Wikipedia

Bailey bridge

This article is about portable prefabricated bridges. For specific bridges named "Bailey", seeBailey Bridge.

ABailey bridgeis a type of portable,pre-fabricated,truss bridge.It was developed in 1940–1941 by theBritishfor military use during theSecond World Warand saw extensive use by British, Canadian and Americanmilitary engineering units.A Bailey bridge has the advantages of requiring no special tools or heavy equipment to assemble. The wood and steel bridge elements were small and light enough to be carried in trucks and lifted into place by hand, without the use of a crane. These bridges were strong enough to carry tanks. Bailey bridges continue to be used extensively in civil engineering construction projects and to provide temporary crossings for pedestrian and vehicle traffic.

Bailey bridge
Bailey bridge over the Meurthe River, France
Bailey bridge over theMeurthe River,France
RelatedCallender-Hamilton bridge
DescendantMabey Logistic Support Bridge,Medium Girder Bridge,Extra-Wide Bailey Bridge, Acrow 700XS, Mabey Universal, Mabey Compact 100 and 200.
CarriesPedestrians, Road vehicles, Rail Vehicles
Span rangeShort
MaterialTimber,steel
MovableNo
Design effortLow
FalseworkrequiredNone

Design

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The transoms, side-panels and stringers of a Bailey bridge section at theMemorial Pegasusmuseum inRanville,Calvados, France, can all be clearly seen
Royal Engineersconstruct a Bailey bridge in Italy, September 1943. Wood planks are being laid over the stringers to construct the roadbed

The success of the Bailey bridge was due to the simplicity of the fabrication and assembly of its modular components, combined with the ability to erect and deploy sections with a minimum of assistance fromheavy equipment.Many previous designs for military bridges requiredcranesto lift the pre-assembled bridge and lower it into place. The Bailey parts were made of standardsteelalloys,and were simple enough that parts made at a number of different factories were interchangeable. Each individual part could be carried by a small number of men, enabling army engineers to move more easily and quickly, in preparing the way for troops andmaterieladvancing behind them. The modular design allowed engineers to build each bridge to be as long and as strong as needed, doubling or tripling the supportive side panels, or on the roadbed sections.[1]

The basic bridge consists of three main parts. The bridge's strength is provided by the panels on the sides. The panels are 10-foot-long (3.0 m), 5-foot-high (1.5 m), cross-braced rectangles that each weigh 570 pounds (260 kg), and can be lifted by four men. The panel was constructed of welded steel. The top and bottom chord of each panel had interlocking male and female lugs into which engineers could insert panel connecting pins.[2]

The floor of the bridge consists of a number of 19-foot-wide (5.8 m)transomsthat run across the bridge, with 10-foot-long (3.0 m) stringers running between them, and over the top of the transoms, forming a square.[3]Transoms rest on the lower chord of the panels, and clamps hold them together. Stringers are placed atop the completed structural frame, andwood planking(chesses) are placed atop the stringers to provide a roadbed. Ribands bolt the planking to the stringers. Later in the war, the wooden planking was covered by steel plates, which were more resistant to damage oftank tracks.

Each unit constructed in this fashion creates a single 10-foot-long (3.0 m) section of bridge, with a 12-foot-wide (3.7 m) roadbed. After one section is complete it is typically pushed forward over rollers on the bridgehead, and another section built behind it. The two are then connected together with pins pounded into holes in the corners of the panels.

For added strength up to three panels (and transoms) can be bolted on either side of the bridge. Another solution is to stack the panels vertically. With three panels across and two high, the Bailey Bridge can support tanks over a 200-footspan(61 m). Footways can be installed on the outside of the side-panels. The side-panels form an effective barrier between foot and vehicle traffic, allowing pedestrians to safely use the bridge.[4]

A useful feature of the Bailey bridge is its ability to be launched from one side of a gap, without a need for ANY equipment or personnel on the far bank.[3]In this system the front-most portion of the bridge is angled up with short "launch-links" to form a "launching nose" and most of the bridge is left without the roadbed and ribands. The bridge is placed on rollers and simply pushed across the gap, using manpower or a truck or tracked vehicle, at which point the roller is removed (with the help of jacks) and the ribands and roadbed installed, along with any additional panels and transoms that might be needed.

