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British Aerospace 146

(Redirected fromAvro RJ)

TheBritish Aerospace 146(alsoBAe 146) is ashort-haulandregional airlinerthat was manufactured in the United Kingdom byBritish Aerospace,later part ofBAE Systems.Production ran from 1983 until 2001.Avro International Aerospacemanufactured an improved version known as theAvro RJ.Production for the Avro RJ version began in 1992. Later on, a further-improved version with new engines, theAvro RJX,was announced in 1997, but only two prototypes and one production aircraft were built before production ceased in 2001. With 387 aircraft produced, the Avro RJ/BAe 146 is the most successful British civil jet airliner program.[1]

BAe 146 / Avro RJ
ALufthansaAvro RJ85 (ex BAe-146-200), the midsize variant
General information
TypeRegional Jet
Airliner
National originUnited Kingdom
ManufacturerBritish Aerospace
BAE Systems
Avro International
StatusIn service
Primary usersMahan Air
Number built394 (BAe 146: 221; Avro RJ: 170; Avro RJX: 3)
History
Manufactured1983–2001
Introduction dateMay 1983
First flight3 September 1981

The BAe 146/Avro RJ is a high-wingcantilevermonoplane with aT-tail.It has fourgeared turbofanengines mounted on pylons underneath the wings, and has a retractable tricyclelanding gear.The aircraft operates very quietly, and as such has been marketed under the nameWhisperjet.[2]It sees wide usage at small, city-based airports such asLondon City Airport.In its primary role, it serves as a regional jet, short-haulairliner,or regional airliner, while examples of the type are also in use asprivate jets.

The BAe 146 was produced in -100, -200 and -300 models. The equivalentAvro RJversions are designated RJ70, RJ85, and RJ100. The freight-carrying version carries the designation "QT" (Quiet Trader), and a convertible passenger-or-freight model is designated as "QC" (Quick Change). A "gravel kit"can be fitted to aircraft to enable operations from rough, unprepared airstrips.[3]

Development

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Origins

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The prototype made its first flight on 3 September 1981.

In August 1973,Hawker Siddeleylaunched a new 70-seat regional airliner project, the HS.146, to fill the gap betweenturboprop-powered airliners such as theHawker Siddeley HS.748and theFokker F27 Friendshipand small jet airliners such as theBAC One-ElevenandBoeing 737.[4][5]The concept of a feeder jet had, however, been "one of the many speculative ideas on the drawing boards of British aircraft manufacturers" as far back as 1958.[6]

The chosen configuration had a high wing and aT-tailto give good short-field performance, while the aircraft was to be powered by four 6,500 lbf thrustAvco Lycoming ALF 502H turbofan engines. There were several reasons why a twin engine configuration was not chosen,[7]this being a controversial decision for a relatively small aircraft and dictated by the choice of engine which, despite its "rugged, quiet and fuel efficient" characteristics, needed to be deployed in a four-engine configuration to provide the power and range required by the concept. Such a configuration was considered by British Aerospace to be advantageous in the event of a single engine failure, offering "exceptional three-engine performance" that would appeal to operators in mountainous environments and from "high, hot or poor grade airfields".[6]

The programme was initially launched with backing from the UK government, which agreed to contribute 50% of the development costs in return for a share of the revenues from each aircraft sold.[8]In October 1974, all work on the project was halted as a result of the world economic downturn resulting from the1973 oil crisis.[9][10][11]

Low-key development proceeded, however, and in 1978, British Aerospace, Hawker Siddeley's corporate successor, relaunched the project. British Aerospace marketed the aircraft as a quiet, low-consumption, turbofan aircraft, which would be effective at replacing the previous generation of turboprop-powered feeder aircraft.[5]The first order for the BAe 146 was placed byLíneas Aéreas Privadas Argentinasin June 1981. Prior to the first flight, British Aerospace had forecast that the smaller 146-100 would significantly outsell the 146-200 variant; however, airlines showed a higher level of interest in the larger 146-200.[12]

