Wikipedia

Boeing

The Boeing Company(or simplyBoeing) (/ˈboʊɪŋ/) is an Americanmultinational corporationthat designs, manufactures, and sellsairplanes,rotorcraft,rockets,satellites,andmissilesworldwide.[5]The company also provides leasing and product support services. Boeing is among the largest globalaerospace manufacturers;it is the fourth-largestdefense contractorin the world based on 2022 revenue[6]and is the largest exporter in the United States by dollar value.[7]Boeing was founded byWilliam BoeinginSeattle,Washington, on July 15, 1916.[8]The present corporation is the result of the merger of Boeing withMcDonnell Douglason August 1, 1997.

The Boeing Company
Formerly
  • Pacific Aero Products Co. (1916‍–‍1917)
  • Boeing Airplane Company (1917‍–‍1961)[1][2]
Company typePublic
IndustryAerospace
FoundedJuly 15, 1916;108 years ago(1916-07-15),inSeattle
FounderWilliam E. Boeing
Headquarters
Crystal City, Virginia
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Production output
  • Increase528 commercial aircraft,
  • Decrease157 military aircraft,
  • Steady5 satellites (2023)
RevenueIncreaseUS$77.79billion (2023)
Negative increase−US$773million (2023)
Negative increase−US$2.24billion (2023)
Total assetsDecreaseUS$137.01billion (2023)
Total equityDecrease−US$17.23billion (2023)
Number of employees
Increase170,688 (2023)
Divisions
Subsidiaries
Websiteboeing.com
Footnotes / references
Financials as of December 31, 2023.
References:[3][4]

As of 2023, the Boeing Company's corporate headquarters is located in theCrystal Cityneighborhood ofArlington County, Virginia.[9]The company is organized into three primary divisions:Boeing Commercial Airplanes(BCA),Boeing Defense, Space & Security(BDS) andBoeing Global Services(BGS). In 2021, Boeing recorded $62.3billion in sales.[10]Boeing is ranked 54th on theFortune500list (2020),[11]and ranked 121st on theFortuneGlobal 500list (2020).[12]

History

Main article:History of Boeing

Origins

The Boeing Company started in 1916, when American lumber industrialistWilliam E. Boeingfounded Pacific Aero Products Company in Seattle, Washington. Shortly before doing so, he and Conrad Westervelt created the"B&W" seaplane.[13]In 1917, the organization was renamed Boeing Airplane Company, with William Boeing forming Boeing Airplane & Transport Corporation in 1928.[14]In 1929, the company was renamedUnited Aircraft and Transport Corporation,followed by the acquisition of several aircraft makers such as Avion, ChanceVought,Sikorsky Aviation,Stearman Aircraft,Pratt & Whitney,and Hamilton Metalplane.[2]

In 1931, the group merged its four smaller airlines intoUnited Airlines.In 1934, aircraft manufacturing was required to be separate from air transportation.[15]Therefore, Boeing Airplane Company became one of three major groups to arise from the dissolution of United Aircraft and Transport; the other two entities wereUnited Aircraft(laterUnited Technologies) and United Airlines.[2][15]

In 1960, the company boughtVertol Aircraft Corporation,which at the time, was the biggest independent manufacturer ofhelicopters.[16]During the 1960s and 1970s, the company diversified into industries such as outer space travel, marine craft, agriculture, energy production and transit systems.[2]

Sea Launch

In 1995, Boeing partnered with Russian, Ukrainian, and Anglo-Norwegian organizations to createSea Launch,a company providing commercial launch services sending satellites to geostationary orbit from floating platforms.[17]In 2000, Boeing acquired the satellite segment ofHughes Electronics.[2][18]

Merger with McDonnell Douglas

In December 1996, Boeing announced its intention to merge withMcDonnell Douglas,which, following regulatory approval, was completed on August 4, 1997.[19]The delay was caused by objections from theEuropean Commission,which ultimately placed three conditions on the merger: exclusivity agreements with three US airlines would be terminated, separate accounts would be maintained for the McDonnell-Douglas civil aircraft business, and some defense patents were to be made available to competitors.[20]In 2020,Quartzreported that after the merger there was a "clash of corporate cultures, where Boeing's engineers and McDonnell Douglas's bean-counters went head-to-head", which the latter won, and that this may have contributed to the events leading up to the 737 MAX crash crisis.[21]

Corporate headquarters moves

Boeing's corporate headquarters moved from Seattle to Chicago in 2001.[22]In 2018, the company opened its first factory in Europe atSheffield,UK, reinforced by a research partnership with theUniversity of Sheffield.[23]

