Wikipedia

bell hooks

For the mixtape, seebell hooks(mixtape).

Gloria Jean Watkins(September 25, 1952 – December 15, 2021), better known by her pen namebell hooks(stylized in lowercase),[1]was an American author, theorist, educator, and social critic who was a Distinguished Professor in Residence atBerea College.[2]She was best known for her writings on race,feminism,and class.[3][4]She used the lower-case spelling of her name to decenter herself and draw attention to her work instead. The focus of hooks' writing was to explore theintersectionalityof race,capitalism,and gender, and what she described as their ability to produce and perpetuate systems ofoppressionandclass domination.She published around 40 books, including works that ranged from essays, poetry, and children's books. She published numerous scholarly articles, appeared in documentary films, and participated in public lectures. Her work addressed love,race,social class,gender, art, history, sexuality, mass media, andfeminism.[5]

bell hooks
In October 2014
Born
Gloria Jean Watkins

(1952-09-25)September 25, 1952
Hopkinsville, Kentucky,U.S.
DiedDecember 15, 2021(2021-12-15)(aged 69)
Berea, Kentucky,U.S.
Education
Occupations
  • author
  • academic
  • activist
Years active1978–2018
Known forOppositional gaze
Notable work
Websiteweb.archive.org/web/20210108230404/http://www.bellhooksinstitute.com/

She began her academic career in 1976 teaching English andethnic studiesat theUniversity of Southern California.She later taught at several institutions includingStanford University,Yale University,New College of Florida,andThe City College of New York,before joiningBerea CollegeinBerea, Kentucky,in 2004.[6]In 2014, hooks also founded the bell hooks Institute atBerea College.[7]Her pen name was borrowed from her maternalgreat-grandmother,Bell Blair Hooks.[8]

Early life

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Gloria Jean Watkins was born on September 25, 1952, to a working-class African-American family, inHopkinsville,[9]a small,segregatedtown inKentucky.[10]Watkins was one of six children born to Rosa Bell Watkins (néeOldham) and Veodis Watkins.[5]Her father worked as a janitor and her mother worked as a maid in the homes of white families.[5]In her memoirBone Black: Memories of Girlhood(1996), Watkins would write of her "struggle to create self and identity" while growing up in "a rich magical world of southern black culture that was sometimes paradisiacal and at other times terrifying."[11]

An avid reader (with poetsWilliam Wordsworth,Langston Hughes,Elizabeth Barrett BrowningandGwendolyn Brooksamong her favorites),[12]Watkins was educated inracially segregatedpublic schools,later moving to anintegratedschool in the late 1960s.[13]This experience greatly influenced her perspective as an educator, and it inspired scholarship on education practices as seen in her book,Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom.[14]She graduated fromHopkinsville High Schoolbefore obtaining her BA in English fromStanford Universityin 1973,[15]and herMAin English from theUniversity of Wisconsin–Madisonin 1976.[16]During this time, Watkins was writing her bookAin't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism,which she began at the age of 19 (c.1971)[17]and then published (as bell hooks) in 1981.[4]

In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, hooks completed her doctorate in English at theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz,with adissertationon authorToni Morrisonentitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction."[18][19]

Influences

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Included among hooks' influences is the American abolitionist and feministSojourner Truth.Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?"inspired hooks' first majorbook.[20]Also, the Brazilian educatorPaulo Freireis mentioned in hooks' bookTeaching to Transgress.His perspectives on education are present in the first chapter, "engaged pedagogy."[21]Other influences include Peruvian theologianGustavo Gutiérrez,[22]psychologistErich Fromm,[23]playwrightLorraine Hansberry,[24]Buddhist monkThích Nhất Hạnh,[25]and African American writerJames Baldwin.[26]

Teaching and writing

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She began her academic career in 1976 as an English professor and senior lecturer inethnic studiesat theUniversity of Southern California.[27]During her three years there, Golemics, a Los Angeles publisher, released her first published work, achapbookof poems titledAnd There We Wept(1978),[28]written under the name "bell hooks." She had adopted her maternal great-grandmother's name as her pen name because, as she later put it, her great-grandmother "was known for her snappy and bold tongue, which [she] greatly admired."[8]She also said she put the name in lowercase letters to convey that what is most important to focus upon is her works, not her personal qualities: the "substance of books, not who [she is]."[29]On the unconventional lowercasing of her pen name, hooks added that, "When the feminist movement was at its zenith in the late '60s and early '70s, there was a lot of moving away from the idea of the person. It was: Let's talk about the ideas behind the work, and the people matter less... It was kind of a gimmicky thing, but lots of feminist women were doing it."[30]

