Bolívar (state)

This article is about the Venezuelan state. For the historic state in what is now Colombia, seeBolívar State, Colombia.For other uses, seeBolívar (disambiguation).

Bolívar(Spanish:Estado Bolívar,IPA:[esˈtaðoβoˈliβaɾ]) is one of the 23statesofVenezuela.The state capital city isCiudad Bolívarand the largest city isCiudad Guayana.Bolívar State covers a total surface area of 242,801 km²(93,746 sq mi) and as of the 2011 census, had a population of 1,410,964. The state containsAngel Falls.

Bolívar Estado Bolívar (Spanish)
State
Canaima National Park
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem:Himno del Estado Bolívar
Location withinVenezuela
Country	Venezuela
Created	1901
Capital	Ciudad Bolívar
Largest city	Ciudad Guayana
Government
• Body	Legislative Council
•Governor	Justo Noguera Pietri
•Assembly delegation	8
Area
• Total	242,801 km2(93,746 sq mi)
• Rank	1st
	26.24% of Venezuela
Population (2020)
• Total	1,720,000
• Rank	7th
	5.62% of Venezuela
Time zone	UTC−4(VET)
ISO 3166 code	VE-F
Emblematic tree	Sarrapia(Diphysa punctata)
HDI(2019)	0.715 high·8th of 24
Website	www.e-bolivar.gob.ve

History

Ciudad Bolívaris its capital; known for its colonial architecture.

Spanish Colonization

During the time of theSpanish Empire,it was part of theprovince of Nueva Andalucíaand later it was annexed to theprovince of Guayanafrom 1777 when KingCharles IIIcreated theCaptaincy General of Venezuela.

The capital of the state, Ciudad Bolivar was founded on December 21, 1595 by Antonio de Berrío, who had come from Nueva Granada (present-dayColombia) with the mission of populating Guyana. The town, originally called Santo Tomás de Guayana, was a fortified port that had to move three times, since it was the target of constant assaults by Caribbean Indians and European corsairs, among whom SirWalter Raleighstood out in 1617.

In 1764 it found a definitive site on the banks of theOrinoco,in its narrowest sector, for which it took the name of Santo Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura del Orinoco, known simply as Angostura, a name that has persisted for over 80 years and is still remembered today.

In 1800,Baron Alexander von HumboldtandAimé Bonplandvisited Angostura and from there they went throughEl PaotoBarcelonaand then toCumaná,thus ending the tour of Venezuela.

Independence Era

TheCongress of Angostura,inaugurated on February 15, 1819 by the LiberatorSimón Bolívar,under the inspiration of GeneralFrancisco de Miranda's Ideology, represented the secondConstituent Congress of the Republic of Venezuela.It was convened in the context of thewars of independence of Venezuelaand the New Granada.

In 1821 (during theGreat Colombia) it became a department of Orinoco with the largest extension of the time (whose capital was Santo Tomás de la Nueva Guayana de la Angostura del Orinoco or Angostura).

St. Thomas Cathedral in Ciudad Bolivaropened in 1841

When Gran Colombia was dissolved, the territory changed to the Province of Guayana until 1854 when it became the Province of Orinoco (whose capital was Ciudad Bolívar).

19th century

After the separation in 1856 of the then Federal Territory Amazonas, the province of Guayana was renamed in 1864 as the Sovereign State of Guayana once the Federal Revolution came to power under the command ofJuan Crisóstomo Falcón.

In 1864, Guyana became one of the independent states of theUnited States of Venezuela.In 1879, it was one of the seven states of the Federation, without the territory corresponding to Amazonas which had become FederalTerritory Amazonas.

In 1881, it became one of the nine political entities into which the country was divided, receiving the name of Great State Bolivar formed by Guayana andApure.Its territory was diminished with the creation of the federal territories Yuruari and El Caura (1881), Armisticio (1883) and Delta (1884). Between 1890 and 1893, it recovered these territories.

In 1887, the current state ofDelta Amacurowas separated from the state of Guayana. In 1899, the Apure and Guayana States were separated and established their autonomy; and it is from the 1901 Constitution that the name of Guayana State is changed to Bolivar State, as a tribute to the Liberator,Simón Bolívar.

