Wikipedia

Babur

This article is about the first Mughal Emperor. For the male given name, seeBabar.For the amphipod crustacean, seeBabr.For other uses, seeBabur (disambiguation).

Babur(Persian:[βɑː.βuɾ];14 February 1483 – 26 December 1530; bornZahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad) was the founder of theMughal Empirein theIndian subcontinent.He was a descendant ofTimurandGenghis Khanthrough his father and mother respectively.[4][5][6]He was also given theposthumous nameofFirdaws Makani('Dwelling in Paradise').[7]

Babur
Ghazi[1]
Babur
Idealized portrait of Babur, early 17th century
Mughal Emperor(Padishah)
Reign21 April 1526 – 26 December 1530
PredecessorIbrahim Lodhi(assultan of Delhi)
SuccessorHumayun
AmirofKabul
ReignOctober 1504[2]–21 April 1526
PredecessorMukin Begh
SuccessorHimself as theMughal Emperor
AmirofFerghana
Reign10 June 1494–1497
PredecessorUmar Sheikh Mirza
Born(1483-02-14)14 February 1483
Andijan,Timurid Empire
Died26 December 1530(1530-12-26)(aged 47)
Agra,Mughal Empire
Burial
Gardens of Babur,Kabul,Afghanistan
Consort
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(m.1506)​
Wives
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(m.1499;div.1503)​
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(m.1504; died1506)​
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(m.1507; died 1509)​
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Issue
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Names
Zahīr ud-Dīn Muhammad Bābur
Posthumous name
Firdaws Makani (Dwelling in Paradise)
HouseHouse of Babur
DynastyTimurid dynasty
FatherUmar Shaikh Mirza II
MotherQutlugh Nigar Khanum
ReligionSunni Islam[3]

Born inAndijanin theFergana Valley(now inUzbekistan), Babur was the eldest son ofUmar Shaikh Mirza II(1456–1494, governor ofFerganafrom 1469 to 1494) and a great-great-great-grandson of Timur (1336–1405). Babur ascended the throne of Fergana in its capitalAkhsikathin 1494 at the age of twelve and faced rebellion. He conqueredSamarkandtwo years later, only to lose Fergana soon after. In his attempt to reconquer Fergana, he lost control of Samarkand. In 1501, his attempt to recapture both the regions failed when theUzbekprinceMuhammad Shaybanidefeated him and founded theKhanate of Bukhara.

In 1504, he conqueredKabul,which was under the putative rule of Abdur Razaq Mirza, the infant heir ofUlugh Beg II.Babur formed a partnership with theSafavid emperorIsmail Iand reconquered parts ofTurkestan,including Samarkand, only to again lose it and the other newly conquered lands to theShaybanids.

After losing Samarkand for the third time, Babur turned his attention to India and employed aid from the neighbouring Safavid andOttomanempires.[8]He defeatedIbrahim Lodi,theSultan of Delhi,at theFirst Battle of Panipatin 1526 and founded the Mughal Empire. Before the defeat of Lodi at Delhi, the Sultanate of Delhi had been a spent force, long in a state of decline.

The rival adjacentKingdom of Mewarunder the rule ofRana Sangahad become the most powerful native power inNorth India.[9][10][11][12]Sanga unified severalRajputclans for the first time afterPrithviraj Chauhanand advanced on Babur with a grand coalition of 80,000-100,000 Rajputs, engaging Babur in theBattle of Khanwa.Babur arrived at Khanwa with 40,000-50,000 soldiers. Nonetheless, Sanga suffered a major defeat due to Babur's skillful troop positioning and use ofgunpowder,specificallymatchlocksand smallcannons.[13]

The Battle of Khanwa was one of the most decisive battles in Indian history, more so than the First Battle of Panipat, as the defeat of Rana Sanga was a watershed event in the Mughal conquest of North India.[14][15][16]

Religiously, Babur started his life as a staunchSunni Muslim,but he underwent significant evolution. Babur became more tolerant as he conquered new territories and grew older, allowing other religions to peacefully coexist in his empire and at his court.[17]He also displayed a certain attraction to theology, poetry,geography,history, andbiology—disciplines he promoted at his court—earning him a frequent association with representatives of theTimurid Renaissance.[18]His religious and philosophical stances are characterized ashumanistic.[19]

Babur married several times. Notable among his children areHumayun,Kamran Mirza,Hindal Mirza,Masuma Sultan Begum,and the authorGulbadan Begum.