In the early 1980s and 1990s, hooks taught at several post-secondary institutions, including theUniversity of California, Santa Cruz,San Francisco State University,Yale(1985 to 1988, as assistant professor of African and Afro-American studies and English),[31]Oberlin College(1988 to 1994, as associate professor of American literature and women's studies), and, beginning in 1994, as distinguished professor of English atCity College of New York.[32][33]

South End Presspublished her first major work,Ain't I a Woman? Black Women and Feminism,in 1981, though she had started writing it years earlier at the age of 19, while still an undergraduate.[13][34]In the decades since its publication,Ain't I a Woman?has been recognized for its contribution to feminist thought, withPublishers Weeklyin 1992 naming it "One of the twenty most influential women's books in the last 20 years."[35]Writing inThe New York Timesin 2019,Min Jin Leesaid thatAin't I a Woman"remains a radical and relevant work of political theory. She lays the groundwork of her feminist theory by giving historical evidence of the specific sexism that black female slaves endured and how that legacy affects black womanhood today."[31]Ain't I a Woman?examines themes including the historical impact of sexism and racism on black women, devaluation of black womanhood,[36]media roles and portrayal, the education system, the idea of awhite-supremacist-capitalist-patriarchyand themarginalizationof black women.[37]

bell hooks in 2009

At the same time, hooks became significant as aleftistandpostmodernpolitical thinker andcultural critic.[38]She published more than 30 books,[3]ranging in topics from black men,patriarchy,andmasculinityto self-help; engagedpedagogyto personal memoirs; and sexuality (in regards to feminism and politics of aesthetics andvisual culture).Reel to Real: race, sex, and class at the movies(1996) collects film essays, reviews, and interviews with film directors.[39]InThe New Yorker,Hua Hsusaid these interviews displayed the facet of hooks' work that was "curious, empathetic, searching for comrades."[5]

InFeminist Theory: From Margin to Center(1984), hooks develops a critique of white feminist racism insecond-wave feminism,which she argued undermined the possibility of feminist solidarity across racial lines.[40]

As hooks argued, communication and literacy (the ability to read, write, andthink critically) are necessary for the feminist movement because without them people may not grow to recognize gender inequalities in society.[41]

InTeaching to Transgress(1994), hooks' attempts a new approach to education for minority students.[42]Particularly, hooks' strives to make scholarship on theory accessible to "be read and understood across different class boundaries."[43]

In 2002, hooks gave acommencement speechatSouthwestern University.Eschewing the congratulatory mode of traditional commencement speeches, she spoke against what she saw as government-sanctioned violence and oppression, and admonished students who she believed went along with such practices.[44][45]The Austin Chroniclereported that many in the audience booed the speech, though "several graduates passed over the provost to shake her hand or give her a hug."[44]

In 2004, she joinedBerea Collegeas Distinguished Professor in Residence.[46]Her 2008 book,belonging: a culture of place,includes an interview with authorWendell Berryas well as a discussion of her move back toKentucky.[47]She was a scholar in residence atThe New Schoolon three occasions, the last time in 2014.[48]Also in 2014, the Bell Hooks Institute was founded at Berea College,[4]where she donated her papers in 2017.[49]

During her time at Berea College, hooks also founded the bell hooks center[50]along with professor Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou.[51]The center was established to provide underrepresented students, especially black and brown, femme, queer, and Appalachian individuals at Berea College, a safe space where they can develop their activist expression, education, and work.[52]The center cites hooks' work and her emphasis on the importance of feminism and love as the inspiration and guiding principles of the education it offers. The center offers events and programming with an emphasis on radical feminist and anti-racist thought.[51]

She was inducted into the Kentucky Writers Hall of Fame in 2018.[3][53]

In 2020, during theGeorge Floyd protests,there was a resurgence of interest in hooks' work on racism, feminism, and capitalism.[54]

Personal life

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Regarding her sexual identity, hooks described herself as "queer-pas-gay."[55][56][57]She used the term "pas" from the French language, translating to "not" in the English language. She describes beingqueerin her own words as "not who you're having sex with, but about being at odds with everything around it."[58]She stated, "As the essence of queer, I think ofTim Dean's work on being queer and queer not as being about who you're having sex with—that can be a dimension of it—but queer as being about the self that is at odds with everything around it and it has to invent and create and find a place to speak and to thrive and to live. "[59]During an interview with Abigail Bereola in 2017, hooks revealed to Bereola that she was single while they discussed her love life. During the interview, hooks told Bereola, "I don't have a partner. I've been celibate for 17 years. I would love to have a partner, but I don't think my life is less meaningful."[60]

On December 15, 2021, bell hooks died from kidney failure at her home in Berea, Kentucky, aged 69.[3]