In Angostura, Bolívar convened the Second Congress of the Republic of Venezuela on February 15, 1819. His inaugural speech and the constitution he proposed comprise the last of the three most important documents of his career. TheCorreo del Orinocowas also published between 1818 and 1820, giving birth to the Venezuelan free press.

20th century

Bolívar in 1879-1909

On 21 July 1903, in the vicinity of Ciudad Bolivar, the last battle of the Liberating Revolution was fought where the government army under the command of Juan Vicente Gómez defeated the opposition forces of General Nicolás Rolando. The defeat of the Liberating Revolution marked the end of the 19th century in Venezuela, which was characterized by political instability and great civil wars, giving way to a period of consolidation of the central government under the rule of Andean leaders.

Catholic Cathedral in Santa Elena de Uairén, built in the 1950s.

The state gained more autonomy in 1989 when the first elections for governor and legislative assembly were held and the practice of appointments from the central government in Caracas was ended.

On 13 November 2006, theOrinoquia Bridgewas inaugurated, the second largest in the country, which facilitates communications between Ciudad Guayana and the opposite bank of the Orinoco River in the states of Anzoátegui andMonagas.

TheOrinoco Mining Arc(AMO),officially created, on 24 February 2016, as the Arco Mining Orinoco National Strategic Development Zone, 2 is an area rich in mineral resources that the Republic of Venezuela has been operating since 2017;occupies mostly the north of the Bolivar state and to a lesser extent the northeast of the Amazonas state and part of theDelta Amacurostate. It has 7,000 tons of reserves ofgold,copper,diamond,coltan,iron,bauxiteand other minerals.

Geography

Geographical location

It is bordered to the north by the Orinoco River and the States of Delta Amacuro, Monagas, Anzoátegui and Guárico; to the south by the Federative Republic ofBrazil;to the southwest by the State of Amazonas; to the east by the territory ofGuayana Esequiba,in dispute with the Cooperative Republic of Guyana; and to the west by the State of Apure.

Angel Falls (Salto Ángel), Venezuela The highest waterfall in the world at almost 1000 meters high

Three major landscapes can be recognized in a relief between the Guiana shield: the isolated Orinoco savannahs and low mountains, the mountainous landscape dominated by the tabular peaks of theTepuisand the valleys of thetributariesof the Orinoco and the lowlands and partly savannahs of theYuruari,limited to the east by theImatacamountain range.

Relief

Almost all of the state is occupied by the Guiana massif; this suffered epirogenic movements that reactivated the basal rock of the shield, cut by fluvial erosion, reached it and gave rise to a staggering of jumps, originating tabular reliefs known as tepuis.

Kukenan Tepuy

The Tepuis are located mainly in the center and south of the structure. The average altitude is 400 metres or 1,310 feet, with a generalized south-north slope. The highest plateaus exceed 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet. The highest point isMount Roraima(2,875 metres or 9,432 feet), located in thePacaraimaRange, which continues south with those of Parima and Tapirapeco. The north of the massif is quite homogeneous, with heights below 400 m and numerouswitness hills.In the northeast, the Nuria and Imataca mountains stand out, as well as plateaus and hills over 500 metres or 1,640 feet high drained by theYuruariRiver. The southeast sector is separated from the northwest sector by theErebato Riverand the upperVentuariValley. It comprises the Great Savannah and the rest of the territory west of the Caroni River, made up of three high plateaus. The southwest of the massif is made up of lowlands through which the Ventuari, Alto Río Negro and Alto Orinoco rivers flow, with flat topography interrupted by witness hills.

Hydrography

Except for the area comprised in the Yuruari- Cuyuni river basin, the entire state is included in the Orinoco drainage system. Among the most important rivers are theCaroní,theParaguaand theCaura,etc. All of them dig their courses through a rugged topography in the hard rocks of the Guiana shield, giving rise to rapid valleys and waterfalls. In the case of the Caroní River, these unevennesses have allowed the establishment of powerful hydroelectric plants. TheGuri Reservoirand the Simón Bolívar Hydroelectric Plant (formerly Raúl Leoni), which covers more than 80,000 hectares, is the most important center for electricity generation in Venezuela. TheChurún River,a tributary of the Caroní River, flows from the Auyan Tepui plateau, with a 936.60-meter drop:Angel Falls,the highest in the world.