In May 2020, the company cut over 12,000 jobs due to the drop in air travel during theCOVID-19 pandemicwith plans for a total 10% cut of its workforce or approximately 16,000 positions.[24]In July 2020, Boeing reported a loss of $2.4 billion as a result of the pandemic and theBoeing 737 MAX groundings,and that it was in response planning to make more job and production cuts.[25]On August 18, 2020, CEO Dave Calhoun announced further job cuts;[26]on October 28, 2020, nearly 30,000 employees were laid off, as the airplane manufacturer was increasingly losing money due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[27]

In May 2022, Boeing announced plans to move its global headquarters from Chicago toArlington, Virginia,a suburb of Washington, D.C. The company said that this decision was made in part to concentrate on its defense work with "proximity to our customers and stakeholders."[28][29]After the January 2024Alaska Airlines Flight 1282and other incidents, one shareholder proposed relocating the corporate headquarters back to the Seattle area in hopes of getting engineering and quality control teams on-site access to key decision-makers. Boeing's board soundly dismissed the attempt.[30][31]

In February 2023, Boeing announced plans for laying off approximately 2,000 of its workers from finances and human resources.[32]

In May 2023, Boeing acquired autonomouseVTOLair taxi startupWisk Aero.[33]

In June 2024, Boeing bought Spirit AeroSystems, its longtime supplier of airplane parts. The deal was initially discussed in March of the same year before being closed on June 30 at $4.7 billion.[34]

Divisions

Assembly of a737in theBoeing Renton Factory

The company's three divisions are: Commercial Airplanes; Defense, Space & Security; and Global Services.[35]

Final assembly of a Boeing 737 airplane, 1975

Safety defects and airplane crashes

See also:Boeing manufacturing and design issues

Boeing 737 MAX crashes and groundings

Main article:Boeing 737 MAX groundings

In2018and2019,twoBoeing 737 MAXnarrow-body passenger airplanes crashed, leaving 346 people dead and no survivors. In response, aviation regulators and airlines around the worldgrounded all 737 MAXairliners.[36]A total of 387 aircraft were grounded.[37]Boeing's reputation, business, and financial rating suffered after the groundings, as Boeing's strategy, governance, and focus on profits and cost efficiency were questioned.[38][39][40]In 2022,Netflixreleased an exposé,Downfall: The Case Against Boeing,claiming Boeing's corporate merger with McDonnell Douglas led to the crashes through a disintegration of workplacemorale.[41][42][43][44][45]

In June 2020, theFederal Aviation Administrationfound several 737 MAX defects that Boeing deferred to fix, in violation ofregulations.[46]In September 2020, theU.S. House of Representativesconcluded its own investigation and cited numerous instances where Boeing dismissed employee concerns with a 737 MAX flight stabilizing feature (MCAS) that caused the two fatal accidents, prioritized deadline and budget constraints oversafety,and lacked transparency in disclosing essential information to the FAA. It further found that the assumption thatsimulator trainingwould not be necessary had "diminished safety, minimized the value ofpilot training,and inhibited technical design improvements ".[47]On January 7, 2021, Boeingsettledto pay over $2.5 billion after being charged with fraud over the company's hiding of information from the safety regulators: acriminal monetary penaltyof $243.6 million, $1.77 billion of damages to airline customers, and a $500 million crash-victim beneficiaries fund.[48]

In September 2022, Boeing was ordered to pay a further $200 million over charges of misleading investors about safety issues related to these crashes.[49]In March 2023, Boeing disputed in court filings that the victims ofEthiopian Airlines Flight 302(the 2019 crash) experienced any pain and suffering in the final six minutes as the plane was nosediving into the ground, citing "speed of sound" as a defence. Boeing's claim was described as "preposterous" byHuffPost:[50]

Passengers aboard the plane, the plaintiffs argued in court, "undeniably suffered horrific emotional distress, pain and suffering, and physical impact/injury while they endured extreme G-forces, braced for impact, knew the airplane was malfunctioning, and ultimately plummeted nose-down to the ground at terrifying speed."