By 1981, a large assembly line had been completed at British Aerospace'sHatfieldsite,[12]and the first completed aircraft flew that year, quickly followed by two more prototypes.[4][13]By then, the unit cost of the 146-200 was£11 million,[12]and the program cost was£350 million.[14]Initial flight results showed better-than-predicted takeoff and climb performance.[13]In 1982, British Aerospace stated that the sale of a total 250 aircraft was necessary for the venture tobreak even.[13]The BAe 146 received itsCertificate of Airworthinesson 8 February 1983.[15]Upon its launch into service, it was hailed as being "the world's quietest jetliner".[16]

Production

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EFIScockpit in the 1993 upgraded Avro RJ

Early production aircraft were built at Hatfield, which had originally been ade Havillandfactory. The Avro RJ family of aircraft was assembled at theAvro International(BAE Systems Regional AircraftCentre) atWoodford AerodromeinGreater Manchester,England. Production of various sections of the aircraft was carried out at different BAE plants: the rear fuselage section was manufactured at the formerAvrosite atChadderton,Greater Manchester; the centre fuselage section was manufactured atFilton;the vertical stabilizer came fromBrough;the engine pylons were made atPrestwick;[17]and the nose section was manufactured at Hatfield, where the assembly line for the early aircraft was located. Some manufacturing was subcontracted outside the UK; the wings were made byTextronin the United States and thetailplaneandcontrol surfaceswere made bySaab-Scaniain Sweden.[18][19]

Due to the sales performance of the BAe 146, British Aerospace announced a development project in early 1991 to produce a new variant of the type, powered by two turbofan engines instead of four, that was offered to airlines as a regional jet aircraft. Dubbed the new regional aircraft (NRA), other proposed alterations from the BAe 146 included the adoption of a new enlarged wing and a lengthened fuselage.[20]

In 1993, the upgraded Avro RJ series superseded the BAe 146. Changes included the replacement of the original LycomingALF 502turbofan engines by higher-thrustLF 507turbofan engines, which were housed in redesignednacelles.The Avro RJ series also featured a modernised cockpit withEFISreplacing the analogue ADI, HSI, and engine instrumentation.[21]An arrangement between British Aerospace andKhazanah Nasionalwould have opened an Avro RJ production line inMalaysia,but this deal collapsed in 1997.[22]

In 2000, British Aerospace announced that it was to replace the Avro RJ series with a further-improved Avro RJX series, however on 27 November 2001 BAE announced the cancellation of the RJX programme as part of the closure of its regional aircraft business. BAE also announced 1,669 job losses and a £400m charge as part of the decision.[23]TheFinancial Timesstated that BAE had "draw[n] a line under a business that once threatened to destroy the whole group. In 1992, the regional aircraft operation blew a hole in the then British Aerospace's balance sheet, forcing it to take a £1bn write-off."[24]

Production of the Avro RJ ended with the final four aircraft being delivered in late 2003; a total of 173 Avro RJ aircraft were delivered between 1993 and 2003.[22]

Design

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Overview

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Rear view in flight with deployedairbrake

British Aerospace promoted the BAe 146 to airlines as a "feederliner" and short-haul regional airliner.[12]The airframe of the aircraft and many other key areas were designed to be as simple as possible. The engines lackthrust reversersdue to their perceived reduced effectiveness in anticipated conditions. Instead, the BAe 146 features a largeairbrakewith two petals below the tailrudderat the rear of the fuselage, which has the advantage of being usable during flight and allowing for steep descent rates if required.[25]In addition, the aircraft has full-width wingspoilers,which are deployed immediately on landing.

