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Nón Ba tầmis a traditional Vietnamese flat palm hat.[1][2][3]It should be distinguished from other traditional Vietnamese headwear such as the conicalnón láand the coiled turban,khăn vấn.
Ba tầm | |
---|---|
Vietnamese name | |
Vietnamese alphabet | nón Ba tầm |
Chữ Nôm | 𥶄𠀧 tầm |
Literal meaning | Three tầm hat |
Nón Ba tầm is traditionally worn by Vietnamese women as an accessory to finer garments, as opposed to the more functional clothes associated with farm work.
The hats worn byshamanstraditionally had silver ornaments hanging from silk strings around the brim.[4]
Origin of the hat
editAccording to documents from the French at the end of the nineteenth century, Ba tầm were translated into French as, Le chapeau de trois tầm (literally "the hat of three tầm),[5][6]tầm ( tầm ) was an ancient unit of measurement used in China, Korea, Japan, and Vietnam. The measurement is equivalent to an arm span. According to Vũ trung tùy bút, the Ba tầm hat is a combination of styles ofdậu,mền giải,andviên cơhats. The hat has been attested in literature since the 18th century, but its origin could be much older.
- Nón mền giải[7](Also referred to as Ngoan Xác lạp ngoan xác lạp and Tam Giang lạp tam giang lạp ) – was worn by the elderly during theRevival Lê dynasty,which then fell of fashion.
- Nón vỏ bứa (Also referred to as Toan Bì lạp, toan bì lạp ) – was worn by the poor, is a simplified version of the nón mền giải, where it was made smaller. During theNguyễn dynasty,it was referred to in literature as Thủy Thủ lạp ( thủy thủ lạp ).[a]
- Nón dậu (Cổ châu lạp, cổ châu lạp ) – was worn by elderly relatives of mandarins, middle-class men and women, scholars and commoners in the capital. The top is pointed and has a flat rim with a few beams of thao thread, a type of silk.
- Viên cơ lạp ( viên ki lạp ) appeared in Hoan Châu province (Modern-dayNghệ An province). During theRevival Lê dynasty,it was worn by soldiers during the Arrogant Soldiers Rebellion (Loạn kiêu binh) during theLater Lê dynasty,with a long design, it almost like a winnowing basket (nia). During theNguyễn dynasty,it was redesigned as a small hat, similar to the nón thúng, but with a square bevel, hats smaller than nón Ba tầm called a nónNghệ(referred to in French, Le chapeau de Nghệ-an) was typically worn by women. Nón thúng (Chapeau en forme de panier) was worn by men and women, and had a bronze tapered design when compared to Nghệ hats.[7]
When I was eight years old, I saw old men wearing "ngoan xác lạp ngoan xác lạp", the custom called "mền giải giải" or "tam giang lạp tam giang lạp" hats; the children of the mandarins and the students of the schools, the team "phương đẩu đại lạp phương đấu đại lạp", the custom called "nón lá"; the relatives of the mandarins and the old men wear "cổ châu lạp cổ châu lạp", the custom called "nón dâu"; adults and children team liên diệp lạp liên diệp lạp, colloquially called "nón lá sen"; boys and girls, men and women in capitals wear cổ châu lạp, children wear "tiểu liên diệp lạp tiểu liên diệp lạp, called" nón nhỡ khuôn "; men and women in the countryside, wear" xuân lôi tiểu lạp xuân lôi tiểu lạp ", customarily called" nón sọ nhỏ "; soldiers wear" trạo lạp điệu lạp ", custom called" nón chèo vành "; servants and soldiers' wives and children wore viên đẩu lạp viên đấu lạp, customarily called" nón khua "; monks and nuns wear" cẩu diện lạp cú diện lạp ", customarily called" nón mặt lờ "; mourners" xuân lôi đại lạp xuân lôi đại lạp ", customary called" nón cạp "; those who carry a year or less of" cổ châu lạp cổ châu lạp ", strapless, only the mandarins and the powerful have funerals, the team" cẩu diện lạp "to distinguish. People in Thanh Nghệ team" viên cơ lạp viên ki lạp ", customarily called" nón nghệ ". The Mán Mường people in the outskirts of province wear a" tiêm quang đẩu nhược "hat, which looks like a nón khua, has a pointed tip, made of bamboo bark, different from people everywhere. Around the year of the Nhâm Dần – Quý Mão, the Tam phủ army rebel, relying on public work, many people wore nón viên cơ, to mix with the soldiers. In the year Bính Ngọ, there was a change in the country. They gave up viên cơ lạp viên ki lạp, teamed with cẩu diện lạp cú diện, who had a mourning period of one year or less, tied a white string to distinguish them. In the countryside, according to the shape of ngoan xác lạp ngoan xác lạp that makes it shorter, it is called" toan bì lạp toan bì lạp ", customarily called" nón vỏ bứa ", sometimes someone wears xuân lôi tiểu lạp lôi tiểu lạp giả; and the things that are nón tam giang tam giang, ngoan xác ngoan xác, phương đẩu phương đấu, viên đẩu, cổ châu cổ châu, liên diệp liên diệp and trạo lạp điệu lạp are no longer seen.