Buddhism

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Through her interest inBeat poetryand after an encounter with the poet and BuddhistGary Snyder,hooks was first introduced toBuddhismin her early college years.[61]She described herself as finding Buddhism as part of a personal journey in her youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her life and configure these concepts into her focus on activism and justice.[62]After her initial exposures to Buddhism, hooks incorporated it into her Christian upbringing and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced her identity, activism, and writing for the remainder of her life.[63]

She was drawn to Buddhism because of the personal and academic framework it offered her to understand and respond to suffering and discrimination as well as love and connection. She describes the Christian-Buddhist focus on everyday practice as fulfilling the centering and grounding needs of her everyday life.[64]

Buddhist thought, especially the work ofThích Nhất Hạnh,appears in multiple of hooks' essays, books, and poetry.[63]Buddhist spirituality also played a significant role in the creation of love ethic which became a major focus in both her written work and her activism.[65]

Legacy and impact

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Bell hooks was included inUtne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life"[66]and included inTIME magazine's "100 Women of the Year" in 2020, where she was described as "that rare rock star of a public intellectual who reaches wide by being accessible".[67]

With a literary repertoire comprising over 30 books and contributions to prominent magazines such as Ms., Essence, andTricycle: The Buddhist Review,hooks commands attention with her blend of social commentary, autobiography, and feminist critique. Regardless of the subject matter, her writings consistently display scholarly rigor conveyed through accessible prose.

Prior to her tenure at Berea College, hooks held teaching positions at esteemed institutions likeStanford,Yale,andThe City College of New York.Her influence transcends academia, as evidenced by her residencies both in the United States and abroad. In 2014,St. Norbert Collegededicated an entire year to celebrating her contributions with "A Year of bell hooks."[68]

The popularity of hooks' writing surged amidstthe racial justice movementsignited by the deaths ofGeorge FloydandBreonna Taylorin 2020, with her bookAll About Love: New Visionsentering the New York Times bestseller list over 20 years after its publication.[69]

Films

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Awards and nominations

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Published works

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Library resourcesabout
Bell Hooks
By Bell Hooks

Adult books

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Children's books

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Book sections

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Smith, Dinitia (September 28, 2006)."Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers".The New York Times.p. E3.Archivedfrom the original on July 3, 2018.RetrievedFebruary 21,2017.But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.
  2. ^Holland, Jennifer L. (2020).Tiny you: a western history of the anti-abortion movement.Oakland, California: University of California Press.ISBN978-0-520-96847-9.
  3. ^abcdKnight, Lucy (December 15, 2021)."Bell Hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69".The Guardian.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.
  4. ^abcTikkanen, Amy (November 27, 2019)."Bell Hooks | American scholar".Encyclopaedia Britannica.Stanford University.RetrievedMarch 31,2022.
  5. ^abcdHsu, Hua (December 15, 2021)."The Revolutionary Writing of Bell Hooks".The New Yorker.Archivedfrom the original on December 16, 2021.RetrievedDecember 16,2021.
  6. ^ab"Get to Know Bell Hooks".The Bell Hooks center.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.
  7. ^"About the Bell Hooks institute".Bell Hooks institute.Archived fromthe originalon January 8, 2021.RetrievedDecember 17,2021.,viaarchive.org
  8. ^abhooks, bell, "Inspired Eccentricity: Sarah and Gus Oldham" in Sharon Sloan Fiffer and Steve Fiffer (eds),Family: American Writers Remember Their Own,New York: Vintage Books, 1996, p. 152.

    hooks, bell,Talking Back,Routledge, 2014 [1989], p. 161.