The aircraft proved to be useful on "high-density" regional and short-haul routes. In economy class, the BAe 146 can either be configured in a standard five-abreast layout or a high-density six-abreast layout, making it one of few regional jets that can use a six-abreast layout in economy class.[21]Reportedly, the aircraft is profitable on most routes with only marginally more than half the seats occupied.[5]

The BAe 146 is also renowned for its relatively quiet operation, a positive feature that appealed to those operators that wanted to provide services to noise-sensitive airports within cities.[21][26]The aircraft is one of only a few types that can be used on flights to London City Airport, which has a steep approach and short runway; for several years, the BAe 146 was the only conventional jet aircraft capable of flying from London City Airport.[27][28]

Features

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Five-abreast cabin, structure shown

According to the BAe 146's chief designer, Bob Grigg, making the aircraft as easy to maintain as possible and keeping operators' running costs as low as possible were considered high priorities from the start of the design process.[29]Grigg highlighted factors such as design simplicity, usingoff-the-shelfcomponents where possible, and the internal use of firm cost targets and continuous monitoring. British Aerospace also adopted a system of cost guarantees between component suppliers and the operators of the BAe 146 to enforce stringent requirements.[30]

Drawing on experience from theHawker Siddeley Tridentand theAirbus A300,both the fuselage and wing were carefully designed for a reduced part-count and complexity.[31]A high-mounted wing was adopted with an uninterrupted top surface; the BAe 146's wing did not make use ofleading-edge extensions,which also enabled a simplified fixed tailplane.[32]The undercarriage of the aircraft is toughened to resist damage and stability is maximised by the placement of landing gear, of particular value when operating from rough airstrips.[14]

The engines are not fitted with thrust reversers, instead the aircraft has a clamshellair brakein the tail and full widthspoilerson the wings.

The BAe 146 was the second aircraft, after theConcorde,to usecarbon brakes.[14]The aircraft features a low amount ofcomposite material,used in parts of the secondary structure only.[31]Initial production aircraft featured a conventional cockpit and manual flight controls.[25]At launch, the onboardauxiliary power unitconsumed only half the fuel and weighed only a third as much as other contemporary models.[31]

The aircraft can be fitted with auxiliary fuel tanks to extend its range. So-called "pannier tanks" fit in the inner wing either side of the fuselage, while more tankage can be fitted in the under-floor baggage compartment, fore and aft of the undercarriage bay.[33]

Engines

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Close view of a pair ofALF 502engines

The BAe 146 is aquadjetpowered by four Avco LycomingALF 502turbofanengines, which are fixed on pylons underneath the aircraft's high wing.[4]The ALF 502 was derived from theLycoming T55turboshaftpowerplant that powers theChinookheavy-transport helicopter. Notably, the BAe 146 has a very low level of operational noise, much lower than most competing aircraft. This was achieved largely through the use of thegeared turbofanALF 502; the gearbox allows thefan blade tipspeed to stay below the speed of sound, dramatically reducing the aircraft's noise. Additionally, other sound-deadening measures include a highbypass ratiocompared to contemporary aircraft and additional sound-damping layers built into the engine.[5]

Early on, the decision to adopt four engines for a feeder airliner rather than two was viewed as atypical by some commentators. Advantages of adopting the four-engine configuration include greater redundancy and superior takeoff performance from short runways, as well as in hot and high conditions.[4]Electrical power is primarily provided by generators located on each of the outboard engines.[21]For ease of maintenance and reduced operator costs, the ALF 502 is of amodulardesign and makes minimum use of specialist tooling.[34]

The ALF 502 has experienced multiple issues. Its internal electronics could overheat, triggering an automatic shutdown of an engine with no option for inflight restart, and certain rare atmospheric conditions could cause a loss of engine thrust due to internalicing.[35]Additionally, the BAe 146 experienced some issues with itsbleed airandcabin pressurizationsystems, leading to a number offume eventswhereirritantfumes were introduced into the cabin by the pressurizing system.[36]

Operational history

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BritishDan-Airintroduced the type in May 1983.

