Biretta

For the firearms manufacturer, seeBeretta.

Thebiretta(Latin:biretum, birretum) is a squarecapwith three or four peaks or horns, sometimes surmounted by a tuft. Traditionally the three-peaked biretta is worn by Christian clergy, especiallyRoman Catholic clergy,as well as someLutheranandAnglicanclergy. A four-peaked biretta is worn asacademic dress(but not liturgically) by those holding a doctoral degree from a pontifical faculty orpontifical universityor faculty. Occasionally the biretta is worn by advocates in law courts, for instance theadvocatesin theChannel Islands.

A traditional black biretta.

Origins

The "Spanish version" of the biretta, from thePhilippi Collection

The origins of the biretta are uncertain. It is mentioned as early as the tenth century. One possible origin is the academic cap of the high Middle Ages, which was soft and square. This is also the ancestor of the modernmortarboardused today in secular universities. The biretta seems to have become more widely used as an ecclesiastical vestment after the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "bireta on their heads after the manner of laymen."The tuft orpomsometimes seen on the biretta was added later; the earliest forms of the biretta (thecap) did not bear the device.

Liturgical biretta

Catholic use

The biretta may be used by all ranks of theLatin Churchclergy, includingcardinalsand otherbishopstopriests,deacons,and even seminarians (who are not clergy, since they are no longer tonsured). Those worn by cardinals are scarlet red and made of silk. After the Second Vatican Council the ceremony of giving thegaleroto cardinals was replaced with giving the biretta. The biretta of abishopisamaranthin color, while those worn by priests, deacons, and seminarians are black. Thepopedoes not make use of the biretta.

TheTridentineRoman Missalrubrics onlow Massrequire the priest to wear the biretta while proceeding to the altar, to hand it to theserveron arrival and to resume it when leaving.Atsolemn Massthe sacred ministers wear it also when seated.

Appearance

Cardinals bear no tuft or "pom" (they are given their birettas andzucchettiby the Pope who elevated them in a ceremony named aconsistory– they will form a line, and kneel before him when receiving them), bishops bear a purple pom, priests who have been appointed asprelatesto certain positions within the Vatican wear a black biretta with red pom, diocesan priests and deacons wear a black biretta with or without a black pom. It is often asserted that seminarians are only entitled to wear a biretta without a pom-pom, but there would seem to be no formal ruling on this point. Priests in monastic and mendicant religious orders that have their own habits (Benedictines, Franciscans, Dominicans, etc.) do not generally wear birettas: in most circumstances, even liturgical, the monastic hood took the place of the biretta.Canons Regulargenerally do—for instance the canons of theOrder of Prémontréwear a white biretta.Clerks Regular(that is, post-Renaissance religious orders primarily dedicated to priestly ministry, for instance theJesuitsandRedemptorists) generally wear a black biretta with no tuft. Other priests who belong to various forms of community life, as theCongregation of the Oratory of St. Philip Nerifor instance, generally also wear birettas, but without a pom. TheInstitute of Christ the King Sovereign Priestuses black birettas with a blue pom.

The liturgical biretta has three peaks (four peaks however are the norm in Germany and the Netherlands), with the "peak-less" corner worn on the left side of the head. According to the 1913Catholic Encyclopedia,"It was formerly the rule that a priest should always wear it in giving absolution in confession, and it is probable that the ancient usage which requires an English judge assume the 'black cap' in pronouncing sentence of death is of identical origin."

The use of the biretta has not been abolished as a result of changes in the regulation of clerical dress and vesture following theSecond Vatican Counciland still remains the correct liturgical headgear for those in Holy Orders whilst "in choir", but its use has been made optional. Its use is prevalent amongbishopsand cardinals, and less so among other clergy. Some priests wear it during outdoor services such as burials or processions and, as is intended, during the celebration of Mass and other liturgical services. The biretta is also worn by a priest, deacon, subdeacon, and bishop in attendance at a Mass offered according to the rubrics for theRoman Missal of 1962.

• 
  ArchbishopJulian Porteousof Hobart wearing an amaranth biretta
• 
  CardinalAngelo Scolawearing a scarlet watered silk biretta
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  The Biretta of aMonsignor
• 
  Then-Archbishop Willem Jacobus Eijk(Utrecht) wearing anamaranthbiretta
• 
  SaintGiuseppe Benedetto Cottolengowearing the black biretta of a priest in a mid-19th century painting

Anglican use

Birettas are also occasionally worn byAnglo-CatholicAnglican clergy, though it is generally considered aRomanism.Canonsand deans could wear a black biretta with a red pom.

"Biretta Belt" is a slang term for regions where Anglo-Catholic clergy were historically noticeable and more commonly donned birettas (such as theEpiscopalDioceses ofFond du Lac,Eau Claire,andMilwaukeein Wisconsin,Quincy,ChicagoandSpringfieldin Illinois,Northern Indiana,andMarquettein Michigan).

TheCanterbury cap,which like the biretta, evolved from the medieval cap, although seldom used since the early 20th century, has been considered a more authentically Anglican alternative to the biretta. The Canterbury cap has a soft, square top rather than the rigid horns that developed on the biretta.

Lutheran use

Birettas may also be worn by Lutheran clergy, primarily those affiliated with anEvangelical Catholicchurchmanship.

