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Black pride

(Redirected fromBlack Pride)
This is thelatest accepted revision,reviewedon27 November 2024.

This article is about the cultural movement. For the LGBT movement, seeBlack gay pride.For the political slogan and US movement, seeBlack power.

Black prideis a movement which encouragesblack peopleto celebrate their respective cultures and embrace theirAfrican heritage.

In the United States, it initially developed forAfrican-American culture[1]and was a direct response to whiteracism,especially during thecivil rights movement.[2]Stemming from the idea ofblack power,this movement emphasizes racial pride, economic empowerment, and the creation of political and cultural institutions.[3]Related movements include black power,black nationalism,[2]andAfrocentrism.

Arts and music

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Brazil

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The black pride movement is very popular inBrazil,especially among poorer members of the country's population, and it is found in the Brazilianfunkmusic genre which arose in the late 1960s, as well as infunk carioca,which emerged in the late 1980s. The origin of Brazilian funk and the origin of funk carioca both reflect Brazilian black resistance. Ethnomusicologist George Yúdice states that youths who embraced a black culture which was being mediated by a U.S. culture industry were met with many arguments against their susceptibility to cultural colonization. Although it borrows some ingredients fromhip hop,its style still remains unique to Brazil (mainlyRio de JaneiroandSão Paulo).[4]

United States

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Black pride is a major theme in some works by African American popular musicians.Civil Rights Movementera songs such asThe Impressions's hit songs "We're a Winner"[5]and "Keep on Pushing"[6]andJames Brown's "Say It Loud – I'm Black and I'm Proud"[6][7]celebrated black pride.Beyoncé's half-time performance atSuper Bowl 50,which included homages toMalcolm Xand theBlack Panthers,has been described by the media as a display of black pride.[8][9]

Dating back to the 1960s, there was a push for people of color to be heard. Artists, likeJames Brown,won over the respect of the United States through their art and music. Creating movements like "Black is Beautiful,"a movement where the features of black women were highlighted in picture form, allowed black people to emphasize their beauty and further emphasize the idea of Black Pride.[10]

Beauty and fashion

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Jamaica

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Black pride has been a central theme of the originallyJamaicanRastafari movementsince the second half of the 20th century. It has been described as "a rock in the face of expressions ofwhite superiority,"[11]being promoted by national figures likeMarcus Garveyas self-empowering.[12]Dreadlocksbecame prominent and, according toJesuitpriestJoseph Owens,represented "refusal to depart from the ancient, natural way". However, American author and activistAlice Walkerclaims conservatives saw the movement's style as "not just disgusting, but down-right frightening".[13]

United States

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Beauty standards are a major theme of black pride. Black pride was represented in slogans such as "black is beautiful"[14][15]which challenged white beauty standards.[16]Prior to the black pride movement, the majority of black people straightened their hair or wore wigs.[15]The return tonatural hairstyles such as theafro,cornrows,anddreadlockswere seen as expressions of black pride.[15][16][17][18]

In the 1960s to 1970s,kente clothand the Black Panthers uniform were worn in the U.S. as expressions of black pride.[15]Headscarves were sometimes worn byNation of Islamand other Black Muslim Movement members as an expression of black pride and a symbol of faith.[17]Other women used scarves with African prints to cover their hair.[15]

Maxine Leeds Craigargues that all-black beauty pageants such asMiss Black Americawere institutionalized forms of black pride created in response to exclusion from white beauty pageants.[17]

See also

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References

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  1. ^Lois Tyson (2001).Learning for a Diverse World: Using Critical Theory to Read and Write about Literature.Psychology Press. pp. 208–209.ISBN978-0-8153-3774-4.Because the dominant white culture in America treatedAfrican Americansas subalterns rather than fullAmerican citizensand fullhuman beings,the black pride movement encouraged black Americans to look toAfricafor their cultural origins.
  2. ^abWayne C. Glasker (1 June 2009).Black Students in the Ivory Tower: African American Student Activism at the University of Pennsylvania, 1967-1990.Univ of Massachusetts Press. p. 28.ISBN978-1-55849-756-6.In 1966 the Black Power-black nationalist-black pride movements emerged as equal and opposite reactions to white racism as a reaction of the biracial civil rights movement.
  3. ^"Black Power".National Archives.2016-08-25.Retrieved2022-05-01.
  4. ^Yúdice 1994
  5. ^Pruter, Robert (1991).Chicago Soul.Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press.ISBN0-252-06259-0.
  6. ^abKoskoff, Ellen (2005).Music Cultures in the United States: An Introduction.New York: Routledge.ISBN0-415-96589-6.
  7. ^Jones, Melvyn "Deacon" (2008).The Blues Man: 40 Years with the Blues Legends.Bloomington, IN:AuthorHouse.ISBN978-1-4343-7571-1.
  8. ^Ex, Kris (10 February 2016)."Why Are People Suddenly Afraid of Beyonce's Black Pride?".Billboard.Retrieved11 February2016.
  9. ^Gass, Henry (8 February 2016)."Beyoncé's black pride moment at the Super Bowl".The Christian Science Monitor.Retrieved11 February2016.
  10. ^"21st Century Black Pride | Youth Collaboratory".www.youthcollaboratory.org.Retrieved2022-05-01.
  11. ^"Rastafari and slavery".BBC.2009.
  12. ^Williams, Lesroy W. (6 June 2008)."RASTAFARIANISM: ONE LOVE, ONE HEART, ONE PEOPLE".The St. Kitts-Nevis Observer.Basseterre.
  13. ^Johnson, Dianne(2004). ""She's Grown Dreadlocks": The Fiction of Angela Johnson ".World Literature Today.78(3/4).University of Oklahoma:76.doi:10.2307/40158506.ISSN0196-3570.JSTOR40158506.OCLC60619315.
  14. ^Meeta Jha (16 September 2015).The Global Beauty Industry: Colorism, Racism, and the National Body.Taylor & Francis. p. 46.ISBN978-1-317-55795-1.
  15. ^abcdeJosé Blanco F.; Mary Doering; Patricia Kay Hunt-Hurst; Heather Vaughan Lee, eds. (2016).Clothing and Fashion: American Fashion from Head to Toe.ABC-CLIO. p. 52.ISBN978-1-61069-310-3.
  16. ^abNoliwe M. Rooks (1996).Hair Raising: Beauty, Culture, and African American Women.Rutgers University Press.ISBN978-0-8135-2312-5.
  17. ^abcMaxine Leeds Craig (24 May 2002).Ain't I a Beauty Queen?: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race: Black Women, Beauty, and the Politics of Race.Oxford University Press.ISBN978-0-19-803255-7.
  18. ^Victoria Sherrow (January 2006).Encyclopedia of Hair: A Cultural History.Greenwood Publishing Group.ISBN978-0-313-33145-9.

Further reading

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  • Yúdice, George(1994), "The Funkification of Rio", in Ross, Andrew; Rose, Tricia (eds.),Microphone Fiends: Youth Music and Youth Culture,London: Routledge, pp. 193–220,ISBN978-0-415-90907-5


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