In May 1983, British airlineDan-Airbecame the first carrier to launch services using British Aerospace's new 146; the first revenue-earning service was flown betweenLondon Gatwick AirportandBern Airport.[37]On 1 July 1984, the first of 20 BAe 146s ordered byPacific Southwest Airlineswas officially delivered.[38]Air Wisconsinwas another major US operator of the 146, replacing their fleet of turbopropFokker F27 Friendshipswith the type.[39]In 1985,Aspen Airwaysinaugurated the first scheduled jet service intoAspen, Colorado,in theRocky Mountainsof the western U.S. with a BAe 146-100 operating from an airfield with an elevation of 7,820 feet. The BAe 146 was announced in January 1987 to have been selected to launch the first jet services from London City Airport; it was chosen due to its unmatched flying characteristics and ability to operate from so-calledSTOLports.[40]

The 146 was introduced intoRoyal Air Forceservice in 1986 until 2022 as aVIPtransport and was operated by32 (The Royal) Squadron.[41]According toFlight International,at least 25 executive aircraft have been produced for various customers; many of these had undergone conversions following airline operations.[42]

From the late 1980s until the early 2000s, the 146 was widely used for passenger services in Australia, where the type was suited to long-distance, low-volume routes; 18 were in service withAnsett Australiain 1999.[43]The BAe 146 was also operated byEast-West,taking delivery of eight from 1990, until the company was absorbed into Ansett.National Jet Systemsbegan operations under theAirlinkbrand on behalf ofAustralian Airlines(and laterQantas) in 1990, with Airlink's successorQantasLinkcontinuing to use the type until 2005. In 2005, National Jet Systems transferred operations of the BAe 146 and Avro RJ fleet to its subsidiaryNational Jet Express,which continued to operate 15 aircraft of the type in varying specification for scheduled charter operations, and whose fleet included the second production airframe, a -100 model converted to QT specification, which first flew in January 1982 as part of the testing and certification program.[citation needed]National Jet Express ceased BAe 146 and Avro RJ passenger operations in June 2022 after 32 years[44]and having operated 33 different aircraft of the type.[45]

The three main variants

The initial customer for the BAe RJ85 series wasCrossair,which took delivery of its first aircraft on 23 April 1993.[22]

Several major cargo operators have operated the type. As of 2012, the BAe 146 QT is the most numerous aircraft inTNT Airways's air freighter fleet.[46]In 2012, theRoyal Air Force(RAF) announced it would acquire the BAe 146M as an interim transport aircraft between the retirement of theLockheed C-130 Herculesand the introduction of the largerAirbus A400M Atlas,to supplement its air transport activities in Afghanistan.[41][47]In 2013, the RAF acquired two converted BAe146-200s, designated BAe146C Mk3, capable of carrying 10.6 tons of load, and fitted with a large 3.33- × 1.93-m side door.[48]The RAF also operates the BAe146 CC Mk2 inNo. 32 Squadron RAF.[48]

At present,Pionair Australia,operates a mix of -200 and -300 BAe-146 aircraft, in both freight and passenger variants, on scheduled freight charters, ad-hoc passenger charter, and pre booked air tours around Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific. National Jet Express also continues to operate a fleet of BAe 146-300QT freighters on behalf ofQantas Freight,providing overnight services to and from curfew-restrictedSydney Airportunder a type-specific exemption.[49]

On 3 May 2017, anAirlinkAvro RJ85 made the first commercial airline flight in history toSaint Helenain theSouth Atlantic Ocean,a charter flight fromCape Town,South Africa,viaMoçâmedes,Angola,toSaint Helena Airportto pick up passengers stranded when the island's only link with the outside world, the BritishRoyal Mail ShipRMSSt Helena,sufferedpropellerdamage. The flight returned to Cape Town the same day with a stop atWindhoek,Namibia.[50]It was the only commercial flight ever made to Saint Helena until Airlink began the first scheduled commercial airline service in the island's history in October 2017.[51]

Variants

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BAe 146-100 / Avro RJ70

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The BAe 146-100/Avro RJ70 is 26.2 m (86 ft) long.