Babur died in 1530 inAgraand Humayun succeeded him. Babur was first buried in Agra but, as per his wishes, his remains were moved to Kabul and reburied.[20]He ranks as a national hero inUzbekistanandKyrgyzstan.Many of his poems have become popular folk songs. He wrote theBaburnamainChaghatai Turkic;it was translated into Persian during the reign (1556–1605) of his grandson, the emperorAkbar.

Name

Ẓahīr-ud-Dīnis Arabic for "Defender of the Faith" (ofIslam), andMuhammadhonours theIslamic prophet.The name was chosen for Babur by theSufisaintKhwaja Ahrar,who was the spiritual master of his father.[21]The difficulty of pronouncing the name for his Central Asian Turco-Mongol army may have been responsible for the greater popularity of his nickname Babur,[22]also variously spelledBaber,[23]Babar,[24]andBābor.[5]The name is generally taken in reference to thePersianwordbabur(ببر), meaning "tiger" or "panther".[25][23][26]The word repeatedly appears inFerdowsi'sShahnamehand was borrowed into theTurkic languagesof Central Asia.[24][27]

Background

Babur Family Tree
17th-century portrait of Babur

Babur's memoirs form the main source for details of his life. They are known as theBaburnamaand were written inChagatai,hisfirst language,[28]though, according to Dale, "his Turkic prose is highly Persianized in its sentence structure, morphology or word formation and vocabulary."[25]Baburnamawas translated into Persian during the rule of Babur's grandson Akbar.[28]

Babur was born on 14 February 1483 in the city ofAndijan,Fergana Valley,contemporary Uzbekistan. He was the eldest son ofUmar Shaikh Mirza II,[29]ruler of the Fergana Valley, the son ofAbū Saʿīd Mirza(and grandson ofMiran Shah,who was himself son ofTimur) and his wifeQutlugh Nigar Khanum,daughter ofYunus Khan,the ruler ofMoghulistan(a descendant ofGenghis Khan).[30]

Babur hailed from theBarlastribe, which was ofMongolorigin and had embraced theTurco-Persian tradition[31][32]They had also converted to Islam centuries earlier and resided inTurkestanandKhorasan.

Aside from the Chaghatai language, Babur was equally fluent inClassical Persian,thelingua francaof the Timurid elite.[33]

Some of Babur's relatives, such as his unclesMahmud Khan (Moghul Khan)and Ahmad Khan, continued to identify as Mongols, and allowed him to use their Mongol troops to help recover his fortunes in the turbulent years that followed.[34]

Hence, Babur, though nominally a Mongol (orMoghulin Persian language), drew much of his support from the local Turkic and Iranian people of Central Asia, and his army was diverse in its ethnic makeup. It includedSarts,Tajiks,ethnic Afghans,Arabs,as well as Barlas and Chaghatayid Turko-Mongols from Central Asia.[35]

Ruler of Central Asia

As ruler of Fergana

In 1494, eleven-year-old Babur became the ruler of Fergana, in present-day Uzbekistan, after Umar Sheikh Mirza died "whiletending pigeonsin an ill-constructeddovecotethat toppled into theravinebelow the palace ".[36]During this time, two of his uncles from the neighbouring kingdoms, who were hostile to his father, and a group of nobles who wanted his younger brother Jahangir to be the ruler, threatened his succession to the throne.[22]His uncles were relentless in their attempts to dislodge him from this position as well as from many of his other territorial possessions to come.[37]Babur was able to secure his throne mainly because of help from his maternal grandmother,Aisan Daulat Begum,although there was also some luck involved.[22]