Climate

The average annual temperature (Max-Min) is between 27 and 30 °C (80.6 and 86.0 °F) in thePuerto Ordazarea, between 27 and 31 °C (80.6 and 87.8 °F) in the Ciudad Bolivar zone, and between 18 and 23 °C (64.4 and 73.4 °F) in theGran SabanaZone. The climate is tropical, although it varies according to the zones; thus, the low areas present high temperatures, which reach an average of 27 °C or 80.6 °F, and abundant rainfall. The variation of the climate of the extensive territory is determined by the altitude and the winds since the latitude (between 4° and 8° of North latitude) places it totally in the equatorial strip. The low northern lands, influenced by the east and northeast winds, are characterized by a rainy season and a dry season, both very marked; the southern lands receive winds loaded with humidity from the Amazon depression and from the southeast that condense at the contact of the elevations producing intense rains of more than 1600 mm.

Area

The State of Bolivar is the largest state in Venezuela and covers a large area of 242,801 km² which represents 26.49% of the national total. In addition, de Iure claims the territories ofGuayana Esequibasouth of the Cuyuni River, Cuyuni-Mazaruni, Potaro-Siparuni and Alto Tacutu-Alto Esequibo, which would increase the territory by 124,414 km².

Carrao River and Auyantepui Mountain

The geography of the State of Bolivar is as follows: the State of Bolivar is located in the southeast of Venezuela, it has jungle vegetation and a savannah climate, the State is mostly limited by the Orinoco River. It borders on several Venezuelan states and on the republics ofGuyanaandBrazil.

Politics and government

The State is autonomous and politically equal to the rest of the Federation. It organizes its administration and its public powers through the Constitution of the State of Bolivar, approved by theLegislative Councilin Ciudad Bolivar on July 2, 2001.

Executive Power

It is composed of the Governor of the State of Bolivar and a group of State Secretaries. The Governor is elected by the people through direct and secret vote for a period of four years and with the possibility of being reelected continuously, being in charge of the state administration. The current Governor is Justo Noguera Pietri of the PSUV.

See also:List of Venezuela state legislatures,List of Venezuela state constitutions,andList of Venezuela governors

Like the other 23 federal entities of Venezuela, the State maintains its own police force, which is supported and complemented by theNational Policeand theVenezuelan National Guard.

Legislative power

The State Legislature is the responsibility of theunicameralLegislative Council of the State of Bolivar, elected by the people through direct and secret vote every four years, with the possibility of continuous re-election, under a system of proportional representation of the population of the State and its municipalities. The State has 15 deputies, of which 4 belong to the opposition and 11 to the ruling party, including a representation of the indigenous peoples and communities of the State of Bolivar.

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1873	28,287	—
1881	41,012	+4.75%
1891	55,589	+3.09%
1920	65,852	+0.59%
1926	75,227	+2.24%
1936	83,159	+1.01%
1941	94,522	+2.59%
1950	127,436	+3.38%
1961	213,543	+4.80%
1971	391,665	+6.25%
1981	668,340	+5.49%
1990	900,310	+3.37%
2001	1,214,846	+2.76%
2011	1,413,115	+1.52%
Source:"XIV CENSO NACIONAL DE POBLACIÓN Y VIVIENDA - Resultados por Entidad Federal y Municipio del Estado Bolívar"(PDF).Instituto Nacional de Estadística.

Populated centres

Ciudad Bolívar is the capital; famous for its colonial architecture. Although Ciudad Guayana is the most populated town in the state and its economic heart. The State of Bolivar is made up of several towns, but some are outstanding for certain reasons, making some of these towns more livable than others. Some of these large populations are:

• Ciudad Guayana(made up of San Felix de Guayana and Puerto Ordaz)
• Ciudad Bolívar
• Caicara del Orinoco
• Ciudad Piar
• El Callao
• El Dorado
• Maripa
• Santa Helena of Uairen
• Tumeremo
• Upata
• Guasipati
• El Palmar

Sunset in the Gran Sabana Municipality

Race and ethnicity

According to the 2011 Census, the racial composition of the population was:

Racial composition	Population	%
Mestizo	—	55.1
White	646,059	39.2
Black	67,573	4.1
Other race	—	1.6

Indigenous Peoples

The State of Bolivar is home to several ethnic groups that originated in the country. Among the main groups are thePemones,theYekuana,theSanemá,thePanares,the Hotis and thePiaroas.All of these groups speak their own languages, although most also speakSpanish.