During WWII, Bailey bridge parts were made by companies with little experience of this kind of engineering. Although the parts were simple, they had to be precisely manufactured to fit correctly, so they were assembled into a test jig at each factory to verify this. To do this efficiently, newly manufactured parts would be continuously added to the test bridge, while at the same time the far end of the test bridge was continuously dismantled and the parts dispatched to the end-users.[4]

History

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Prototype Bailey Bridge atStanpit MarshinDorset
Bailey Bridge undergoing trials inChristchurch, Dorset

Donald Baileywas acivil servantin theBritishWar Officewho tinkered with model bridges as a hobby.[5]He had proposed an early prototype for a Bailey bridge before the war in 1936,[6]but the idea was not acted upon.[7]Bailey drew an original proposal for the bridge on the back of an envelope in 1940.[5][8]On 14 February 1941, theMinistry of Supplyrequested that Bailey have a full-scale prototype completed by 1 May.[9]Work on the bridge was completed with particular support fromRalph Freeman.[10]The design was tested at the Experimental Bridging Establishment (EBE), inChristchurch, Dorset,[7][11]with several parts fromBraithwaite & Co.,[12]beginning in December 1940 and ending in 1941.[7][11]The first prototype was tested in 1941.[13]For early tests, the bridge was laid across a field, about 2 feet (0.61 m) above the ground, and severalMark V tankswere filled withpig ironand stacked upon each other.[14]

The prototype of this was used to span Mother Siller's Channel, which cuts through the nearbyStanpit Marshes,an area of marshland at theconfluenceof theRiver Avonand theRiver Stour.It remains there (50°43′31″N1°45′44″W/ 50.7252806°N 1.762155°W/50.7252806; -1.762155) as a functioning bridge.[15]Full production began in July 1941. Thousands of workers and over 650 firms, includingLittlewoods,were engaged in making the bridge, with production eventually rising to 25,000 bridge panels a month.[16]The first Bailey bridges were in military service by December 1941,[13]Bridges in the other formats were built, temporarily, to cross the Avon and Stour in the meadows nearby. After successful development and testing, the bridge was taken into service by theCorps of Royal Engineersand first used in North Africa in 1942.[17]

The original design violated apatenton theCallender-Hamilton bridge.The designer of that bridge,A. M. Hamilton,successfully applied to theRoyal Commission on Awards to Inventors.The Bailey Bridge was more easily constructed, but less portable than the Hamilton bridge.[18][19]Hamilton was awarded £4,000 in 1936 by the War Office for the use of his early bridges and the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded him £10,000 in 1954 for the use, mainly in Asia, of his later bridges.Lieutenant GeneralSirGiffard Le Quesne Martelwas awarded £500 for infringement on the design of hisbox girder bridge,the Martel bridge.[20]Bailey was laterknightedfor his invention, and awarded£12,000.[21][22]

Use in the Second World War

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Allied military traffic crosses a Bailey bridge, spanning a damaged section of a masonryarch bridge.At the same time, local workers are rebuilding the original bridge. Italy 1944

The first operational Bailey bridge during theSecond World Warwas built by 237 Field Company R.E. overMedjerda RivernearMedjez el BabinTunisiaon the night of 26 November 1942.[23]The first Bailey bridge built under fire was constructed atLeonforteby members of the 3rd Field Company, Royal Canadian Engineers.[24][unreliable source?]The Americans soon adopted the Bailey bridge technique, calling it thePortable Panel Bridge.In early 1942, theUnited States Army Corps of Engineersinitially awarded contracts to the Detroit Steel Products Company, the American Elevator Company and the Commercial Shearing and Stamping Company, and later several others.[25]

The Bailey provided a solution to the problem of German and Italian armies destroying bridges as they retreated. By the end of the war, theUS Fifth ArmyandBritish 8th Armyhad built over 3,000 Bailey bridges inSicilyandItalyalone, totaling over 55 miles (89 km) of bridge, at an average length of 100 feet (30 m). One Bailey, built to replace theSangro Riverbridge in Italy, spanned 1,126 feet (343 m). Another on theChindwin RiverinBurma,spanned 1,154 feet (352 m).[26]Such long bridges required support from either piers orpontoons.[4]

A number of bridges were available by 1944 forD-Day,whenproductionwas accelerated. The US also licensed the design and started rapid construction for their own use. A Bailey Bridge constructed over theRiver RhineatRees, Germany,in 1945 by theRoyal Canadian Engineerswas named "Blackfriars Bridge", and, at 558 m (1814 ft) including the ramps at each end, was then the longest Bailey bridge ever constructed.[27]In all, over 600 firms were involved in the making of over 200 miles of bridges composing of 500,000 tons, or 700,000 panels of bridging during the war. At least 2,500 Bailey bridges were built in Italy, and another 2,000 elsewhere.[13][16]

Field MarshalBernard Montgomerywrote in 1947:

Bailey Bridging made an immense contribution towards ending World War II. As far as my own operations were concerned, with the eighth Army in Italy and with the21 Army GroupinNorth West Europe,I could never have maintained the speed and tempo of forward movement without large supplies of Bailey Bridging.[28][29]