Most territories around his kingdom were ruled by his relatives, who were descendants of either Timur or Genghis Khan, and were constantly in conflict.[22]At that time, rival princes were fighting over the city of Samarkand to the west, which was ruled by his paternal cousin.[citation needed]Babur had a great ambition to capture the city.[citation needed]In 1497, hebesieged Samarkandfor seven months before eventually gaining control over it.[38]He was fifteen years old and for him the campaign was a huge achievement.[22]Babur was able to hold the city despite desertions in his army, but he later fell seriously ill.[citation needed]Meanwhile, a rebellion back home, approximately 350 kilometres (220 mi) away, amongst nobles who favoured his brother, robbed him of Fergana.[38]As he was marching to recover it, he lost Samarkand to a rival prince, leaving him with neither.[22]He had held Samarkand for 100 days, and he considered this defeat as his biggest loss, obsessing over it even later in his life after his conquests in India.[22]

For three years, Babur concentrated on building a strong army, recruiting widely amongst the Tajiks ofBadakhshanin particular. In 1500–1501, he again laidsiege to Samarkand,and indeed he took the city briefly, but he was in turn besieged by his most formidable rival,Muhammad Shaybani,Khanof the Uzbeks.[38][39]The situation became such that Babar was compelled to give his sister, Khanzada, to Shaybani in marriage as part of the peace settlement. Only after this were Babur and his troops allowed to depart the city in safety. Samarkand, his lifelong obsession, was thus lost again. He then tried to reclaim Fergana, but lost the battle there also and, escaping with a small band of followers, he wandered the mountains of central Asia and took refuge with hill tribes. By 1502, he had resigned all hopes of recovering Fergana; he was left with nothing and was forced to try his luck elsewhere.[40][41]He finally went toTashkent,which was ruled by his maternal uncle, but he found himself less than welcome there. Babur wrote, "During my stay in Tashkent, I endured much poverty and humiliation. No country, or hope of one!"[41]Thus, during the ten years since becoming the ruler of Fergana, Babur suffered many short-lived victories and was without shelter and in exile, aided by friends and peasants.

At Kabul

Coin minted by Babur during his time as ruler ofKabul.Dated 1507/8

Kabul was ruled by Babur's paternal uncleUlugh Beg II,who died leaving only an infant as heir.[41]The city was then claimed by Mukin Begh, who was considered to be a usurper and was opposed by the local populace. In 1504, Babur was able to cross the snowyHindu Kushmountains andcapture Kabulfrom the remaining Arghunids, who were forced to retreat toKandahar.[38]With this move, he gained a new kingdom, re-established his fortunes and would remain its ruler until 1526.[40]In 1505, because of the low revenue generated by his new mountain kingdom, Babur began his first expedition to India; in his memoirs, he wrote, "My desire for Hindustan had been constant. It was in the month of Shaban, the Sun being in Aquarius, that we rode out of Kabul for Hindustan". It was a brief raid across theKhyber Pass.[41]

Babur leaves for Hindustan from Kabul

In the same year, Babur united withSultan Husayn Mirza BayqarahofHerat,a fellow Timurid and distant relative, against their common enemy, the Uzbek Shaybani.[42]However, this venture did not take place because Husayn Mirza died in 1506 and his two sons were reluctant to go to war.[41]Babur instead stayed at Herat after being invited by the two Mirza brothers. It was then the cultural capital of the eastern Muslim world. Though he was disgusted by the vices and luxuries of the city,[43]he marvelled at the intellectual abundance there, which he stated was "filled with learned and matched men".[44]He became acquainted with the work of the Chagatai poetMir Ali Shir Nava'i,who encouraged the use ofChagataias aliterary language.Nava'i's proficiency with the language, which he is credited with founding,[45]may have influenced Babur in his decision to use it for his memoirs. He spent two months there before being forced to leave because of diminishing resources;[42]it later was overrun by Shaybani and the Mirzas fled.[43] Babur became the only reigning ruler of the Timurid dynasty after the loss of Herat, and many princes sought refuge with him at Kabul because of Shaybani's invasion in the west.[43]He thus assumed the title ofPadshah(emperor) among the Timurids—though this title was insignificant since most of his ancestral lands were taken, Kabul itself was in danger and Shaybani continued to be a threat.[43]Babur prevailed during a potential rebellion in Kabul, but two years later a revolt among some of his leading generals drove him out of Kabul. Escaping with very few companions, Babur soon returned to the city, capturing Kabul again and regaining the allegiance of the rebels. Meanwhile, Shaybani was defeated and killed byIsmail I,Shah ofShiaSafavid Persia, in 1510.[46]