The first flight of the -100 occurred on 3 September 1981, with deliveries commencing in 1983.[52]The launch customer in March 1983 was Dan-Air. From 1986,The Queen's Flightof the RAF acquired a total of three 146-100s, designatedBAe 146 CC2.These aircraft were fitted with a luxuriousbespokeinterior and operated in a VIP configuration with a capacity of 19 passengers and six crew. The BAe 146-100QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-100QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

The -100 was the last of the 146 series designs to be developed into the Avro RJ standard with first deliveries of the Avro RJ70 in late 1993. The RJ70 differed from the 146-100 in having LF 507 engines withFADECand digital avionics. The RJ70 seats 70 passengers five abreast, 82 six abreast or 94 in high-density configuration.

BAe 146-200 / Avro RJ85

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The BAe 146-200/Avro RJ85 is 28.6 m (94 ft) long

The 146-200 features a 2.41-m (7 ft 11 in) fuselage extension and reducedcost per seat mile.The -200 first flew in August 1982 and entered service six months later. The BAe 146-200QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-200QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version. Two BAe 146-200QC aircraft, designated BAe 146 C3, were converted for the RAF, with infrared countermeasures systems and flare dispensers, for use in Afghanistan.[53]

The Avro RJ85, the first RJ development of the BAe 146 family, features an improved cabin and the more efficient LF 507 engines. Deliveries of the RJ85 began in April 1993. It seats up to 112 passengers.

BAe 146-300 / Avro RJ100

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The BAe 146-300/Avro RJ100 is 31 m (102 ft) long.

British Aerospace announced its initial proposals for the -300 at the 1984Farnborough Air Show.The aircraft's fuselage was to be stretched by 3.2 metres (10 ft 6 in) compared with the -200, allowing 122 passengers to be carried at 32-inchseat pitchand 134 at 29-inch seat pitch. More powerful (33 kilonewtons (7,500 lbf)) ALF 502R-7 engines would be used, andwingletswere to be fitted to the aircraft's wingtips.[54][55]However, due to airlines favouring a lower initial price rather than minimisingseat-milecosts, the definitive 146-300 emerged as a less extreme development. Ultimately, the fuselage was stretched by 2.34 metres (7 ft 8 in), giving a capacity of 100 passengers seated five-abreast at a 31-inch seat pitch, without winglets or the proposed ALF 502R-7.[56]Deliveries began in December 1988. A modified BAe 146-301 is used as the UK'sFacility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements.The BAe 146-300QC (Quick Change) is the convertible passenger/freight version and the BAe 146-300QT (Quiet Trader) is the freighter version.

The Avro RJ version of the 146-300, the second such development of the 146 product line, became the Avro RJ100. It shared the fuselage of the 146 version, but with interior, engine, and avionics improvements. The most common configuration in the RJ100 seats 100 passengers. An RJ115 variant, the same physical size, but with an increased MTOW and different emergency exits, was marketed, but never entered production;[57][58]it seated 116 as standard or up to a maximum of 128 in a high-density layout.

BAe 146STA

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BAe 146 STA demonstrator

Throughout the production life of the BAe 146, British Aerospace proposed a number of specialised military versions, including side- and rear-loading transports, anairborne tankerversion,[59]and acarrier onboard deliveryversion.[60]Out of these proposals came the BAe 146STA (Sideloading Tactical Airlifter), based on the BAe 146QT cargo aircraft and sharing its cargo door on the left side of the rear fuselage. This military-transport version has a refuelling probe protruding from the nose; a demonstrator, fitted with a dummy refuelling probe and an air-openable paratroop door, was displayed at the 1989Paris Air Showand carried out extensive demonstration tours, but no orders resulted.[61]

BAe 146M

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BAE Systems announced the BAe 146M programme in 2009, designed to provide ex-civilian BAe 146-200 and -300 aircraft to military operators, available either in passenger or freighter configurations.[62]Upgrades and alterations made to the type include newglass cockpitavionics, additional fuel tanks, increased steep approach, and unpaved runway operation capabilities, and being outfitted with defensive aids; however, a rear cargo door was not introduced. BAE has stated that the 146M is suitable for performing airlift, medical evacuation, para-drop, surveillance, and inflight refueling operations.[63]