Post-war applications

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TheSkylark launch toweratWoomerawas built up of Bailey bridge components.[30]In the years immediately following World War II, theOntario Hydro-Electric Power Commissionpurchased huge amounts of war-surplus Bailey bridging from the Canadian War Assets Corporation. The commission used bridging in an office building.[31][32]Over 200,000 tons of bridging were used in a hydroelectric project.[33]The Ontario government was, several years after World War II, the largest holder of Bailey Bridging components. After World War II and especially postHurricane Hazelin 1954, some of the bridging was used to construct replacement bridges in the Toronto area:[34]

The longest Bailey bridge was put into service in October 1975. This 788-metre (2,585 ft), two-lane bridge crossed theDerwent RiveratHobart,Australia.[36]The Bailey bridge was in use until the reconstruction of theTasman Bridgewas completed on 8 October 1977.[37]Bailey bridges are in regular use throughout the world, particularly as a means of bridging in remote regions.[38]In 2018, the Indian Army erected three new footbridges atElphinstone Road,a commuter railway station inMumbai,and atCurrey RoadandAmbivli.These were erected quickly, in response toa stampedesome months earlier, where 23 people died.[39]TheUnited States Army Corps of Engineersuses Bailey Bridges in construction projects, including an emergency replacement bridge on theHana Highwayin Hawaii.[40]Two temporary Bailey bridges have been used on the northern span of theDufferin Street bridgesinTorontosince 2014.[citation needed]

The first Bailey Bridge built for civilian use in India was on the Pamba river in a place called Ranni in Pathanamthitta district of the state of Kerala. It was on 1996 November 08.

In 2017 theIrish Armybuilt a Bailey bridge to replace a road bridge across theCabry River,in County Donegal, after the original bridge was destroyed in floods.[41]

In 2021 a Bailey bridge was built across the river Dijle in Rijmenam (Belgium) for the transportation of excavated soil from one side to the other of the river. The bridge allowed the trucks to cross the river without having to pass the city center.[42]

In March 2021, theMichigan Department of Transportationconstructed a Bailey bridge onM-30to temporarily reconnect the highway after the old structure was destroyed in the May 2020 flooding and subsequent failure of theEdenville Dam.The department will replace the temporary bridge with a permanent structure in the coming years.

Following the2023 Auckland Anniversary Weekend floodsandCyclone Gabriellein the North Island of New Zealand, Bailey bridges were installed to reconnect communities.[43]

Following the 2023 floods in Madrid, Spain, theSpanish Armyis set to build a Bailey bridge in the village ofAldea del Fresno.[44]

In 2024, following the catastrophic landslide in Kerala’s Wayanad district, theIndian Armybuild a 190 feet Bailey bridge in the village of Mundakkai.[45]

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  • US troops launching a Bailey bridge across a gap by hand
  • Bailey bridge over the River Arno,Florence,built on the piers of the originalPonte Santa Trinita(August 1944)
  • Bargesbeing used to support Bailey bridging over theSeineatMantes,France, August 1944
  • U.S.combat engineersslide stacked doubled sections of Bailey bridging into place atWeselon theRhinein Germany (c. 1945)
  • A Sherman tank and a Jeep ferried across the riverGarigliano,central Italy, using a raft constructed from pontoons and a section of Bailey bridge (January 1944)
  • Bailey bridge built over bombed out bridge at base ofMarienberg FortressinWürzburgby the 119th Armored Engineer Battalion of theU.S. 12th Armored Division,April 1945
  • Bailey bridge over the Wadi el Kuf,Libya,with bridge sections used to construct the supports (2007)
  • Juba Nile Bridgeover theWhite Nile,Juba, South Sudan(1975)
  • Bailey bridge atWhitefish Falls,Ontario, Canada (2006)
  • Combat engineersinspect a bridge on Route Arnhem in Iraq (2009)
  • Construction of Bailey bridge in 1970
  • Bailey bridge over theCoppename Riverat Bitagron, Suriname (1976)
  • Bailey bridge serving as a pedestrian/bike lane in Nijlen (Belgium)
  • The 1,100 feet (340 m) bridge over the Chindwin, in Burma, nearing completion in 1944. (The sections were constructed on a tributary and floated downstream on pontoons.)

