, the Black PantherNehanda,Chief Hellhawk,theAtlantean Gale who wielded the Iron Fist,and aSasquatchSorcerer SupremenamedMurkfoot.[191][192]

Avengers Forever

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One of the timelines seen inAvengers Foreveris an alternate future whereMartianshave ravaged Earth and killed most of its heroes. An older version ofBlack Pantherleads a team of Avengers consisting ofKillraven,Living Lightning,Jocasta,a newCrimson Dynamo,andThundra.[193]

Avengers Next

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Main article:A-Next

In the alternate future timeline known asMC2,the Avengers disbanded and Avengers Mansion was a museum. An emergency forced Edwin Jarvis to sound an alert, and a new generation of heroes formed a new team of Avengers. Most of the new Avengers were children of established Marvel superheroes.

House of M: Avengers

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In an alternate reality which was created by the Scarlet Witch, the Avengers were a street gang of superpowered humans formed by Luke Cage in Hell's Kitchen, a human ghetto in the mutant-ruled reality. Although they were initially criminals, the disenfranchised human residents came to view the Avengers as their protectors and would often go to Cage when the mutant authorities refused to help them.[194]

Marvel 2099

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InMarvel 2099,the Avengers were mentioned in this timeline where it was mentioned that Captain America, Thor, Iron Man, and Hulk were known members.[195]

On the unified reality of Earth-2099, there was a group of Avengers that consisted of Black Widow,Black Widow 2098,Cable, Captain America,Daredevil (Samuel Fisk),Frankenstein's Monster,a2099 version of Grey Hulk,Iron Man,Moon Knight,Phastos,Relur,Roman the Sub-Mariner,Strange,and Thor.[196]WhenDoom 2099brought an end of the Heroic Age, it had affected the Avengers in different ways.[197]Black Widow 2098, Daredevil, Frankenstein's Monster, Grey Hulk, Phastos, Relur, Roman the Sub-Mariner, and Strange were killed by the2099 version of Masters of Evil.Cable and Moon Knight survived with the latter forming the2099 version of the New Avengerswho successfully avenged the fallen Avengers by defeating the Masters of Evil and having them remanded to a prison on the planet Wakanda.[198]

Marvel Zombies

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The Avengers existed as a team prior to a zombie contagion's arrival in the original Marvel Zombies universe and resembled their pre-disassembled roster. When several of their members were infected, they set about eating humanity and sent out a bogus "Avengers Assemble" call to draw super-humans to the Avengers Mansion, infected more heroes and thus spread the virus. The team fell apart and many of its members were killed as time passed.[199]

The second team of zombie Avengers appeared inMarvel Zombies Return,set in another timeline where the original zombies had been sent after the final battle. That team was brought together to find food and kill any resistance (zombie or uninfected) and was led bySentry.Also on the team were the zombiesMoon Knight,Namor,Quasar,Quicksilver,Thundra,andSuper-Skrull.They were joined by zombie Giant-Man of the original Zombiverse, who was trying to power a dimensional teleporter, but were all killed bySpider-Man's New Avengers. The team was composed of himself with Iron Man (James Rhodes, who had escaped infection by the zombie virus by amputating his bitten limbs and replacing them with cybernetic implants), Sandman, and the zombie Hulk and Wolverine.[200]

Secret Wars

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During the "Secret Wars"storyline, the different domains ofBattleworldhave different versions of the Avengers:

  • In the Battleworld domain of Spider-Island, the Avengers were taken over by the same spider-virus turning them into Man-Spiders that obeyed the Spider-Queen's every command. It took a combination of Man-Wolf's gemstone, Morbius the Living Vampire's serum, the Lizard serum, and the Goblin formula to free some of the Avengers. After the Spider-Queen was defeated, Spider-Island is now a domain filled with Man-Spiders, Dinosaur People, Lizard People, Bird People, Vampires, and Werewolves.[201]
  • In the Battleworld domain of the Regency, Hawkeye has kept the Avengers alive in S.H.I.E.L.D. after most of its members and other known superheroes were defeated byRegent.[202]
  • In the Battleworld domain of Marville, the Avengers are children and consist of Captain America, Black Widow, Captain marvel, Falcon, Hawkeye, Hulk, Iron Man, Nick Fury, Scarlet Witch, She-Hulk, Spider-Man, Thor, Vision, and War Machine.[203]
  • In the Battleworld domain of the Kingdom of Manhattan, elements of Earth-616 and Earth-1610 helped to make this domain which caused a new reality that is a fusion of both with characters from both realities co-existing. The Avengers consisted of Captain America (Sam Wilson), Captain America (Steve Rogers), Black Widow, Hawkeye, Hulk's Doc Green form, Iron Man, Ms. Marvel, Spider-Man, Thor, War Machine, Wasp, Wonder Man, and the Unity Division (Rogue, Quicksilver, Sabretooth, Scarlet Witch, and Vision) while the Ultimates consisted of Ben Grimm, Captain America, Hawkeye, Human Torch, Invisible Woman, Iron Man, and Thor.[204]
  • In the Battleworld domain of the City, the Holy Wood section of it has its version of the Avengers led by Baron Simon Williams and consists of Black Panther, Black Widow, Captain Marvel, Hercules, Jocasta, Moondragon, Vision, and Yellowjacket.[205]
  • In the Battleworld domain of 2099, the Avengers are a team of corporate superheroes sponsored byAlchemax.The group consists ofCaptain America(a Latina woman named Roberta Mendez),Black Widow(an African-American woman named Tania),Iron Man(adwarfnamed Sonny Frisco),Hawkeye(a human/hawk hybrid named Max), andHercules.[206]
  • In the Battleworld domain of the Walled City of New York, the Avengers are allied with S.H.I.E.L.D.'s part of the domain and consist of Captain America, Hulk, Iron Man, Rage, Scarlet Witch, She-Hulk, Spider-Man, and Thor.[207]

Ultimate Marvel

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Main article:Ultimates

In theUltimate MarvelUniverse, the Avengers are named theUltimates,and were formed byGeneral Nicholas Furyto protect America against superhuman threats. They first appeared inThe UltimatesbyMark MillarandBryan Hitch.[208][209]After the events ofThe Ultimates 2,the team left S.H.I.E.L.D. employment to become independent and financed byTony Stark.[210]

A Black Ops team called theAvengersdebuted sometime after theUltimatumstoryline. This version was a project headed up by Nick Fury and Tony Stark's brotherGregory Starkto bring Captain America back. Its known members consisted ofWar Machine,Hawkeye,Black Widow II,Spider (an Asian in an orange and purple Spider-Man outfit who once claimed to be a spliced clone ofSpider-ManandProfessor Xfrom the future),Tyrone Cash(who was the original Hulk beforeBruce Banner),Red Wasp(a former Liberators member), andNerd Hulk(an intelligent clone of Hulk who lacks Hulk's rage).[211]Additional members includedPunisher(who joined the Avengers against aGhost Ridermanhunt)[212]and the half vampireBlade(who joined the group to help against avampireinvasion).[213]

In other media

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Main articles:Avengers (comics) in other mediaandAvengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

Television

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Three animated series have been based on the team.

  • The Avengers: United They Standwas mainly based on the Roy Thomas era of the group, and ran from 1999 to 2000.
  • The Avengers: Earth's Mightiest Heroeswas based on the early adventures of the team, but also used many elements from other runs. The TV show ran for two seasons, from 2010 to 2012, and started presenting the original Avengers line-up founded by Iron Man, Thor, Ant-Man, Wasp and the Hulk, who leaves the group after battling Amora the Enchantress and Skurge. Captain America later joins the team, replacing him.
  • Avengers Assembleis mainly based on the MCU iteration of the group and premiered on May 26, 2013. The show also changed its title toAvengers: Ultron Revolution(2016),Avengers: Secret Wars(2017) andAvengers: Black Panther's Quest(2018).
  • The Avengers appear in theDisney JuniorseriesSpidey and His Amazing Friends.

Film

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Marvel Animationhas made three Avengers films,Ultimate Avengers,Ultimate Avengers 2,andNext Avengers.

Marvel Cinematic Universe

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Main article:Avengers (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

The Avengers are prominent in current popular culture due to theMarvel Cinematic UniversefromMarvel Studios.