Construction of the hat
editBa tầm hats are covered with palm leaves or gồi leaves, shaped like a parasol or mushroom ears, flat top, cone diameter about 70–80 cm, the brim 10–12 cm higher or more. The inside of the hat is attached with a funnel-shaped rim called a khua or khùa ( khu ) to reinforce the hat on the user's head.[9]In addition, people often tie the colorful thao thread to the brim of the hat to make a charm. Presently, nón quai thao is often used to refer to a nón Ba tầm, it was because of an improved design by writer Kim Lân and his son to be more compact and suitable for artistic activities. This type of hat was later adopted by femaleQuan họsingers where it became more popular.[10]
Cultural significance
editCa dao
(Vietnamese folk poetry) |
Quan họ | Chiếc nón quai thaobyAnh Thơ | Du xuânbyAn Thuyên | Tơ hồngbyNhất Sinh |
---|---|---|---|---|
Chưa chồng nón thúng quai thao, Chồng rồi nón rách quai nào thì quai. Chưa chồng yếm thắm đeo hoa, Chồng rồi hai vú bỏ ra tày giành. |
Trèo lên quán dốc ngồi gốc í a cây đa, Chẻ tre đan nón, kìa nón í a ba tằm Vải nâu may áo, kìa áo ới viền năm tà |
Tua óng tơ ngà tha thướt gió, Nhưng dép cong nghiêm bước thẳng đường, |
Du xuân du xuân í a Du xuân du xuân í a Thoáng áo tứ thân la đà trong gió Cứ hát lới lơ phách nhịp thương nhớ Đường xuân yếm đào đã hẹn cùng tình í a |
Anh đến quê em nơi đây có dòng sông Cầu, Ngày Hội Lim em mặc áo the,
chân đi guốc mộc, |
Gallery
edit-
Men and women wearing Nghệ hats at a nhà trò (performing arts centre) in Quảng Nam, 1793
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Men and women wearing Nghệ hats at a beach in Danang, 1793
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Woman wearing Nghệ hats during explorerJean Dupuis' voyage.
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Women wearing nón Ba tầm watch the execution of a pirate chief by theHoàn Kiếm Lake,1886
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Sketch of aTonkinesewearing nón Ba tầm, 1899
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A Tonkin girl wearing nón Ba tầm.
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A Tonkinese girl wearing nón Ba tầm, photographed byCharles-Édouard Hocquardin Hanoi, 1885
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Vương Thị Phượngwears a nón Ba tầm in photo taken in the early 20th century.
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Two farmers Tonkin wearing thúng hats, 1919
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Tày woman wearing a thúng hat, 1931
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A girl wearingÁo ngũ thânand aLòng chảohat in Thăng Long Cổ trấn
See also
editReferences
edit- ^Đi tìm chiếc nón cổ của người Việt– Ngọc An //Báo Thanh Niên,27.06.2016, 06:11 (GMT+7)
- ^Kirsten W. Endres, Andrea Lauser –Engaging the Spirit World: Popular Beliefs and Practices in Modern Vietnam2012 "TheTen Girlswere each allocated one two-storied house, three sets of clothes, one box of adornments, one flat palm hat (nón quai thao) and one traveling case in which to store everything. "
- ^Minh HươngHội An quê tôi: hồi ký, tạp văn, giai thoại2000 "Nào nón lá, nón Gò Găng, nón thúng (nón quai thao), nón nỉ, nón cối, giay, dép, guốc, (" ) Cúp tóc Phong trào hô hào cắt lóc ngắn. "
- ^Maurice M. Durand –Technique et panthéon des médiums viêtnamiens (Đông)1959 "Chapeau de femme avec des attaches en argent (chiến) où sont suspendus des cordons de soie, giày thao. C'est le nón quai thao."
- ^"Nón quai thao và nón ba tầm".Danang newspaper.
- ^"Nón ba tầm – nét đặc trưng vùng Bắc Bộ đang dần biến mất".Dân Việt. 28 July 2016.
- ^abG, N."Nón đội".Góc Nhìn.
- ^Đông ChâuNguyễn Hữu Tiếndịch,Nguyễn Quảng Tuânkhảo đính và chú thích,Nhà xuất bản Trẻ,Saigon,1989.
- ^Vũ, Từ Trang (2001).Nghề cổ nước Việt.Văn hóa dân tộc. p. 92.
- ^"Nón quai thao, xôn xao miền Quan họ".Bắc Ninh newspaper.
- ^During this time, most literature and official documents were written in Literary Chinese, thus the names using lạp lạp, the Chinese word for hat.