Wikipedia

Bill Davis

For other people with the same name, seeWilliam Davis (disambiguation).

William Grenville Davis,PC,CC,OOnt,QC(July 30, 1929 – August 8, 2021) was a Canadian politician who served as the 18thpremier of Ontariofrom 1971 to 1985. BehindOliver Mowat,Davis was thesecond-longest serving premier of Ontario.

The Honourable
Bill Davis
PCCCOOntQC
Davis in 1979
18thPremier of Ontario
In office
March 1, 1971 – February 8, 1985
MonarchElizabeth II
Lieutenant GovernorWilliam Ross Macdonald
Pauline Mills McGibbon
John Black Aird
Preceded byJohn Robarts
Succeeded byFrank Miller
Minister of University Affairs
In office
May 14, 1964 – March 1, 1971
PremierJohn Robarts
Preceded byRiding established
Succeeded byJohn White
Minister of Education
In office
October 25, 1962 – March 1, 1971
PremierJohn Robarts
Preceded byJohn Robarts
Succeeded byBob Welch
Parliamentary constituencies
Member of theOntario Provincial Parliament
forBrampton
(Peel North;1967–1975)
(Peel;1959–1967)
In office
June 11, 1959–May 2, 1985
Preceded byThomas Laird Kennedy
Succeeded byBob Callahan
Personal details
Born
William Grenville Davis

(1929-07-30)July 30, 1929
Toronto,Ontario, Canada
DiedAugust 8, 2021(2021-08-08)(aged 92)
Brampton,Ontario, Canada
Political partyProgressive Conservative
Spouses
  • Helen MacPhee
    ​
    ​
    (m.1955; died 1962)​
  • Kathleen MacKay
    ​
    (m.1964)​
Children5
Alma materUniversity College, Toronto(BA)
Osgoode Hall Law School(LLB)

Born inToronto,Davis was a lawyer before being elected as aProgressive Conservativemember of provincial ParliamentforPeelin the1959 provincial election.He was a backbencher in the Conservative caucus until 1962, when he was appointedminister of educationunderJohn Robarts.During this period, Davis created the community college system and the educational television network now known asTVO.

In 1971, he succeeded Robarts as the premier of Ontario and held the position until resigning in 1985. He led the Progressive Conservatives to victory in four consecutive elections, winning twomajority governmentsand twominority governments.As premier, Davis was responsible for the cancellation of theSpadina Expressway,the funding of Catholic secondary schools through grade 12, the formation of Canada's firstMinistry of the Environment,andrent control,as well as playing a large role in the patriation of theConstitution of Canada.

Early life and education

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Davis was born on July 30, 1929, atToronto General Hospital,Toronto,Ontario, the son of Vera Mildred (néeHewetson) and Albert Grenville Davis.[1][2][3]His father was a successful local lawyer.[4]Davis married twice, first to Helen McPhee (b. 1931, m. 1955, d. 1962), with whom he had four children (Neil, Nancy, Cathy, Ian), before marrying Kathleen Mackay (m. 1964).[5][6]They had one daughter, Meg, in 1965.[7]

Davis was politically active from the age of 15.[7]LocalProgressive ConservativeMember of Parliament(MP)Gordon Graydonwas a frequent guest at Davis's parents' house, and Davis himself became the first delegate younger than seventeen years to attend a national Progressive Conservative convention in Canada. He frequently campaigned for localMember of Provincial Parliament(MPP)Thomas Laird Kennedy,who briefly served as Premier of Ontario in 1949.[8]

Davis graduated from theUniversity of Torontowith a BA in 1951.[9]He was afootballplayer during his university years, and his teammates includedRoy McMurtryandThomas Leonard Wells,both of whom would later serve in his cabinet.[10]Davis received a bachelor of laws fromOsgoode Hall Law Schoolin 1954 and was called to the bar of Ontario in 1955.[9]