  9. ^Risen, Clay (December 15, 2021)."Bell Hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.
  10. ^Medea, Andra (1997). "hooks, bell (1952–)". InHine, Darlene Clark(ed.).Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America.New York:Facts on File.pp.100–101.ISBN0-8160-3425-7.OCLC35209436.
  11. ^"Bone Black".Kirkus Reviews.August 15, 1996.RetrievedDecember 22,2021.
  12. ^Busby, Margaret(December 17, 2021)."Bell Hooks obituary | Trailblazing writer, activist and cultural theorist who made a pivotal contribution to Black feminist thought".The Guardian.
  13. ^abLe Blanc, Ondine E. (1997). "Bell Hooks 1952–". In Bigelow, Barbara Carlisle (ed.).Contemporary Black Biography.Vol. 5.Gale.pp.125–129.ISBN978-1-4144-3543-5.ISSN1058-1316.OCLC527366247.
  14. ^"Teaching to Transgress – Books".Act Build Change.July 14, 2020.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  15. ^abKumar, Lisa, ed. (2007). "hooks, bell 1952–".Something about the Author.Vol. 170.Gale.pp.112–116.ISBN978-1-4144-1071-5.ISSN0276-816X.OCLC507358041.
  16. ^Scanlon, Jennifer (1999).Significant Contemporary American Feminists: A Biographical Sourcebook.Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp.125–132.ISBN978-0313301254.
  17. ^"Remembering Bell Hooks (1952-2021)".December 2021.
  18. ^hooks, bell (1983).Keeping a hold on life: reading Toni Morrison's fiction(Thesis).OCLC9514473.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.WorldCat.
  19. ^hooks, bell (1983).Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction.University of California, Santa Cruz.
  20. ^Lee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019)."In Praise of Bell Hooks".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  21. ^hooks, bell (1994).Teaching to transgress: education as the practice of freedom.New York.ISBN0-415-90807-8.OCLC30668295.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  22. ^Sarkar, Somnath (July 11, 2021)."Aint I a Woman? | Feminist Theory of Bell Hooks".All About English Literature.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  23. ^Richards, Aleta (September 22, 2000)."All About Love. (Book reviews: love everybody right now)".Civil Rights Journal.5(1): 58–61.
  24. ^Trescott, Jacqueline (February 9, 1999)."A WOMAN OF HER WORDS".The Washington Post.ISSN0190-8286.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  25. ^"Bell Hooks tells the story of the first time she met Thich Nhat Hanh - Lions Roar".December 21, 2017.RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  26. ^hooks, bell."Why James Baldwin Is Important: Books, Quotes, Essays, Poems, Movie, Biography * Bell Hooks Books".RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  27. ^Hampton, Bonita (2007). "hooks, bell (1952–)". In Anderson, Gary L.; Herr, Kathryn G. (eds.).Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice.Vol. 2.SAGE Publishing.pp.704–706.doi:10.4135/9781412956215.n418.ISBN978-1-4129-1812-1.
  28. ^Glikin, Ronda (1989).Black American Women in Literature: A Bibliography, 1976 through 1987.McFarland & Company.p.73.ISBN0-89950-372-1.OCLC18986103.
  29. ^Williams, Heather (March 26, 2013)."Bell Hooks Speaks Up".The Sandspur.p. 1.Archivedfrom the original on February 28, 2021.RetrievedNovember 10,2019– via Issuu.
  30. ^Lowens, Randy (February 14, 2018)."How Do You Practice Intersectionalism? An Interview with Bell Hooks".Black Rose/Rosa Negra Anarchist Federation.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 17,2021.
  31. ^abLee, Min Jin (February 28, 2019)."In Praise of Bell Hooks".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Archivedfrom the original on December 15, 2021.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.
  32. ^Leatherman, Courtney (May 19, 1995)."The Real Bell Hooks".The Chronicle of Higher Education.Archivedfrom the original on December 16, 2021.RetrievedDecember 16,2021.
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  35. ^Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (August 28, 2015).The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia.University Press of Kentucky.ISBN978-0-8131-6067-2.Archivedfrom the original on December 16, 2021.RetrievedDecember 16,2021.
  36. ^Guy-Sheftall, Beverly;Ikerionwu, Maria K. Mootry; hooks, bell (1983). "Black Women and Feminism: Two Reviews".Phylon.44(1): 84.doi:10.2307/274371.JSTOR274371.
  37. ^Wake, Paul; Malpas, Simon, eds. (June 19, 2013).The Routledge Companion to Critical and Cultural Theory(PDF).Routledge.pp. 241–242.doi:10.4324/9780203520796.ISBN978-1-134-12327-8.Archived(PDF)from the original on April 14, 2021.RetrievedDecember 16,2021.
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  39. ^Winchester, James (1999). "Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class at the Movies".The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism.57(3): 388.doi:10.2307/432214.JSTOR432214.
  40. ^Isoke, Zenzele (December 2019)."Bell Hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By Bell Hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback)".Politics & Gender.15(4).doi:10.1017/S1743923X19000643.ISSN1743-923X.S2CID216525770.
  41. ^Olson, Gary A. (1994). "Bell Hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation".Journal of Advanced Composition.14(1): 1–19.ISSN0731-6755.JSTOR20865945.
  42. ^"Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom * Bell Hooks Books".RetrievedMarch 15,2023.
  43. ^Judd, Caitlin (December 31, 2021)."What Bell Hooks taught me".Cambridge Girl Talk.Archived from the original on September 20, 2023.RetrievedJanuary 17,2024.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
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  45. ^Kilker, Jean (May 24, 2002)."Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle".The Austin Chronicle.Archivedfrom the original on October 15, 2014.RetrievedDecember 11,2013.
  46. ^"Faculty and Staff".Berea College.Archived fromthe originalon May 28, 2010.RetrievedDecember 15,2021.
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Cited sources

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Further reading

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