Municipalities

Bolívar State is sub-divided into eleven municipalities (municipios), given below with their administrative centres, areas and populations:

Municipality of Bolívar

	Municipality	Capital	Area (km2)	Population (Census 2011)	Population Estimate 30 June 2016
1.	Angostura	Ciudad Piar	56,916	40,927	52,205
2.	Caroní	Ciudad Guayana	1,612	704,585	892,269
3.	Cedeño	Caicara del Orinoco	46,020	67,000	101,800
4.	El Callao	El Callao	2,223	21,769	25,338
5.	Gran Sabana	(Santa Elena de Uairén)	32,990	28,450	37,930
6.	Heres	Ciudad Bolívar	5,851	342,280	414,154
7.	Padre Pedro Chien	El Palmar	2,275	15,488	18,376
8.	Piar	Upata	15,900	98,274	124,476
9.	Roscio	Guasipati	6,182	21,750	27,226
10.	Sifontes	Tumeremo	24,393	50,082	62,798
11.	Sucre	Maripa	46,166	20,359	24,327
	Total State	Ciudad Bolívar	240,528	1,410,964	1,780,899

Economy

In the State of Bolivar there are great energy sources that are very important for Venezuela (theGuri Dam,among others), famous agricultural products (Guiana cheese,cotton,yucca,cassava,white and brown catalinas, naiboa, among others), and many minerals in great demand (iron, gold,bauxite,among others). located in Ciudad Guayana.

Bolivar State has extensive jungle regions and vast forest and mining resources

Agriculture

The agricultural sector of Bolivar State has little significance, both at the state and national level. The soil, topography, and climate characteristics have led to consider the area as a strong restriction for agricultural development, since a large part of its soils are composed of highly siliceous rocks, with low moisture retention capacity and strong acid reaction. Nevertheless, the exploitation of a great variety of agricultural items, the immense reserves of forest resources, allow us to foresee that through the use of appropriate technology, irrigation and selection of the size of the exploitation, this sector could contribute in an important way in the integral development of the area.

Siderurgy

Bolivar State has the Siderurgica del Orinoco (SIDOR), which is in charge of steel production with Direct Reduction technologies and Electric Arc Furnaces, with natural resources available in the Guayana region.

Coltan

By 2017, coltan production will begin through Parguaza, a company established by the Venezuelan state and the Venezuelan Corporation Faoz.

Forest Resources

Some woods are exploited, many of them precious likebucare,mahoganyand others likeplum,crawl, guamo, sarrapia and carob.

Tourism

The state of Bolivar has some of the most important tourist attractions in Venezuela and South America among which theAngel Falls(the world's largest waterfall) and numerous characteristic mountains called Tepuis such as Mount Roraima, as well as many natural wells, caves, rivers, fluvial islands, forests, rock formations, waterfalls and lakes of all types.

Kukenan falls (Salto Kukenan)

Main Places of interest

• Historical Zone ofCiudad Bolívar
• Canaima National Park
• Lagoon ofCanaima

La Gran Sabana

• El Sapo and El Sapito Falls
• Yuri Falls
• Mayupa Rapids
• Pozo de la Felicidad (Pit of the Happiness) (Saró Marú)
• Orquídea Island
• Ratón Island
• Angel Fallsor Korepakupai Vená
• Ayan-tepui
• Kavac Indian village
• Cave Uruyén

Tek River

• Kamarata Indian village
• Wareipa Indian community
• El Encanto Falls
• Avak Indian community
• Roberto Beach
• Kanwaripa Indian community
• Caroní River
• La Maloca Indian village

Quebrada de Jaspe

• Kukenán Falls (in the Tepui Kukenán or Matawí)
• La Piedra de La Virgen (The rock of the virgin)
• El Danto Falls
• La Arenaria
• Monumento al Soldado Pionero
• Aponwao I River
• Tarotá Baths
• Toroncito Ravine
• Toron merú Falls
• Karuay Falls