While the investigations into the crashes of the 737 MAX were proceeding, theBoeing 777X,the company's largest capacity twin jet and the largest ever built, made its maiden flight on January 25, 2020,[51]but also experienced problems. Following an incident duringflight testingin 2021, the estimated first delivery of the aircraft was delayed until 2024.[52]Afterfurther technical problemswere discovered in the aircraft in 2022, the release was delayed again until 2025, six years after the original date.[53][54]

Alaska Airlines Flight 1282

Main article:Alaska Airlines Flight 1282

On January 5, 2024, onAlaska Airlines Flight 1282,a door plug blowout[55][56]occurred on a737 MAX 9jetliner after the plane had reached just over 16,000 feet, leaving adoor-sized hole in the fuselageand the aircraft made an emergency landing atPortland International Airportsuccessfully with several people onboard injured, although all had subsequently been "medically cleared".[57]The FAA mandated immediate inspections of all 737 MAX 9s fitted with door plugs,thereby grounding171 aircraft.[58][59][60]United Airlinesfound loose bolts on jets grounded by the FAA, raising questions about possible systemic problems with the Boeing 737 MAX 9.[61]The FAA announced on January 12 that it was expanding its scrutiny of Boeing, with a production audit of the 737 MAX 9.[62]On February 6, theNational Transportation Safety Boardreleased a preliminary report indicating that four bolts used to secure the panel had been removed, and appeared not to have been replaced, at Boeing’s factory inRenton, Washington.[63]

In March 2024, the Justice Department opened a criminal investigation into the Alaska Airlines blowout.[64]In March 2024, CEO Dave Calhoun and board chairman Larry Kellner both announced they would be stepping down from their positions.[65]

Environmental record

In 2006, theUCLACenter for Environmental Risk Reduction released a study showing that Boeing'sSanta Susana Field Laboratory,a site that was a former Rocketdyne test and development site in theSimi Hillsof easternVentura CountyinSouthern California,had been contaminated by Rocketdyne withtoxicandradioactive waste.Boeing agreed to a cleanup agreement with the EPA in 2017.[66]Clean-up studies and lawsuits are in progress.[67]

On July 19, 2022, Boeing announced a renewed partnership with Mitsubishi to producecarbon-neutraland sustainable solutions.[68]

Jet biofuels

Main articles:Aviation biofuelandAlgae fuel
Boeing Everett Factory,the assembly facility for most of the company'swide-body aircraft

The airline industry is responsible for about 11% ofgreenhouse gasesemitted by the U.S. transportation sector.[69]Aviation's share of the greenhouse gas emissions was poised to grow, as air travel increases and ground vehicles use more alternative fuels likeethanolandbiodiesel.[69]Boeing estimates thatbiofuelscould reduce flight-related greenhouse-gas emissions by 60 to 80%.[69]The solution blends algae fuels with existingjet fuel.[69]

Boeing executives said the company was collaborating with Brazilian biofuels makerTecbio,Aquaflow Bionomicof New Zealand, and other fuel developers around the world. As of 2007, Boeing had tested six fuels from these companies, and expected to test 20 fuels "by the time we're done evaluating them".[69]Boeing also joined other aviation-related members in theAlgal Biomass Organization(ABO) in June 2008.[70]

Air New Zealandand Boeing are researching thejatrophaplant to see if it is a sustainable alternative to conventional fuel.[71]A two-hour test flight using a 50–50 mixture of the new biofuel withJet A-1in a Rolls-Royce RB-211 engine of a 747–400 was completed on December 30, 2008.[72]The engine was then removed to be studied to identify any differences between the Jatropha blend and regular Jet A1. No effects on performances were found.[72]

Political contributions, federal contracts, advocacy

Boeing CEODennis Muilenburgand US PresidentDonald Trumpat the787-10 Dreamlinerrollout ceremony in 2017

In 2008 and 2009, Boeing was second on the list ofTop 100 US Federal Contractors,with contracts totalingUS$22 billion andUS$23 billion respectively.[73][74]Between 1995 and early 2021, the company agreed to payUS$4.3 billion to settle 84 instances of misconduct, includingUS$615 million in 2006 in relation to illegal hiring of government officials and improper use of proprietary information.[75][76][77]

Boeing secured the highest-evertax breaksat the state level in 2013.[78]

Boeing's spentUS$16.9 million onlobbyingexpenditures in 2009.[79][80]In the2008 presidential election,Barack Obama"was by far the biggest recipient of campaign contributions from Boeing employees and executives, hauling inUS$197,000 – five times as much asJohn McCain,and more than the top eight Republicans combined ".[81]

Boeing has acorporate citizenshipprogram centered on charitable contributions in five areas: education, health,human services,environment,the arts,culture, andcivic engagement.[82]In February 2012, Boeing Global Corporate Citizenship partnered with theInsight Labsto develop a new model forfoundationsto more effectively lead the sectors they serve.[83]