Babur and the remaining Timurids used this opportunity to reconquer their ancestral territories. Over the following few years, Babur and Shah Ismail formed a partnership in an attempt to take over parts of Central Asia. In return for Ismail's assistance, Babur permitted the Safavids to act as a suzerain over him and his followers.[47]Thus, in 1513, after leaving his brother Nasir Mirza to rule Kabul, he managed to take Samarkand for the third time; he also took Bokhara but lost both again to the Uzbeks.[40][43]Shah Ismail reunited Babur with his sisterKhānzāda,who had been imprisoned by and forced to marry the recently deceased Shaybani.[48]Babur returned to Kabul after three years in 1514. The following 11 years of his rule mainly involved dealing with relatively insignificant rebellions from Afghan tribes, his nobles and relatives, in addition to conducting raids across the eastern mountains.[43]Babur began to modernise and train his army despite it being, for him, relatively peaceful times.[49]

Foreign relations

The meeting between Babur and Sultan Ali Mirza nearSamarkand

Determined to conquer the Uzbeks and recapture his ancestral homeland, Babur was wary of their allies theOttomans,and made no attempt to establish formal diplomatic relations with them. He did, however, employ thematchlockcommanderMustafa Rumiand several other Ottomans.[50]From them, he adopted the tactic of using matchlocks and cannons in the field (rather than only insieges), which gave him an important advantage in India.[49]

Formation of the Mughal Empire

Main articles:Lodi dynasty,Delhi Sultanate,andSiege of Kabul (1504)
Babur's coin, based onBahlol Lodhi's standard,Qila Agra,AH936

Babur still wanted to escape from the Uzbeks, and he chose India as a refuge instead ofBadakhshan,which was to the north of Kabul. He wrote, "In the presence of such power and potency, we had to think of some place for ourselves and, at this crisis and in the crack of time there was, put a wider space between us and the strong foeman."[49]After his third loss of Samarkand, Babur gave full attention to the conquest of North India, launching a campaign; he reached theChenab River,now inPakistan,in 1519.[40]Until 1524, his aim was to only expand his rule toPunjab,mainly to fulfill the legacy of his ancestor Timur, since it used to be part of his empire.[49]At the time parts of North India were part of the Delhi Sultanate, ruled by Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty, but the sultanate was crumbling and there were many defectors. Babur received invitations from Daulat Khan Lodi, Governor of Punjab and Ala-ud-Din, uncle of Ibrahim.[51]He sent an ambassador to Ibrahim, claiming himself the rightful heir to the throne, but the ambassador was detained atLahore,Punjab, and released months later.[40]

Babur at Mughal Dastarkhan in 1507 in a painting fromc. 1590

Babur started for Lahore in 1524 but found that Daulat Khan Lodi had been driven out by forces sent by Ibrahim Lodi.[52]When Babur arrived at Lahore, the Lodi army marched out and his army was routed. In response, Babur burned Lahore for two days, then marched to Dibalpur, placing Alam Khan, another rebel uncle of Lodi, as governor.[53]Alam Khan was quickly overthrown and fled to Kabul. In response, Babur supplied Alam Khan with troops who later joined up with Daulat Khan Lodi, and together with about 30,000 troops, they besieged Ibrahim Lodi at Delhi.[54]The sultan easily defeated and drove off Alam's army, and Babur realised that he would not allow him to occupy the Punjab.[54]

First battle of Panipat

Main article:First Battle of Panipat
Mughal artillery and troops in action during theBattle of Panipat (1526)

In November 1525 Babur got news atPeshawarthat Daulat Khan Lodi had switched sides, and Babur drove out Ala-ud-Din.[clarification needed]Babur then marched onto Lahore to confront Daulat Khan Lodi, only to see Daulat's army melt away at their approach.[40]Daulat surrendered and was pardoned. Thus within three weeks of crossing theIndus RiverBabur had become the master of Punjab.[55]