Mount Roraima cliffs

• Chinak merú Falls (Aponwao falls)
• Parupa
• Anotén
• Chivatón Falls
• Mission of Kavanayen
• Kamoirán Rapids
• Kama merú Falls
• Arapán merú (Pacheco Ravine)
• Soruapa River or Woimeri
• San Francisco de Yuruaní (Kumaracapai) Indian Community
• Jasper Creek(Kako Parú or Jaspe Ravine)
• Urué merú
• Kukenán Bridge River
• Paraitepui Indian Community of Roraima
• Wonkén Indian Community
• La Gran Sabana(Spanish: Great Plains)
• Angel Falls
• Monte Roraima
• Sarisariñama
• Kavanayén
• Santa Elena de Uairen
• Cerro Bolivar,a large ironmine
• Caroni River

Canaima Lagoon

Pozo Azul, Quebrada Pacheco

Historical sites

Castles of Guayana

30 km from San Félix on the road to Piacoa in the State of Delta Amacuro, you will find Los Castillos de Guayana, buildings built on rocky hills on the right bank of the Orinoco River during the colonial era to protect Santo Tomé de Guayana from attacks by pirates and adventurers who feverishly sought El Dorado, the most fabulous of our indigenous inventions that would drive the feverish minds of the conquistadors mad.

Castillo de San Francisco de Asís

The first of the castles, San Francisco de Asís (Fuerte Villapol) was built on the banks of the Orinoco in the 17th century between 1678 and 1684, as referred to by Gerónimo Martínez-Mendoza, by order of the Governor Cap. Tiburcio de Axpe y Zúñiga, in the narrowest part of the Orinoco after Angostura, on the land where San Francisco's auspices once stood, established by Don Antonio de Berrío, the first governor of Guayana and founder of Santo Tomé de Guayana.

Castillo San Diego

Years later and to reinforce the defenses of the first castle was built the Castle of El Padrastro or San Diego - construction began in 1747 - so called because it was located on a hillock or stepfather, from where you can see the Castle of San Francisco which it protects. These castles were restored in 1897 by the then President of Venezuela, Joaquín Crespo, who renamed them Fuerte Campo Elías al Castillo de San Diego and Fuerte Villapol al Castillo de San Francisco, in honor of these heroes who, despite being born in Spain, fought in the Republican ranks during the war of independence.

Ruins of the Caroni Missions

They are called the Ruins of the Mission of the Purísima Concepción del Caroni, or better known as "Las Misiones del Caroni". These ruins served as the governing house of the Catalan Capuchins, and were declared a National Historic Monument on August 2, 1960. It exemplifies a magnificent building belonging to the colonial architecture, finally built with stones, bricks, tiles, wood and mortar, which gave it a structure strong enough to be preserved through the centuries.

A bell tower, the chapel and a mural composed of images representing the sun and moon, clouds and angels, as well as silhouettes, which presumably represent the Virgin of the Immaculate Conception and Saint Francis of Assisi, are components that can be seen inside this rectangular space that follows the structure of the main nave of the temple or church. The same is provided with a parking lot that communicates to the temple by means of a paved road, and connects to the bank of the Macagua reservoir.

Culture

In many indigenous cultures of the State of Bolivar there are musical and artisan manifestations. In other environments the joropo is danced, exactly in the northwest of the state, due to the proximity of the plains of Guariqueños and Apureños. The passage, the blows, the tunes to the sound of the harp, cuatro and maracas, are characteristic of this area of Bolivar. The carnivals in El Callao are very colorful and have already gained fame and tradition with the peculiar Guayana Calypso. This dance originated with the arrival of the Antilleans who brought their customs and their typical English, it was mixed with ours emerging along with the local patois and many other customs.

Typical huts in the Gran Sabana

The craftsmanship in the State of Bolivar is mostly referred to basketwork, made with moriche palm. The Indians make objects that are utilitarian and that are very sought after by tourists such as peony seed necklaces, San Pedro tears, toucan peaks, etc...

• Culture Houses:
• Carlos Raúl Villanueva Culture House, (Ciudad Bolívar)
• María Cova Fernández Culture House, (Upata)
• Ciudad Guayana Culture House
• House of Culture Maripa Cultural Complex of Tumeremo

Languages

Apart fromSpanish,which is the main language, several languages are spoken in some sectors of Bolivar.

• CaribbeanFamily:Pemón,Yekuana,PanareandAkawayo
• Yanomamofamily:sanemá
• English:Saint Martin de Turumban

In addition, there are isolated languages such asjoti.TheArutani-sapé languageshave probably become extinct. According to article 9 of the Constitution of the State of Bolivar of 2001, Spanish is the official language of the State and all the indigenous languages are official for their respective peoples.