The company is a member of theU.S. Global Leadership Coalition,a Washington D.C.-based coalition of more than 400 major companies and NGOs that advocate a larger International Affairs Budget, which funds American diplomatic and development efforts abroad.[84]A series ofU.S. diplomatic cablesshow how U.S. diplomats and senior politicians intervene on behalf of Boeing to help boost the company's sales.[85]

In 2007 and 2008, the company benefited from overUS$10 billion of long-term loan guarantees, helping finance the purchase of their commercial aircraft in countries including Brazil, Canada, Ireland, and theUnited Arab Emirates,from theExport-Import Bank of the United States,some 65% of the total loan guarantees the bank made in the period.[86]

Criticism

In December 2011, the non-partisan organizationPublic Campaigncriticized Boeing for spendingUS$52.29 million onlobbyingandnot paying taxesduring 2008–2010, instead gettingUS$178 million intax rebates,despite making a profit ofUS$9.7 billion, laying off 14,862 workers since 2008, and increasingexecutive payby 31% toUS$41.9 million in 2010 for its top five executives.[87]

Boeing has been accused of unethical practices (in violation of theProcurement Integrity Act) while attempting to submit a revised bid toNASAfor their lunar landing project.[88]

War profiteering

The firm has been criticized forsupplying and profiting from wars,includingthe war in Yemenwhere its missiles were found to be used for indiscriminate attacks, killing many civilians.[89][90]In 2017 Boeing signed a deal withSaudi Arabiawhich included Saudi Arabia buying military aircraft and guided missile systems.[91]

In 2023, it was reported that Boeing sent 1,000 small diameter bombs for the first week of Israeli air attacks on Gaza that were shipped from aUS Air Forcebase byIsraeli Air Force.[92]During theIsrael-Gaza war (2023-present),demonstrations sought to block shipments of weapons for theIsrael Defense Forcesat Boeing facilities inSt. Charles, Missouri,[93]Tukwila, Washington,[94]andGresham, Oregon.[95]Students atFlorida State University,[96]University of Washington,[97]Saint Louis University,University of Missouri–St. Louis,andWashington University in St. Louis[98]called for their institutions to break partnerships with Boeing. Research estimates that Boeing has made between $50 billion to $100 billion from weapon sales to Israel.[95]

In 2024, students onhunger strikeatBrown Universitynamed Boeing among the list of corporations to divest from.[99]Five protesters in solidarity with thePalestinian causewere arrested onfelonycharges after blocking entrances to a Boeing facility inHeath, Ohio.[100]Thestudent unionatWashington University in St. Louispassed a resolution calling on the university to divest from Boeing.[101]

Financials

Sales by business (2023)[102]
Business Sales in billion $ share
Commercial Airplanes 33.9 43.6%
Defense, Space and Security 24.9 32.1%
Global Services 19.1 24.6%
Unallocated Items, Eliminations and Other -0.2 -0.2%
Sales by region (2023)[102]
Region Sales in billion $ share
United States 45.4 58.3%
Europe 10.5 13.5%
Asia 10.0 12.9%
Middle East 6.6 8.5%
Oceania 1.7 2.1%
Latin America, Caribbean and Other 1.5 2.0%
Canada 1.3 1.6%
Africa 0.8 1.1%
Global 0.03 0.0%

The key trends of Boeing are (as at the financial year ending December 31):[103]

Year Revenue in billion US$[104] Net Income in billion US$ Price per Share
(US$)[citation needed] 		Employees Refs
2005 53.6 2.5 49.94 [105]
2006 61.5 2.2 57.26 [106]
2007 66.3 4.0 68.72 [107]
2008 60.9 2.6 49.09 [108]
2009 68.2 1.3 34.57 [109]
2010 64.3 3.2 52.13 [110]
2011 68.7 4.0 56.29 [111]
2012 81.6 3.9 60.6 [112]
2013 86.6 4.5 87.44 168,400 [113]
2014 90.7 5.4 110.97 165,500 [114]
2015 96.1 5.1 127.13 161,400 [115]
2016 94.5 4.8 121.56 150,500 [116]
2017 93.3 8.1 202.99 140,800 [117]
2018 101 10.4 331.9 153,000 [118]
2019 76.5 –0.63 358.8 161,000 [119]
2020 58.1 –11.9 196.87 141,014 [120]
2021 62.2 –4.2 224.54 140,000 [121]
2022 66.6 –5.1 166.18 156,000 [122]
2023 77.7 –2.2 212.07 171,000 [4]

Between 2010 and 2018, Boeing increased its operatingcash flowfrom $3 to $15.3billion, sustaining itsshareprice, by negotiatingadvance paymentsfrom customers and delaying payments to its suppliers. This strategy is sustainable only as long as orders are good and delivery rates are increasing.[123]

From 2013 to 2019, Boeing spent over $60 billion on dividends andstock buybacks,twice as much as the development costs of the 787.[124]

In 2020, Boeing's second quarter revenue was $11.8 billion as a result of the pandemic slump. Due to higher sales in other divisions and an influx in deliveries of commercial jetliners in 2021, second quarter revenue increased by 44%, reaching nearly $17 billion.[125]

Employment numbers

The company's employment totals are listed below.