See also

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References

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  1. ^Ridgely, Charlie (September 20, 2018)."The Avengers Get a Crazy New Home Base".Comic Book.RetrievedDecember 27,2019.
  2. ^abKaveney (2008),Superheroes!,p. 28:"Crossovers, in which a character from one comic produced by a house visited the story of another, meant that there was a chance that readers who were not buying the first comic would start to buy it in addition to the second. Team-up comics like theJustice League of Americawere even more likely to interest readers in characters they had not previously bothered with. "
  3. ^Hickey (2011),An Incomprehensible Condition,p. 19
  4. ^The Avengersat theGrand Comics Database
  5. ^West Coast Avengersvol. 2at theGrand Comics Database
  6. ^Avengers West Coastat theGrand Comics Database
  7. ^Solo Avengersat theGrand Comics Database
  8. ^Avengers Spotlightat theGrand Comics Database
  9. ^Avengers Finaleat theGrand Comics Database
  10. ^The New Avengersat theGrand Comics Database
  11. ^The Avengersvol. 4at theGrand Comics Database
  12. ^The Avengersvol. 5at theGrand Comics Database
  13. ^Morse, Ben (2015-03-26)."All-New, All-Different Avengers Assemble!".Marvel Comics.Archivedfrom the original on January 5, 2016.
  14. ^Moore, Trent (4 October 2016)."First look at Mark Waid's relaunched, flagship Avengers comic set after Civil War II".syfy.com.Archived fromthe originalon 22 February 2018.Retrieved21 February2018.
  15. ^"AVENGERS: NO SURRENDER is 'AVENGERS DISASSEMBLED' For the Modern Team".newsarama.com.Retrieved21 February2018.
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  18. ^DeFalco, Tom;Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1960s".Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 94.ISBN978-0-7566-4123-8.Filled with some wonderful visual action,The Avengers#1 has a very simple story: the Norse god Loki tricked the Hulk into going on a rampage... The heroes eventually learned about Loki's involvement and united with the Hulk to form the Avengers.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p),Reinman, Paul(i). "The Space Phantom"The Avengers,no. 2 (Nov 1963). Marvel Comics.
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  25. ^Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Ayers, Dick (i). "Kang, the Conqueror"The Avengers,no. 8 (Sep 1964). Marvel Comics.
  26. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 101: "Time travel had fascinated writers of speculative fiction ever since H. G. Wells publishedThe Time Machine,so Stan Lee and Jack Kirby introduced their own master of time inThe Avengers#8. "
  27. ^Lee, Stan (w),Heck, Don(p), Ayers, Dick (i). "The Coming of the Wonder Man!"The Avengers,no. 9 (Oct 1964). Marvel Comics.
  28. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 102: "Created to infiltrate and destroy the Avengers, Wonder Man ultimately sacrificed himself to save them."
  29. ^Lee, Stan (w), Heck, Don (p), Ayers, Dick (i). "Trapped in the Castle of Count Nefaria!"The Avengers,no. 13 (Feb 1965). Marvel Comics.
  30. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 106: "Europe's wealthiest nobleman, Count Nefaria, had a terrible secret: he was also the most powerful crime lord on Earth. Created by Stan Lee and Don Heck, Nefaria secretly ran the worldwide criminal organization called the Maggia."
  31. ^Lee, Stan (w), Kirby, Jack (p), Ayers, Dick (i). "The Old Order Changeth!"The Avengers,no. 16 (May 1965). Marvel Comics.
  32. ^Daniels, Les(1991).Marvel: Five Fabulous Decades of the World's Greatest Comics.New York, New York:Harry N. Abrams.p. 111.ISBN978-0-8109-3821-2.Stan Lee has admitted that by this period the intertwined tales of the Marvel Universe were beginning to confuse even him. Keeping top heroes like Thor active inThe Avengerswithout contradicting the information in Thor's own series was becoming a chore. A changing of the guard was the result forThe Avengers.
  33. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 108: "No super hero team in the history of comic books had ever gone through such a massive overhaul. A new precedent had been set! The Avengers line-up continued to change and evolve over the years."
  34. ^abLee, Stan (w), Heck, Don (p),Ray, Frankie(i). "Among Us Walks a Goliath!"The Avengers,no. 28 (May 1966). Marvel Comics.
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  38. ^Manning, Matthew K.; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2012). "1960s".Spider-Man Chronicle Celebrating 50 Years of Web-Slinging.London, United Kingdom:Dorling Kindersley.p. 36.ISBN978-0-7566-9236-0.Spider-Man nearly became an Avenger in this lead story [ofThe Amazing Spider-Man Annual#3 (1966)] written by [Stan] Lee with layouts by [John Romita Sr.] and pencils by Don Heck. Packaged... in a 72-paged oversized special, '... To Become an Avenger' saw Spidey actively recruited for Avengers membership.{{cite book}}:|first2=has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  46. ^DeFalco "1960s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 134: "Janet Van Dyne (the Wasp) and Hank Pym... finally tied the knot inThe Avengers#60. "
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  56. ^Sanderson "1970s" in Gilbert (2008), p. 150: "Unprecedented in Marvel history, this epic spanned nine issues ofThe Avengers.The saga began inThe Avengers#89. "
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  • Roz Kaveney (2008).Superheroes!: Capes and Crusaders in Comics and Films.Bloomsbury Academic.ISBN978-1-84511-569-2.
edit
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