Babur marched on to Delhi via Sirhind. He reachedPanipaton 20 April 1526 and there met Ibrahim Lodi's numerically superior army of about 100,000 soldiers and 100 elephants.[40][51]In the battle that began on the following day, Babur used the tactic ofTulugma,encircling Ibrahim Lodi's army and forcing it to face artillery fire directly, as well as frightening its war elephants.[51]Ibrahim Lodi died during the battle, thus ending the Lodi dynasty.[40]

Babur wrote in his memoirs about his victory:

By the grace of the Almighty God, this difficult task was made easy to me and that mighty army, in the space of a half a day was laid in dust.[40]

After the battle, Babur occupied Delhi and Agra, took the throne of Lodi, and laid the foundation for the eventual rise of Mughal rule in India. However, before he became North India's ruler, he had to fend off challengers, such as Rana Sanga.[56]

Many of Babur's men allegedly wanted to leave India due to its warm climate, but Babur motivated them to stay and expand his empire.[citation needed]

Battle of Khanwa

Main article:Battle of Khanwa
Babur encounters the Jain statues at theUrvah valleyinGwaliorin 1527. He ordered them to be destroyed[57]

The Battle of Khanwa was fought between Babur and theRajputruler ofMewar,Rana Sangaon 16 March 1527. Rana Sanga wanted to overthrow Babur, whom he considered to be a foreigner ruling in India, and also to extend the Rajput territories by annexing Delhi andAgra.He was supported by Afghan chiefs who felt Babur had been deceptive by refusing to fulfil promises made to them. Upon receiving news of Rana Sangha's advance towards Agra, Babur took a defensive position atKhanwa(currently in the Indian state ofRajasthan), from where he hoped to launch a counterattack later. According to K.V. Krishna Rao, Babur won the battle because of his "superior generalship" and modern tactics; the battle was one of the first in India that featured cannons and muskets. Rao also notes that Rana Sanga faced "treachery" when the Hindu chiefSilhadijoined Babur's army with a garrison of 6,000 soldiers.[58]

Babur recognised Sanga's skill in leadership, calling him one of the two greatest non-Muslim Indian kings of the time, the other beingKrishnadevarayaofVijayanagara.[59]

Battle of Chanderi

TheBattle of Chanderitook place the year after the Battle of Khanwa. On receiving news that Rana Sanga had made preparations to renew the conflict with him, Babur decided to isolate the Rana by defeating one of his staunchest allies,Medini Rai,who was the ruler of Malwa.[60][61]

Upon reaching Chanderi, on 20 January 1528,[60]Babur offered Shamsabad to Medini Rao in exchange for Chanderi as a peace overture, but the offer was rejected.[61]The outer fortress of Chanderi was taken by Babur's army at night, and the next morning the upper fort was captured. Babur himself expressed surprise that the upper fort had fallen within an hour of the final assault.[60]Seeing no hope of victory, Medini Rai organized ajauhar,during which women and children within the fortressimmolated themselves.[60][61]A small number of soldiers also collected in Medini Rao's house and killed each other in collective suicide. This sacrifice does not seem to have impressed Babur, who did not express a word of admiration for the enemy in his autobiography.[60]

Religious policy

Babur defeated and killedIbrahim Lodi,the last Sultan of theLodi dynasty,in 1526. Babur ruled for 4 years and was succeeded by his sonHumayunwhose reign was temporarily usurped by theSuri dynasty.During their 30-year rule, religious violence continued in India. Records of the violence and trauma, from Sikh-Muslim perspective, include those recorded inSikhliterature of the 16th century.[62]The violence of Babur in the 1520s was witnessed byGuru Nanak,who commented upon it in four hymns.[citation needed]Historians suggest the early Mughal period of religious violence contributed to introspection and then the transformation in Sikhism from pacifism to militancy for self-defense.[62]According to Babur's autobiography,Baburnama,his campaign in northwest India targeted Hindus and Sikhs as well as apostates (non-Sunni sects of Islam), and an immense number were killed, with Muslim camps building "towers of skulls of the infidels" on hillocks.[63]