See also

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References

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  1. ^"The Story of the Bailey Bridge".Mabey Bridge Ltd. Archived fromthe originalon 2015-10-31.Retrieved3 October2015.
  2. ^"UK Military Bridging – Equipment (The Bailey Bridge)".ThinkDefence. 8 January 2012.Retrieved28 March2015.
  3. ^ab"Launching the Bailey Bridge".Tactical and Technical Trends(35). 7 October 1943.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  4. ^abc"How the Army's Amazing Bailey Bridge is Built".The War Illustrated.8(198): 564. January 19, 1945.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  5. ^abServices, Times Wire (1985-05-07)."Sir Donald Bailey, WW II Engineer, Dies".Los Angeles Times.ISSN0458-3035.Retrieved2018-09-19.He sketched the original design for the Bailey Bridge on the back of an envelope as he was being driven to a meeting of Royal Engineers to debate the failure of existing portable bridges
  6. ^Harpur 1991,p. 3.
  7. ^abcJoshi 2008,p. 29.
  8. ^Harpur 1991,p. 4.
  9. ^Harpur 1991,p. 31.
  10. ^Harpur 1991,p. 37.
  11. ^ab"BBC – WW2 People's War – The Sappers Story".BBC.Retrieved2018-09-19.
  12. ^Harpur 1991,p. 38–41.
  13. ^abcJoshi 2008,p. 30.
  14. ^Harpur 1991,p. 38-41.
  15. ^"Stanpit Marsh and Nature Reserve".Hengistbury Head. Archived fromthe originalon March 25, 2016.Retrieved2011-09-27.
  16. ^abHarpur 1991,pp. 48–50.
  17. ^Caney, Steven (2006).Steven Caney's Ultimate Building Book.Running Press. p.188.ISBN978-0-7624-0409-4.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  18. ^"Bridge Claim By General 'Used As Basis For Bailey Design'".The Times.26 July 1955. p. 4, col E.
  19. ^Segerstrale, Ullica; Segerstråle, Ullica Christina Olofsdotter (2013-02-28).Nature's Oracle: The Life and Work of W.D.Hamilton.OUP Oxford.ISBN9780198607274.
  20. ^Harpur 1991,p. 113.
  21. ^Harpur 1991,p. 108.
  22. ^"No. 37407".The London Gazette(Supplement). 1 January 1946. p. 2.
  23. ^Harpur 1991,p. 69.
  24. ^"Bailey Bridge".Canadiansoldiers.com. 2010-11-27.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  25. ^Harpur 1991,p. 87.
  26. ^Slim, William (1956).Defeat Into Victory.Cassell. p. 359.ISBN978-0-304-29114-4.
  27. ^"Blackfriars Bridge – Longest Bailey Bridge in the World".Canadian Military Engineers Association.Retrieved12 November2017.
  28. ^"Bailey Bridge".Mabey Bridge and Shore. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-06-15.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  29. ^"Other Equipment Used By The 7th Armoured Division".Btinternet.com. Archived fromthe originalon August 13, 2010.Retrieved2011-09-11.
  30. ^Massie, Harrie; Robins, M. O. (1986-02-27).History of British Space Science.Cambridge University Press.ISBN9780521307833.
  31. ^Magazines, Hearst (1948-05-01).Popular Mechanics.Hearst Magazines.
  32. ^Electric Light and Power.Winston, Incorporated. 1955.
  33. ^Harpur 1991,p. 106.
  34. ^Noonan, Larry (2016-10-11)."STORIES FROM ROUGE PARK: Canadian military builds Baily Bridge to get traffic moving after Hurricane Hazel".Toronto.com.Retrieved2018-11-02.
  35. ^"Best of Toronto: Cityscape".NOW Magazine.November 2007. Archived fromthe originalon February 10, 2012.
  36. ^Journals and Printed Papers of the Parliament of Tasmania.Government Printer. 1977.
  37. ^"Feature Article – The Tasman bridge (Feature Article)".Tasmanian Year Book, 2000.2002-09-13.Retrieved2018-11-02.
  38. ^"Twin Bailey bridges to fill the gap".The Telegraph.Kolkota.Retrieved2018-11-02.
  39. ^"Built by the Army, Elphinstone Road foot-overbridge inaugurated by a flower vendor".The Times of India.27 February 2018.
  40. ^Jennifer Solis."Officials focus on design of bridge over Artichoke Reservoir".The Daily News of Newburyport.Retrieved2018-11-02.
  41. ^Murtagh, Peter (2 September 2017)."Donegal bridges gaps after 'all hands on deck' flood response".The Irish Times.Retrieved24 January2020.
  42. ^"Bridge dating from Second World War placed over the river Dijle".De Standaard(in Dutch).Retrieved2018-11-02.
  43. ^"Six Bailey bridges to help reconnect isolated North Island communities".Radio New Zealand. 2 March 2023.
  44. ^"El Ejército instala en Aldea del Fresno el puente que" ayudó a ganar "la II Guerra Mundial".ELMUNDO(in Spanish). 2023-09-06.Retrieved2023-09-07.
  45. ^PTI (2024-08-01)."Indian Army constructs 190-ft-long Bailey bridge at Wayanad to connect landslide affected areas".The Hindu.ISSN0971-751X.Retrieved2024-08-02.

Bibliography

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