Early political career

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Davis was first elected to theLegislative Assembly of Ontarioin the1959 provincial election,for the southern Ontario constituency ofPeel.He was only 29 years old.[11]Although Peel was an extremely safe Conservative seat for most of its history, Davis won by a narrow 1,203 votes. The election took place soon after the federal Progressive Conservative government ofJohn Diefenbakerhad cancelled theAvro Arrowprogram.[12]Davis was given the honour of move the motion to vote on theSpeech from the Throne,which while purely symbolic, allowed him to give a speech that included two of his own planned projects: establishing what would become theForks of the Credit Provincial Park,and improving education.[13]Davis served for two years as abackbenchsupporter ofLeslie Frost's government. When Frost announced his retirement in 1961, Davis became the chief organizer ofRobert Macaulay's campaign to succeed him as premier and party leader. Macaulay was eliminated on the next-to-last ballot, and, with Davis, delivered crucial support forJohn Robartsto defeatKelso Robertson the final vote.[14]

Minister of Education

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Davis as Minister of Education, 1966

Davis was appointed to Robarts' cabinet asMinister of Educationon October 25, 1962, and was re-elected by a greatly increased margin in the1963 provincial election.[15]He was given additional responsibilities as Ontario'sMinister of University Affairson May 14, 1964, and held both portfolios until 1971.[16]He significantly increased education funding during the 1960s; spending increased by 454% between 1962 and 1971 and hundreds of public schools were opened. Davis also oversaw a controversial overhaul and amalgamation of the outdated school board systems in the province, reducing the number of boards from 3,676 in 1962 to 192 by 1967.[17][18]

During his tenure as education minister, Davis established new public universities, includingTrent UniversityandBrock University,as well as the publiccommunity college system.Canada's first educational research institute, theOntario Institute for Studies in Education,and the Ontario Educational Communications Authority educational television network (nowTVO) were established while he was Minister, in 1965 and 1970, respectively.[17][19]

Davis's handling of the education portfolio, of which Robarts was a previous minister, made his entry into the leadership contest to succeed Robarts unsurprising. Robarts himself fully expected Davis to be his successor.[20]He was immediately dubbed the frontrunner when he announced his bid on December 20, 1970.[21]In the early hours of February 13, 1971, Davis defeated rival candidateAllan Lawrenceby only 44 votes on the final ballot, after receiving support from third-place candidateDarcy McKeough.Following the convention, Davis brought Lawrence's campaign team, known as "the Spades", to become his principal advisors. The group later became known as theBig Blue Machine,and remained a dominant campaign force in the Progressive Conservative Party into the 1980s.[22]

Cabinet posts

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Ontario provincial government ofJohn Robarts
Cabinet posts (2)
Predecessor Office Successor
New position Minister of University Affairs
1964–1971
[16] 		John White
John Robarts Minister of Education
1962–1971
[16] 		Bob Welch

Premier of Ontario (1971–1985)

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Davis in 1984

First majority (1971–1975)

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Three months after taking office as premier, Davis announced that his government would not continue to fund construction of theSpadina Expresswayinto downtown Toronto—an initiative that had been unpopular with many of the area's residents.[23][24] The section ofAllen Roadsouth of Lawrence Avenue was subsequently nicknamed the "Davis ditch".[25] In July 1971, he created appointed the firstMinister of the Environment,George Kerr.[26] On August 31, Davis announced the rejection of a proposal to grant full funding to Ontario's Catholic high schools—which were only publicly funded up to grade 10—stating that it "would fragment the present system beyond recognition and repair".[27] The campaign to elect the29th Legislative Assembly of Ontariobegan two weeks later on September 13. The campaign featured the first televised leaders debate for a provincial election.[28]The PC's would gain 9 seats in theelection,held on October 21, 1971.[29]

Davis's first full term as premier was by most accounts his least successful, with public confidence in his government weakened by a series of scandals.[30]There were allegations that theFidinamcompany had received special consideration for a Toronto development program in return for donations to the Progressive Conservative Party.[31]In 1973, it was revealed that Davis's friendGerhard Mooghad received a untenderedC$44.4 million ($293 million in 2023 dollars) contract for the construction ofOntario Hydro's new head office and related projects.Attorney GeneralDalton Bales,Solicitor GeneralJohn YaremkoandTreasurerMcKeough were all accused of conflicts-of-interest relating to government approval for developments on properties they owned. The government was cleared of impropriety in all cases, but its popular support nonetheless declined.[30]The Conservatives lost four key by-elections in 1973 and 1974.[32]