Personal life and relationships

There are no descriptions about Babur's physical appearance, except from the paintings in the translation of theBaburnamaprepared during the reign ofAkbar.[41]In his autobiography, Babur claimed to be strong and physically fit, and that he had swum across every major river he encountered, including twice across theGanges RiverinNorth India.[64]

Babur did not initially knowOld Hindi;however, his Turkic poetry indicates that he picked up some of its vocabulary later in life.[65]

Unlike his father, he hadascetictendencies and did not have any great interest in women. In his first marriage, he was "bashful" towardsAisha Sultan Begum,later losing his affection for her.[66]Babur showed similar shyness in his interactions withBaburi,a boy in his camp with whom he had an infatuation around this time, recounting that:

"Occasionally Baburi came to me, but I was so bashful that I could not look him in the face, much less converse freely with him. In my excitement and agitation I could not thank him for coming, much less complain of his leaving. Who could bear to demand the ceremonies of fealty?"[67][68]

However, Babur acquired several more wives and concubines over the years, and as required for a prince, he was able to ensure the continuity of his line.

Babur crossing theIndus River

Babur's first wife, Aisha Sultan Begum, was his paternal cousin, the daughter of Sultan Ahmad Mirza, his father's brother. She was an infant when betrothed to Babur, who was himself five years old. They married eleven years later,c. 1498–99.The couple had one daughter,Fakhr-un-Nissa,who died within a year in 1500. Three years later, after Babur's first defeat at Fergana, Aisha left him and returned to her father's household.[69][49]In 1504, Babur married Zaynab Sultan Begum, who died childless within two years. In the period 1506–08, Babur married four women,Maham Begum(in 1506),Masuma Sultan Begum,Gulrukh Begum and Dildar Begum.[69]Babur had four children by Maham Begum, of whom only one survived infancy. This was his eldest son and heir,Humayun.Masuma Sultan Begum died during childbirth; the year of her death is disputed (either 1508 or 1519). Gulrukh bore Babur two sons,KamranandAskari,and Dildar Begum was the mother of Babur's youngest son,Hindal.[69]Babur later marriedMubaraka Yusufzai,aPashtunwoman of theYusufzaitribe. Gulnar Aghacha and Nargul Aghacha were twoCircassian slavesgiven to Babur as gifts by Tahmasp Shah Safavi, the Shah of Persia. They became "recognized ladies of the royal household."[69]

During his rule in Kabul, when there was a time of relative peace, Babur pursued his interests in literature, art, music and gardening.[49]Previously, he never drank alcohol and avoided it when he was in Herat. In Kabul, he first tasted it at the age of thirty. He then began to drink regularly, host wine parties and consume preparations made fromopium.[43]Though religion had a central place in his life, Babur also approvingly quoted a line of poetry by one of his contemporaries: "I am drunk, officer. Punish me when I am sober". He quit drinking for health reasons before the Battle of Khanwa, just two years before his death, and demanded that his court do the same. But he did not stop chewing narcotic preparations, and did not lose his sense of irony. He wrote, "Everyone regrets drinking and swears an oath (ofabstinence); I swore the oath and regret that. "[70]

Babur was opposed to the blind obedience towards theChinggisid lawsand customs that were influential in Turco-Mongol society:

"Previously our ancestors had shown unusual respect for the Chingizid code (törah). They did not violate this code sitting and rising at councils and court, at feasts and dinners. [However] Chingez Khan's code is not anass qati(categorical text) that a person must follow. Whenever one leaves a good custom, it should be followed. If ancestors leave a bad custom, however it is necessary to substitute a good one. "

Making clear that to him, the categorical text (i.e. theQuran) had displaced Genghis Khan'sYassain moral and legal matters.[71]

Poetry

Illustrations in theBaburnamaregarding the fauna of India.