Avro RJX series

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The RJX-70, RJX-85, and RJX-100 variants represented advanced versions of the Avro RJ Series. The RJX series usedHoneywell AS977turbofans for greater efficiency (15% less fuel burn, 17% increased range), quieter performance, and 20% lower maintenance costs.[64]Bhutan carrierDrukairordered two RJX-85s, whileBritish Europeanplaced firm orders for 12 RJX-100s and eight options.[65]However, BAE Systems terminated the project in November 2001, having completed and flown only three aircraft—a prototype each of the RJX-85 and RJX-100, and a production RJX-100 for British European. BAE reached an agreement with Druk Air and British European in early 2002 in which the airlines agreed not to enforce their firm orders for the RJX. BAE explored the possibility of manufacturing 14 "hybrid" aircraft, but British European at least was unwilling to accept the risk of operating a unique type.[66]

Firefighting air tanker conversions

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BAe 146 air tanker at Range Fire inKern County, California,2016

Firefighting air tanker versions of both the BAe 146 and the Avro RJ85 have been manufactured by the conversion of aircraft previously operated by airlines in scheduled passenger service.[67]Several organizations carry out such conversions, including U.S.-based Minden Air Corporation,Neptune AviationServices, and Aero-Flite, a U.S. subsidiary of Canadian-basedConair Group.[68][69][70][71]In January 2012, Conair Group announced its arrangements to market and promote the Avro RJ85 as a major air tanker platform.[72]In October 2012,Air SprayAviation of Alberta, Canada, purchased its first BAe 146 for conversion into an air tanker.[67]Air Spray purchased a second airframe for conversion in October 2013.[73]

According to the 3 April 2017, edition ofSpeedNews-The Windshield,an on-line aviation publication, 14BAE Systems-built BAe 146-200 and Avro RJ85 jets are in service in North America as aerial firefighting air tankers, with Conair flying seven Avro RJ85 aircraft and Neptune Aviation operating seven BAe 146-200 aircraft.[74]The article also states that Conair is converting an eighth Avro RJ85 for use as an air tanker, while Neptune is converting two more BAe 146-200s for aerial firefighting use. In addition, Air Spray is mentioned in this article as having acquired five BAe 146-200s for conversion to air tankers.

Airbus E-Fan X

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The Airbus/Rolls-Royce/SiemensE-Fan Xwas ahybrid electric aircraftdemonstrator being developed by a partnership ofAirbus,Rolls-Royce plcandSiemens. Announced on 28 November 2017, it followed previous electric flight demonstrators towardssustainabletransport for theEuropean Commission'sFlightpath 2050Vision.[75] An Avro RJ100 flying testbed would have one of its fourHoneywell LF507turbofans replaced by a Rolls-Royce 2 MW (2,700 hp)electric motor,adapted by Rolls-Royce and powered by itsAE2100turboshaft, controlled and integrated by Airbus with a 2 t (4,400 lb) battery.[76] Airbus and Rolls-Royce abandoned the E-Fan X programme several months before the planned first flight as the commercial aircraft industry changed its priorities during the COVID-19 pandemic.[77]

Operators

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Main article:List of BAe 146 and Avro RJ operators

In July 2020, 54 aircraft were in airline service, 27 BAe 146s and 27 Avro RJs, with additional 17 BAe 146s and 47 Avro RJs in storage[78]

Accidents and incidents

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The BAe-146/Avro RJ has been involved in 14 hull-loss accidents with a total of 294 fatalities and one criminal occurrence with 43 fatalities.[79][80]