On the policy front, the Davis administration introduced regional governments forDurham,Hamilton-Wentworth,Haldimand-Norfolk,andWaterloobut shelved further plans in response to popular protests.[33]He faced a significant backlash from teachers in December 1973, following the tabling of a bill to force an end tolabour disruptions.[34]In the buildup to the1975 provincial election,Davis imposed a ninety-day freeze on energy prices, temporarily reduced the provincial sales tax from 7% to 5%, and announced rent controls for the province.[35]

Minority governments (1975–1981)

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The 1975 campaign was far more bitter than that of 1971, with Davis and Liberal leaderRobert Nixonrepeatedly hurling personal insults at one another. Polls taken shortly before the election had the Liberals in the lead. The Progressive Conservatives won only 51 seats out of 125, but were able to remain in power with aminority government.TheNew Democratic Party(NDP) won 38 seats under the leadership ofStephen Lewis,while Nixon's Liberals finished third with 36. Soon after the election, Davis hiredHugh Segalas his legislative secretary.[36]On January 1, 1976, Davis enacted Canada's first mandatory seat belt law, following the death of the daughter of his close friend and advisor,Eddie Goodman.[37]

Davis called asnap electionin1977,attempting to capitalise on the turmoil and surprise following the1976 Quebec general electionthat saw theParti Quebecoisgain a majority. He was again returned with only a minority following the vote on June 9. The Progressive Conservatives increased their standing by 7 to 58 seats, against 34 for the Liberals and 33 for the NDP.[38] The Conservatives remained the dominant party after the 1975 and 1977 elections due to the inability of either theNew Democratsand theLiberalsto become the clear alternative. The Conservatives were able to stay in power due to the competition between both opposition parties. As there was no serious consideration of a Liberal-NDP alliance after both campaigns, Davis was able to avoid defeat in the legislature by appealing to other parties for support on particular initiatives.[39]The opposition parties had also undergone leadership changes; Nixon and Lewis, who had posed a strong challenge to Davis, resigned after the 1975 and 1977 elections, respectively.[40]Nixon's successorStuart Lyon Smithproved unable to increase Liberal support, while new NDP leaderMichael Cassidylacked the support of the party establishment.[39]

This period of the Davis government was one of expansion for the province's public health and education systems, and Davis held a particular interest in ensuring that the province's community colleges remained productive. The government also expanded the provisions of the OntarioHuman Rights Code,[41][42] and expanded bilingual services without introducing official bilingualism to the province.[43]

Although he actively supported and campaigned for him in 1976, Davis had an awkward relationship with federalProgressive ConservativeleaderJoe Clark.He and Clark held differing views over fuel prices, and the Davis government actively opposed Clark's 1979 austerity budget which included a gas tax.[44]

Second majority (1981–1985)

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The Progressive Conservatives were returned with a majority government in the1981 provincial election,with 8 of their 12 gained seats coming at the expense of the NDP.[45]Soon after the election, Davis announced thatJohn Tory(who became leader of the PCs 23 years later) had been hired to succeedHugh Segalas his principal secretary.[46]He also announced that Ontario would purchase a 25% share in the energy corporationSuncor,despite opposition from within his own caucus.[47]

Unlike most provincial premiers in Canada, Davis strongly supportedPrime MinisterPierre Trudeau's 1981 plans topatriatetheconstitution of Canadafrom theUnited Kingdomand add to it theCanadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.[48][49]Davis's role in the constitutional negotiations of 1981 were pivotal in achieving a compromise that resulted in the passage of theConstitution Act, 1982.[50][51]

Davis publicly announced his retirement on October 8, 1984, a few months before the1985 election,with he and his government still well ahead in polls againstDavid Peterson's Liberals andBob Rae's NDP.[52]One of his last major acts as premier was to reverse his 1971 decision against the full funding of Catholic schools, and announce that such funding would be provided to the end of Grade Thirteen. Although the policy was supported by all parties in the legislature, it was unpopular with some in the Conservatives' traditional ruralProtestantbase, and many would stay home in the upcoming election because of this issue.[53]