Babur was an acclaimed writer, who had a profound love for literature. His library was one of his most beloved possessions that he always carried around with him, and books were one of the treasures he searched for in new conquered lands. In his memoirs, when he listed sovereigns and nobles of a conquered land, he also mentioned poets, musicians and other educated people.[72]

During his 47-year life, Babur left a rich literary and scientific heritage. He authored his famous memoir theBāburnāma,as well as beautiful lyrical works orghazals,treatises on Muslim jurisprudence (Mubayyin), poetics (Aruz risolasi), music, and a specialcalligraphy,known askhatt-i Baburi.[73][74][75][76]

Babur's Bāburnāma is a collection of memoirs, written in theChagatai languageand later translated intoPersian,the usual literary language of the Mughal court, during the rule of emperorAkbar.[77]However, Babur's Turkic prose in Bāburnāma is already highlyPersianizedin its sentence structure, vocabulary, and morphology,[78]and also consists of several phrases and minor poems in Persian.

Babur wrote most of his poems in Chagatai Turkic, known to him asTürki,but he also composed in Persian. However, he was mostly praised for his literary works written in Turkic, which drew comparison with the poetry ofAli-Shir Nava'i.[72]

The followingruba'iis an example of Babur's poetry written in Turkic, composed in the aftermath of his famous victory in North India to celebrate hisghazistatus.[79]

Family

Consorts

The identity of the mother of one of Babur's daughters,Gulrukh Begumis disputed. Gulrukh's mother may have been the daughter ofSultan Mahmud Mirzaby his wife Pasha Begum who is referred to as Saliha Sultan Begum in certain secondary sources, however this name is not mentioned in theBaburnamaor the works ofGulbadan Begum,which casts doubt on her existence. This woman may never have existed at all or she may even be the same woman as Dildar Begum.

Issue

The sons of Babur were:

  • Humayun(b.1508;d.1556) — withMaham Begum— succeeded Babur as the secondMughal Emperor
  • Kamran Mirza(b.1512;d.1557) — with Gulrukh Begum
  • Askari Mirza(b.1518;d.1557) — with Gulrukh Begum
  • Hindal Mirza(b.1519;d.1551) — with Dildar Begum
  • Ahmad Mirza (d.young) — with Gulrukh Begum
  • Shahrukh Mirza (d.young) — with Gulrukh Begum
  • Barbul Mirza (d.infancy) — withMaham Begum
  • Alwar Mirza (d.young) — with Dildar Begum
  • Faruq Mirza (d.infancy) — withMaham Begum

The daughters of Babur were:

Death and legacy

Babur and his heirHumayun

Babur died in Agra at the age of 47 on 5 January [O.S.26 December 1530] 1531 and was succeeded by his eldest son, Humayun. He was first buried in Chauburji,Agra.[80][81]Later as per his wishes, his mortal remains were moved to Kabul and reburied inBagh-e Baburin Kabul sometime between 1539 and 1544.[20][56]

Bobur Square,Andijan, Uzbekistan in 2012

It is generally agreed that, as a Timurid, Babur was not only significantly influenced by the Persian culture, but also that his empire gave rise to the expansion of thePersianateethos in the Indian subcontinent.[5][6]He emerged in his own telling as aTimurid Renaissanceinheritor, leaving signs of Islamic, artistic literary, and social aspects in India.[82][83]

For example, F. Lehmann states in theEncyclopædia Iranica:

His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babur was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results.[32]

Although all applications of modern Central Asian ethnicities to people of Babur's time are anachronistic, Soviet and Uzbek sources regard Babur as an ethnic Uzbek.[84][85][86]At the same time, during the Soviet Union Uzbek scholars were censored for idealising and praising Babur and other historical figures such asAli-Shir Nava'i.[87]

The tomb of the first Mughal Emperor Babur inKabul

Babur is considered a national hero in Uzbekistan.[88]On 14 February 2008, stamps in his name were issued in the country to commemorate his 525th birth anniversary.[89]Many of Babur's poems have become popular Uzbek folk songs, especially bySherali Jo'rayev.[90]Some sources claim that Babur is a national hero inKyrgyzstantoo.[91]In October 2005, Pakistan developed theBabur Cruise Missile,named in his honour.