Academic biretta

Spanishrector(college president) in fullacademic dress,wearing the roundbirrete(biretta) that is theacademic capinSpanishuniversities.

Doctoral degrees

Use in medieval universities

In the medieval university, the ceremony by which a new master or doctor received his degree included the birretatio, or imposition of the biretta. This was often given with a token book in recognition of the person's scholarship.The academic biretta developed into various styles of academic headgear on the European continent and in the British Isles. Today some secular universities still use the term, if not the actual biretta, to name their academic cap.

Use by pontifical universities

For those holding doctoral degrees from a pontifical university or faculty, whether ordained or lay, "the principal mark of a Doctor's dignity is the four horned biretta."Incommencement ceremoniesand other academic settings, doctors of the four ecclesiastical disciplines (Philosophy, Theology, Canon Law, and Sacred Scriptures) from pontifical faculties and universities have a canonical right to wear the doctoral biretta as stated in theCodex Iuris Canonici,1917, can. 1378, and explained in commentary 262 of the Commentarium Codicis Iuris Canonici as follows:

"262. Doctoratus ac Scentiae effectus canonici sic recensentur can. 1378...doctoribus seu gradum academicum in una ex quatuor supradictis facultatibus <<vide 261: philosophia, theologia, ius canonicum, Sacra Scriptura>> supremum obtinentibus, rite creatis, seu promotis regulariter post examen, iuxta" statuta a Sede Apostolica probata "(can. 1376, § 2) saltem quoad usum validum" facultatis ab eadem Aplca. Sede concessae "(can. 1377, § 1), deferendi, extra sacras functiones, (quarum nomine ad hunc eflectum non-venit ex usu sacra praedicatio), nisi aliunde amplietur eis hoc ius quoad a) annulum etiam cum gemma" ipsis a iure huius canonis concessum "(can. 136, § 2), b) et biretum doctorale, (idest: cum quatuor apicibus) utpote insigne huius gradus ac diverso colore ornatum pro Facultate.:

The sections concerning the 1917 edition of Canon Law in relation to the academic biretta were abrogated by the updated edition in the1983 Code of Canon Law.Nevertheless, the use of the academic biretta has continued to this day despite official recognition in the 1983 Code on the grounds that the new code did not intend to suppress its use but simply to divest itself of concern for academic regalia. Moreover, as it became socially acceptable for Catholic priests to study for post-ordination degrees at Protestant seminaries or secular universities, the four horned academic biretta with appropriately colored piping has similarly been employed by such priests earning doctoral degrees from even non-pontifical institutions.

Colors of doctoral birettas

The color of the doctoral biretta given by ecclesiastical universities and faculties is normally black, with colored piping corresponding to the faculty of study in which the degree was granted:

• Theology (S.T.D.): Red
• Canon Law (J.C.D.): Green
• Philosophy (Ph.D.): Blue
• Social Sciences (H.E.D., S.I.C.D, etc.): Orange

At one time, different universities had different practices concerning the color and style of the biretta itself. One author, nearly a century ago, reports that in his day the Roman universities gave a doctoral biretta in black silk,Louvain gave a biretta with a colored tuft according to the academic discipline in which the doctorate was awarded,and the Catholic University of America gave a velvet biretta with red tuft and trim to doctors of theology.The 'traditional' biretta at thePontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas,Angelicum,is white, to correspond to the white Dominican habit.Also, the academic senate of theAngelicumin its May 2011 meeting indicated that the black biretta may be used with trim and pom in the color of the particular faculty.

A three-peaked black biretta with appropriately colored piping may be similarly used by those receiving the licentiate degree (S.T.L., Ph.L.).

Depictions in art in Catholicism

The doctoral biretta is sometimes seen in depictions of St.Teresa of Ávila,because she was declared a doctor by theUniversity of Salamanca.This recognition is distinct from her status as aDoctor of the Church.The doctoral biretta has been borrowed for depictions of another doctor of the Church, St.Thérèse de Lisieux.

Use by women

The biretta was considered as possible headwear for female barristers in England and Wales. In 1922, immediately prior to the first lady being called to the Bar, there was discussion among the senior judges about what she should wear on her head. Darling J and Horridge J suggested the biretta, but were outvoted by the other nine judges present. As a result, female barristers wear the same unpowdered men's wig as male barristers, which completely covers the hair.

See also

• The Philippi Collection
• Roman Catholic (term)
• Cappello Romano
• Galero
• Four Winds hat
• Skufia

Bibliography

• Noonan, James-Charles Jr. (1996).The Church Visible: The Ceremonial Life and Protocol of the Roman Catholic Church.Viking.ISBN0-670-86745-4.
• Philippi, Dieter (2009).Sammlung Philippi - Kopfbedeckungen in Glaube, Religion und Spiritualität.Leipzig: St. Benno Verlag.ISBN978-3-7462-2800-6.
• Phillips, Walter Alison(1911)."Biretta".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 3 (11th ed.). pp. 980–981.
• "Instruction on the dress, titles and coat-of-arms of cardinals, bishops and lesser prelates".L'Osservatore Romano,English ed. 17 April 1969: 4.

External links

• (in German)Pictures of birettas, information and literature
• Additional pictures of Spanish bonete