Davis was succeeded byFrank Miller,who was elected leader at a January1985 leadership conventionoverLarry Grossman(who was widely considered the successor to Davis and hisBig Blue Machine).[54]Although Miller was more conservative, the Progressive Conservatives still held a significant lead over the opposition when the election was called. However, after a poor campaign and controversy over Catholic school funding, in the1985 provincial electionthey were reduced to a minority government and lost the popular vote to theLiberal Party,and were soon defeated in a motion of non-confidence by a Liberal–NDP accord, ending the party's 42-year period of rule over the province.[55]

Post-political career

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Davis in 2014

Davis was made a companion of theOrder of Canadain 1986,[56] and received theOrder of Ontarioin 1987.[57]Upon his retirement from politics, he served on numerous corporate boards, includingSeagram,Power Corporation,CIBC,Rogers Cableamong others.[58]In 1985 and 1986, Davis was the Canadian half of a joint task force with the United States (withDrew Lewisas his American counterpart) appointed byBrian MulroneyandRonald Reaganto solve the ongoing acid rain issues affecting the Great Lakes. Their report was popularly referred to as theAcid Rain Treaty;Davis was paid $1 for his work, proudly framing the bill at his cottage.[59]

Davis's reputation within the Ontario Progressive Conservatives was compromised during the 1990s by the party's shift to the right underMike Harris.Many Conservatives parliamentarians were openly dismissive of Davis-era spending policies, and frequently highlighted the differences between Davis and Harris on policy issues. Davis remained a supporter of the party, but seldom appeared at official events.[60]

In 2003, Davis played a role in the successful negotiations to merge the federal Progressive Conservatives with theCanadian Alliance,and create the newConservative Party of Canada.In the2006 federal campaign,he campaigned for Conservative LeaderStephen Harper.Harper spoke favourably of Davis during the campaign, and said that he learned much from Davis's style of governing. The Conservatives were able to defeat the Liberals to form the government.[61]

In the early 2000s, Davis returned to an honoured position within the Ontario Progressive Conservative Party. He was a keynote speaker at the2004 Progressive Conservative leadership convention,and was singled out for praise in speeches by outgoing party leaderErnie Evesand new leaderJohn Tory.Davis was also present for Tory's first session in the Ontario legislature, following the latter's victory in a 2005by-election.[62] In 2014, Davis endorsedChristine Elliottin her second campaign to become leader of the Ontario PC Party, but she finished as runner-up toPatrick Brown,[63] whom he would later endorse in his successful campaign against incumbentLinda Jeffreyformayor of Bramptonin 2018.[64]

Davis had supported Jeffrey in her 2014 bid for mayor,[65]as well as Toronto mayorJohn Tory,former Ontario PC Party leader and a principal secretary of Davis in the 1980s.[66] Incumbent Brampton mayorSusan Fennellwas embroiled in numerous scandals over expenses and financial record-keeping. Davis reportedly convinced Jeffrey to resign from provincial cabinet to challenge Fennell. After taking office as mayor, Jeffrey appointed Davis to a panel tasked with bringing a university to Brampton. However, Davis and Jeffrey had a falling out over Peel Region's proposed Light Rail Transit line, as Jeffrey supported its extension from Hurontario Street in Mississauga further north along Main Street in Brampton (where it would run by Davis's house), while Davis preferred an alternative alignment along Queen Street.[65][67]

Throughout his political career, Davis often remarked upon the lasting influence of his hometown of Brampton, leading to his nickname, "Brampton Billy".[57]

Death

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On August 8, 2021, Davis died in Brampton at the age of 92.[2]

Legacy

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In a 2012 edition, theInstitute for Research on Public Policy's magazine,Policy Options,named Davis the second-best Canadian premier of the last forty years, beaten only byPeter Lougheed.[68]