Folklore

In the numerous indigenous cultures of the State of Bolivar, there are musical and artisanal manifestations.

The inhabitants of the jungle use reed flutes and rattles for their spiritual invocations or for joy in moments of collective expansion.

In other environments the joropo is danced, exactly in the northwest of the State, due to the proximity to the plains of Guariqueños and Apureños; the passage, the blows, the tunes to the sound of the harp, maracas and cuatro are characteristic in this area of the State of Bolivar.

Penetrating into the interior, the carnivals in El Callao are very colorful, and they already have fame and tradition with the peculiar Calypso.

The Guiana Calypso originated with the arrival of Antilleans to the State, who brought their customs in their typical English, mixed with ours, giving rise to the Calypso and many other customs. A notable figure of the carnival groups and its main sponsor was the popularly called la Negra Isidora, who gave much importance to this spectacle.

Jesús Soto Museum, Bolívar State

Gastronomy

The gastronomy of the State of Bolivar is the result of the fusion of several Venezuelan indigenous cultures. It is characterized by the use of yucca, merey,cornand pescaculodo, from which dishes with unique and extraordinary flavors are derived.

The State of Bolivar has a very varied gastronomy using the products of the zone, being thecassava(prepared from the yucca) the main companion of the diverse plates, standing out then the fish of river known as the sapoara and the merey from where diverse candies,nougats,etc are prepared. There are also varieties of cheese such as: telita,queso de manoandguayanés,among others.

The sapoara, a gastronomic tradition of the State of Bolivar, is a fish that abounds in the vicinity of the Orinoco and Caroní rivers. It is famous in Ciudad Bolivar and in general in all the zones bordering the Orinoco River. This fish is prepared insancocho,fried, stuffed and roasted. It is defined by specialists as the most characteristic and distinctive fish of Ciudad Bolívar because of its habit of appearing once a year, being one of the few places where it can be fished, in front of the Orinoco promenade in Ciudad Bolívar.

Fishing for the toad takes place exactly in front of the dock where the boats that transport the inhabitants of Ciudad Bolivar and Soledad arrive. Here, the great celebration of the city takes place during the month of August every year, internationally known as "La Feria de la Sapoara".

One of the dishes prepared with the sapoara, is thegilthead,baked, stuffed and the morrocoy cake cut in wheels, in sancocho and the rest remains in the imagination of the housewives or the great chefs of the gastronomic field that abound in the State.

Thus, the recipes of the specialists who have been cooking for years for the demanding national and international palates, suggest that the fish can be prepared fried (dorado), havingsaltandgarlicas main ingredients. If the preference is to eat it baked, do not forget to open it from the back and cover it with salt, applying various condiments such as chopped seasoning (chili,onion,paprika),mustard,etc., and fill it with vegetables and egg and then wrap it inaluminum foil,placing it in the oven until it browns. This dish can be accompanied by yucca, salad andriceor with somepotatoes au gratin,all according to the taste of each person.

Sancocho de sapoara, is undoubtedly also a delight of the culinary art of the State of Bolivar; it is prepared like any soup and you add the vegetables and seasonings you want. This fish, due to its condition and unique appearance during one month of the year, forces everyone to enjoy its nutrients and rich flavor.

Sports

Cachamay Stadium, Ciudad Guayana

The most important football club isClub Deportivo Mineros,which plays in theFirst Division of Venezuela.Mineros, along with thethird divisionclubMinervén Bolívaris based in the Cachamay Stadium in Ciudad Guayana with a capacity for 41 players and 600 spectators. Its rival,Angostura F.C.,based in the Ricardo Maya Stadium in Ciudad Bolivar, was promoted to the first division in 2022. Three other clubs:Caroní F.C.,Estudiantes de Caroní FC (the oldest club in Venezuela), and Minasoro FC from El Callao, all play in the third division.

Bolívar also has the largest baseball stadium in the country, theEstadio La Ceibain Ciudad Guayana (Venezuela), recently restored and with a capacity of 30,000 spectators.

The2007 Copa America,held throughout Venezuela, including the State of Bolivar, some games were played in the re-inaugurated Cachamay Stadium, making it the largest international event held in the State. Several international tournaments of junior categories have also been held and it has hosted several games of theCopa Libertadores,theCopa Conmeboland theCopa Sudamericana.