Accidents with fatalities

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  • On 7 December 1987,Pacific Southwest Airlines Flight 1771,a BAe 146-200A registration N350PS, crashed after a recently-terminated, disgruntledUSAiremployee with a.44 Magnumrevolver killed the flight crew and his former boss. He then pushed the aircraft into a steep nosedive, causing the aircraft to pick up speed to 770 mph (1,239 km/h), the flight going supersonic just before impact. The aircraft crashed into a hillside nearCayucos, California,United States, killing all 43 passengers and crew. At the time, airline employees were allowed to bypass security checkpoints.[81][82]
  • On 10 October 2006,Atlantic Airways Flight 670,a BAe 146-200A (registration OY-CRG), skidded off the runway while landing atStord Airport,Norway. Thespoilersdid not deploy when the aircraft touched down. Sixteen people were on board; three passengers and one crew member were killed.[89][90]
  • On 9 April 2009, a BAe 146-300 belonging to Aviastar Mandiri, an Indonesian charter operator,crashed into Pike Mountain,Wamena,and burst into flames, killing all six crew after being ordered by the air traffic controller to abort the initial landing attempt.[91]

Other incidents

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  • On 29 June 1994, a BAe-146-100, registration ZE700, overran the runway and suffered damages while trying to land atIslay Airportin theInner Hebrides.The incident is notable because then-Prince Charleswas at the controls but was not blamed because, despite being a licensed pilot, he was a passenger who was invited to fly the aircraft. Following the incident, Prince Charles forewent flying royal flights.[96][97]

Aircraft on display

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Australia

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China

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The formerChina Northwest AirlinesBAe 146-100 at the Civil Aviation Museum of China

United Kingdom

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Specifications

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Line drawings of BAe 146-200
BAe 146/Avro RJ[104]
Variant -100/RJ70 -200/RJ85 -300/RJ100
Crew 2
Seats 70–82 85–100 97–112
Cabinwidth 3.42 m (11.2 ft)
Length 26.19 m (85.9 ft) 28.55 m (93.7 ft) 31 m (102 ft)
Height 8.61 m (28.2 ft)
Wing 26.34 m (86.4 ft) span, 77.3 m2(832 sq ft) area, 8.98AR
MTOW 38,101 kg (84,000 lb) 42,184 kg (93,000 lb) 44,225 kg (97,500 lb)
OEW 23,820 kg (52,510 lb) 24,600 kg (54,230 lb) 25,640 kg (56,530 lb)
Max.payload 8,612 kg (18,990 lb) 11,233 kg (24,760 lb) 11,781 kg (25,970 lb)
Fuelcapacity 11,728 L (3,098 US gal), option: 12,901 L (3,408 US gal)[105]
Engines(×4) BAe 146:Lycoming ALF 502R-5, Avro RJ:Honeywell LF 507-1F
Thrust(×4) 6,990 lbf (31.1 kN)
Speed Mach 0.739 (426 kn; 789 km/h) Max, Mach 0.7 (404 kn; 747 km/h) cruise
Ceiling 35,000 ft (11,000 m)
Range 82 pax: 3,870 km (2,090 nmi) 100 pax: 3,650 km (1,970 nmi) 100 pax: 3,340 km (1,800 nmi)
Takeoff(SL, ISA) 1,195 m (3,921 ft) 1,390 m (4,560 ft) 1,535 m (5,036 ft)
Landing(SL, ISA) 1,180 m (3,870 ft) 1,190 m (3,900 ft) 1,270 m (4,170 ft)
Fuel consumption
(FL 310)[105] 		425 kn: 2,468 kg (5,441 lb)/h
361 kn: 1,594 kg (3,514 lb)/h 		423 kn: 2,483 kg (5,474 lb)/h
361 kn: 1,672 kg (3,686 lb)/h 		429 kn: 2,517 kg (5,549 lb)/h
377 kn: 1,724 kg (3,801 lb)/h

See also

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Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

Related lists

References

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  2. ^"Library of Congress Subject Headings".Library of Congress.19 October 2009.
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  4. ^abcdVelupillai 1981, p. 1244.
  5. ^abcdHewish 1982, p. 857.
  6. ^ab"Down on the Ground".Design.November 1981. pp. 41–44.Retrieved14 March2022.
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  22. ^abc"Commercial Aircraft Directory - Avro RJ-85ER."Flight Global,Retrieved 14 November 2012.
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