Recognition

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  • In 1987, Davis was made an Honorary Senior Fellow ofRenison University College,located in Waterloo, Ontario.[69]
  • Davis was appointed as aCompanion of the Order of Canadain 1986, received theOrder of Ontarioin 1987, and was appointed as a Knight in theLegion of Honourof France in 2001.[57]
  • On October 24, 2006, Davis receivedSeneca College's first Honorary degree and was presented with an Honorary Bachelor of Applied Studies. "It is fitting that Bill Davis receives Seneca's first honorary degree", said Dr.Rick Miner,President of Seneca College. "As one of the architects of the college system in Ontario, he is responsible for a dynamic post-secondary education environment which continues to be a pillar of our province's economy."[70]
  • ThePublic Policy Forumhonoured Bill Davis with the Testimonial Award for his contribution to public life, public policy and governance in Canada at their 2011 Testimonial Dinner.[71]

Eponyms

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References

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Citations

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  1. ^Hoy 1985,p. 11.
  2. ^abMartin, Sandra (August 8, 2021)."Premier Bill Davis was the steady hand driving Ontario's Big Blue Machine".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedAugust 8,2021.
  3. ^Paikin 2016.
  4. ^"He's the best in the business".Mississauga.com. June 23, 2008.RetrievedAugust 8,2021.
  5. ^Hoy 1985,pp. 20, 25.
  6. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 47–48.
  7. ^abCanadian Press (August 8, 2021)."Bill Davis, Ontario's 18th premier and a celebrated Tory, dies at 92".Moosejaw Today.RetrievedAugust 8,2021.
  8. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 26–27.
  9. ^abHoy 1985,p. 19.
  10. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 26–29.
  11. ^Toronto Sun, June 30, 2009
  12. ^Paikin 2016,p. 36.
  13. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 36–37.
  14. ^Paikin 2016,p. 40.
  15. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 44, 51.
  16. ^abc"William Grenville Davis".Legislative Assembly of Ontario.June 11, 1959.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  17. ^abEditorial Staff (February 13, 2020)."A contrast in PC premiers".Shelburne Free Press.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  18. ^Blizzard, Christina (October 10, 2016)."Nothing bland about Steve Paikin's new book on Bill Davis".Toronto Sun.RetrievedApril 2,2017.He's remembered for a controversial but much-needed overhaul of school boards as well as his implementation of the system of post-secondary community colleges.
  19. ^"Minister Confirms Plan to Establish Research Institute".The Globe and Mail.May 7, 1965. p. 3.
  20. ^Paikin 2016,p. 71.
  21. ^Paikin 2016,p. 73.
  22. ^Paikin, Steve (February 11, 2021)."Fifty years ago today, a leadership convention for the ages".TVO.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  23. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 112–113.
  24. ^Postmedia News (July 3, 2019)."EDITORIAL: How the DVP became a parking lot".Toronto Sun.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  25. ^Paikin 2016,p. 115.
  26. ^Paikin 2016,p. 122.
  27. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 120, 127–128.
  28. ^Paikin 2016,p. 142.
  29. ^Paikin 2016,p. 148.
  30. ^abPaikin 2016,pp. 166, 172–173.
  31. ^Hoy 1985,pp. 104–105.
  32. ^Paikin 2016,p. 174.
  33. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 173–174.
  34. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 176.
  35. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 184, 189–190.
  36. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 194–199.
  37. ^Paikin 2016,p. 209.
  38. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 210–212.
  39. ^abPaikin 2016,pp. 213–214, 217–219.
  40. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 205, 214.
  41. ^Hoy 1985,p. 153.
  42. ^Galer, Dustin (May 4, 2018).Working towards Equity: Disability Rights Activism and Employment in Late Twentieth-Century Canada.University of Toronto Press.p. 168.ISBN978-1-4875-1292-7.
  43. ^"William Davis, Ontario's 18th premier and celebrated Tory, dead at 92".CBC News.The Canadian Press.August 8, 2021.RetrievedAugust 11,2021.
  44. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 234–237.
  45. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 254–256.
  46. ^Paikin 2016,p. 258.
  47. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 274–275.
  48. ^Hoy 1985,pp. 212–213.
  49. ^"Former Ontario premier William Davis dies at age 92".Global News.The Canadian Press.RetrievedAugust 10,2021.