Shahenshah Babar,an Indian film about the emperor directed byWajahat Mirzawas released in 1944. The 1960 Indian biographical filmBabarbyHemen Guptacovered the emperor's life withGajanan Jagirdarin the lead role.[92]

One of the enduring features of Babur's life was that he left behind the lively and well-written autobiography known asBaburnama.[93]QuotingHenry Beveridge,Stanley Lane-Poolewrites:

His autobiography is one of those priceless records which are for all time, and is fit to rank with the confessions ofSt. AugustineandRousseau,and the memoirs ofGibbonandNewton.In Asia it stands almost alone.

[94] In his own words, "The cream of my testimony is this, do nothing against your brothers even though they may deserve it." Also, "The new year, the spring, the wine and the beloved are joyful. Babur make merry, for the world will not be there for you a second time."[95]

Tombstone of Babur in Bagh-e Babur, Kabul, Afghanistan.

Babri Masjid

A 19th century photograph of Babri masjid.

TheBabri Masjid( "Babur's Mosque" ) inAyodhyais said to have been constructed on the orders ofMir Baqi,one of the commanders of his army. In 2003 theAllahabad High Courtordered theArchaeological Survey of India(ASI) to conduct a more in-depth study and anexcavationto ascertain the type of structure beneath the mosque.[96]The excavation was conducted from 12 March 2003 to 7 August 2003, resulting in 1360 discoveries.[97]

The summary of the ASI report indicated the presence of a 10th-century temple under the mosque.[98][99]The ASI team said that, human activity at the site dates back to the 13th century BCE. The next few layers date back to theShungaperiod (second-first century BCE) and theKushanperiod. During the earlymedieval period(11–12th century CE), a huge but short-lived structure of nearly 50 metres north–south orientation was constructed. On the remains of this structure, another massive structure was constructed: this structure had at least three structural phases and three successive floors attached with it. The report concluded that it was over the top of this construction that the disputed structure was constructed during the early 16th century.[100]ArchaeologistKK Muhammed,the onlyMuslimmember in the team of people surveying the excavation, also confirmed individually that there existed a temple like structure before the Babri Masjid was constructed over it.[101]TheSupreme Court judgementof 2019 granted the entire disputed land to the Hindus for construction of a temple, stating that Hindus continues to worship at the site and continued to hold the land outside the yard. It also held that there is nothing to prove that the structure, which was present before the construction of the mosque, was demolished for the purpose of building mosque or was already in ruins.[102][103]

Citations

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  8. ^Gilbert, Marc Jason (2017),South Asia in World History,Oxford University Press, pp. 75–,ISBN978-0-19-066137-3,archivedfrom the original on 22 September 2023,retrieved11 June2021Quote: "Babur then adroitly gave the Ottomans his promise not to attack them in return for their military aid, which he received in the form of the newest of battlefield inventions, the matchlock gun and cast cannons, as well as instructors to train his men to use them."
  9. ^Bhatnagar, V. S. (1974).Life and Times of Sawai Jai Singh, 1688–1743.Impex India. p. 6.From 1326, Mewar's grand recovery commenced under Lakha, and later under Kumbha and most notably under Sanga, till it became one of the greatest powers in northern India during the first quarter of sixteenth century.
  10. ^Sarda, Har Bilas.Maharana Sanga; the Hindupat, the last great leader of the Rajput race.University of California Libraries. Ajmer, Scottish Mission Industries. pp. 01–03.Babur, the founder of the Turk power in India, says in his Memoirs that Rana Sanga was the most powerful sovereign in Hindustan when he invaded it, and that he attained his present high eminence by his own valour and sword. Eighty thousand horse, 7 Rajas of the highest rank, 9 Raos and 104 chieftains bearing the titles of Rawal and Rawat, with 500 war elephants, followed him into the field. The princes of Marwar and Amber (Jodhpur and Jaipur) did him homage, and the Raos of Gwalior, Ajmer, Sikri, Raisen, Kalpi, Chanderi, Boondi, Gagroon, Rampura and Abu served him as tributaries or held of him in chief.
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References

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Babur
Born:14 February 1483Died:26 December 1530
Regnal titles
New title
 Mughal Emperor
20 April 1526 – 26 December 1530 		Succeeded by
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