Approximately 1.5% of Boeing employees are in theTechnical Fellowshipprogram, a program through which Boeing's top engineers and scientists set technical direction for the company.[127]The average salary at Boeing is $76,784, reported by former employees.[128]

Corporate governance

In 2022,Rory Kennedymade a documentary film,Downfall: The Case Against Boeing,streamed byNetflix.[41]She said about the 21st-century history of Boeing "There were many decades when Boeing did extraordinary things by focusing on excellence and safety and ingenuity. Those three virtues were seen as the key to profit. It could work, and beautifully. And then they were taken over by a group that decided Wall Street was the end-all, be-all."[42]

On May 5, 2022, Boeing announced that it would be moving its headquarters from Chicago to Arlington, Virginia in the Washington, D.C. metropolitan area. Additionally, it plans to add a research and technology center inNorthern Virginia.[129]

Board

As of 2022,Boeing is headed by a President who also serves as the chief executive officer. The roles of chair of the board and CEO were separated in October 2019.[130]

Chair of the Board
Name Background
Steve Mollenkopf Former CEO,Qualcomm
Board of Directors
Name Background
Robert A. Bradway Chair and CEO,Amgen
Dave Calhoun[a] President and CEO, The Boeing Company
Lynne M. Doughttie Former U.S. chair and CEO,KPMG
Edmund Giambastiani Former Vice-chair,U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff
Former Supreme Allied Commander Transformation,NATO
Lynn Good Chair, President and CEO,Duke Energy
Stayce Harris FormerUnited AirlinesPilot
Former Inspector General,U.S. Air Force
Akhil Johri Former Executive Vice-president and CFO,United Technologies Corporation
David L. Joyce Former President and CEO,GE Aviation
Former Vice-chair,General Electric Company
Larry Kellner[b] Former chair and CEO,Continental Airlines
John M. Richardson FormerChief of Naval Operations,U.S. Navy
Former Director of the Naval Nuclear Propulsion Program, U.S. Navy
Ron Williams Former chair, President and CEO,Aetna

Past leadership

Chief Executive Officer President Chairman
N/A Position not created N/A Position not created 1916–1934 William Boeing
1922–1925 Edgar Gott[131]
1926–1933 Philip G. Johnson
1933–1939 Claire Egtvedt[132] 1933–1939 Claire Egtvedt 1934–1968 Claire Egtvedt
1939–1944 Philip G. Johnson 1939–1944 Philip G. Johnson
1944–1945 Claire Egtvedt 1944–1945 Claire Egtvedt
1945–1968 William M. Allen 1945–1968 William M. Allen
1969–1986 Thornton Wilson 1968–1972 Thornton Wilson 1968–1972 William M. Allen
1972–1985 Malcolm T. Stamper 1972–1987 Thornton Wilson
1986–1996 Frank Shrontz[133] 1985–1996 Frank Shrontz 1985–1996 Frank Shrontz
1996–2003 Philip M. Condit 1996–1997 Philip M. Condit 1997–2003 Philip M. Condit
2003–2005 Harry Stonecipher 1997–2005 Harry Stonecipher 2003–2005 Lewis E. Platt
2005–2015 James McNerney 2005–2013 James McNerney 2005–2016 James McNerney
2015–2019 Dennis Muilenburg[134] 2013–2019 Dennis Muilenburg[135] 2016–2019 Dennis Muilenburg
2019 Dave Calhoun
2020–2024 Dave Calhoun[a] 2020–2024 Dave Calhoun[a] 2019–2024 Lawrence Kellner
2024–present Steve Mollenkopf

See also

Notes

  1. ^abcdCalhoun has announced that he will retire at the end of 2024.
  2. ^Kellner has announced that he will not stand for re-election at the next Annual Shareholder meeting.

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Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related toBoeing.
  • Official website
  • Business data for The Boeing Company:
  • "Annual Reports Collection".University of Washington. 1948–1984.
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