In 2007, with the expansion of theVenezuelan Professional Basketball League,a franchise was approved in the basketball area, which was initially called Macizos de Guayana and at the beginning of 2008 in its presentation to the press was renamedGigantes de Guayana,which became the tenth team in the Venezuelan basketball league playing since then in the Hermanas González Gym.

At the end of 2011, the first season of the new Venezuelan Volleyball Super League was held, where the Huracanes de Bolivar team debuted and was the champion of the 2011 season, beating theIndustriales de Valenciateam in the final. The team dominated the entire season from start to finish, demonstrating its great level and supremacy in Venezuela.

Transport

The access to the State is possible by water, land and air; the entrance from the States of Amazonas, Apure, Guárico, Anzoátegui, Monagas and Delta Amacuro; being the international airports of Ciudad Bolívar and Ciudad Guayana the most important, also has international access. Other airports of national traffic are in La Urbana, Caicara del Orinoco, Upata, Guasipati, La Paragua, El Dorado, Santa Elena de Uairén, Canaima and other smaller ones distributed in the entity.

Second Bridge over the Orinoco River, or Orinoquia Bridge opened in 2006

The main land routes are the North Trunk Highway 19 which, through the Angostura Bridge, crosses the Orinoco River from the State of AnzoáteguiMunicipality of Independencia,Soledad to Ciudad Bolívar and continues to Ciudad Guayana; and the Highway that, through the Orinoquia Bridge, crosses the Orinoco and joins Trunk Highway 19 very close to Ciudad Guayana. From here the Trunk 10 starts viaUpata,Guasipati,El Callao,Tumeremo,El Dorado,La Escalera-Gran Saba- km 88, untilSanta Elena de Uairen,crosses the border with Brazil, reaches the Line to continue to Boa Vista and Manaos Brazil. Other routes communicate with the State of Amazonas to the west.

The waterways are mainly on the Orinoco, in fishing boats among others, but there are also trips on certain rivers of the state, such as the Caura and the Caroní.

Dams

Tocoma Dam

The Tocoma Dam officially known as the Manuel Piar Hydroelectric Plant is a Venezuelan hydroelectric plant located on the lower Caroni River in the state of Bolivar. It is under construction and is the latest hydroelectric development project in the lower Caroní basin. The project includes the installation of 2,300 MW to generate an average annual energy of 12,100 GWh. Ten Kaplan generating units of 230 MW, manufactured by the Argentine company IMPSA, are expected to start operations between 2012 and 2014.

Caruachi Dam

The Caruachi Dam is a water reservoir located more than 60 kilometers downstream of the Guri Reservoir, and 25 kilometers upstream of the Macagua Reservoir in Venezuela. It was inaugurated in 2006, and covers an area of 250 km². It provides 12% of the national electricity demand. It is also known as the Francisco de Miranda Hydroelectric Power Plant.

Caruachi Dam in Bolívar State, Venezuela

CVG Edelca, in view of the high environmental impact caused by the construction of the third hydroelectric dam in the Caroní, worked together with the Ministry of the Environment to rescue the flora, fauna and valuable archeological treasures found in the region, which are now permanently exhibited in the Caroní Ecomuseum.

The 12 generators in the engine room of the Caruachi Dam are covered with reproductions of baskets of the Yekuana ethnic group. Each turbine represents the myths of the tribe covering a space of 16 meters in diameter to cover the entire turbine. While the walls display large reproductions of 13 indigenous petroglyphs from different regions of Guyana and Venezuela.

Macagua Dam

The Macagua Dam, also known as the Antonio Jose de Sucre Hydroelectric Plant, is part of the Bolivar State Electricity Generating Park. It consists of three stages: Macagua I, which has 6 small units; Macagua II, which has 12 units; and the newer Macagua III, which has 2 units. The complex generates 2190 Mw. It has a length of 322 m., and has 12 radial gates of 22 m. wide and 15.6 m. high.

It can be admired leaving Puerto Ordaz, towards San Felix. In its interior is located the Plaza del Agua and the Caroní Ecomuseum. One of the greatest attractions of the place is a bridge that stands on the spillway, through which visitors can drive.

See also

• States of Venezuela