  50. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 300–305.
  51. ^Romanow, Roy J (June 29, 2012)."Reflections on the Kitchen Accord".Constitutional Forum / Forum Constitutionnel.21(1): 1.doi:10.21991/C9K389.ISSN1927-4165.
  52. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 349, 352–353.
  53. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 338–343.
  54. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 388–390.
  55. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 393–396.
  56. ^"William G. Davis, P.C., C.C., Q.C., B.A., LL.D."Governor General of Canada.March 26, 2018.Archivedfrom the original on August 10, 2021.
  57. ^abcPeel Art Gallery, Museum and Archives(August 8, 2021)."A look back at the life of" Brampton Billy ", Ontario's former premier".Insauga.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  58. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 409–410.
  59. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 417–419.
  60. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 454–455.
  61. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 430–433.
  62. ^Dowd, Eric (March 16, 2006)."Get ready for the return of Bill Davis".Sudbury.com.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  63. ^Gunn, Frank (November 8, 2014)."Bill Davis endorses Christine Elliott for Ontario PC leadership".The Globe and Mail.RetrievedOctober 29,2019.
  64. ^Frisque, Graeme (October 10, 2018)."Former premier Bill Davis comes out in support of Patrick Brown in Brampton mayor race".Brampton Guardian.Metroland Media Group.RetrievedOctober 29,2019.
  65. ^abPaikin, Steve (October 26, 2015)."The Fight Between the Old Premier and Brampton's New Mayor".TVO.RetrievedOctober 29,2019.
  66. ^Goldstein, Lorrie (October 18, 2014)."John Tory's secret? Bland works".Toronto Sun.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  67. ^Cohn, Martin Regg (November 12, 2015)."'Bland' Bill Davis wins his latest political fight ".Toronto Star.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  68. ^Pratt, Sheila (May 3, 2012)."Alberta's Peter Lougheed easily tops list of Canada's best premiers".Postmedia News.Archived fromthe originalon November 16, 2018.RetrievedMay 9,2012.
  69. ^Dr. Gail Cuthbert Brandt 'Bold and Courageous Dreams' Renison University College, 2014, pg. 131
  70. ^"Canada's largest college confers first honorary degree to Bill Davis"(Press release). Seneca College of Applied Arts and Technology. October 24, 2005. Archived fromthe originalon September 27, 2007.RetrievedOctober 25,2005.
  71. ^"Public Policy Forum Announces 2011 Testimonial Award Winners"(Press release). Public Policy Forum. January 7, 2011. Archived fromthe originalon July 20, 2011.RetrievedApril 4,2011.
  72. ^"School History and Tradition".William G. Davis Public School.Greater Essex County District School Board.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  73. ^"Flags at half-mast for The Honourable William G. Davis, former Premier of Ontario".William G. Davis Senior Public School.Peel District School Board. August 9, 2021.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  74. ^"New high school sports field named to honour former premier Bill Davis".Brampton Guardian.Metroland Media Group. September 30, 2015.RetrievedOctober 29,2019.
  75. ^"School History".William G Davis Public School, Cambridge.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  76. ^"William G. Davis Junior Public School – School History".Toronto District School Board.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  77. ^"Davis Campus".Sheridan College.RetrievedOctober 29,2019.
  78. ^"Davis praised as 'education Premier' at building re-dedication"(Press release). University of Toronto Mississauga. October 18, 2010.Archivedfrom the original on October 24, 2010.RetrievedOctober 20,2010.
  79. ^"A Chronology of Computing at The University of Waterloo – 1987".David R. Cheriton School of Computer Science.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  80. ^Taube, Michael (December 2016)."The House That Bill Built".Literary Review of Canada.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  81. ^"Trillium Park and William G. Davis Trail".Ontario Place.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.
  82. ^Paikin 2016,pp. 23–24.
  83. ^Renaming of a portion of Au Large Boulevard east of Don Mills Road(PDF)(Report). City of Toronto. May 28, 2018.RetrievedAugust 9,2021.

General bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Manthorpe, Jonathan (1974).The Power & the Tories.Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.
  • Speirs, Rosemary (1986).Out of the Blue: The Fall of the Tory Dynasty in Ontario.Toronto: Macmillan of Canada.
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