Wikipedia

Bone bed

Abone bedis anygeologicalstratumordepositthat containsbonesof whatever kind. Inevitably, such deposits aresedimentaryin nature. Not a formal term, it tends to be used more to describe especially dense collections such asLagerstätte.It is also applied tobrecciatedandstalagmiticdeposits on the floor of caves, which frequently contain osseous remains.[1]

In a more restricted sense, the term is used to describe certain thin layers of bony fragments, which occur in well-defined geological strata. One of the best-known of these is theLudlow Bone Bed,which is found at the base of theDownton Sandstonein theUpper Ludlow series.AtLudlow(England) itself, two such beds are actually known, separated by about 14 ft (4.3 m). of strata. Although quite thin, the Ludlow Bone Bed can be followed from that town intoGloucestershire,for a distance of 45 miles (72 km). It is almost completely made up of fragments ofspines,teethandscalesofganoid fish.Another well-known bed, formerly known as theBristolorLias Bone Bed,exists in the form of several thin layers ofmicaceoussandstone,with the remains of fish andsaurians,which occur in theRhaetic Black Paper Shalesthat lie above theKeupermarls,in the south-west of England. A similar bone bed has been traced on the samegeological horizoninBrunswick,Hanover(Germany), inFranconiaand inTübingen(Germany).[2][3]A bone bed has also been observed at the base of theCarboniferouslimestoneseries, in certain parts of the south-west of England.[1]

Bone beds are also recorded inNorth America,South America,MongoliaandChina.Terrestrial bonebed examples are: the TriassicMetoposaurusbone bed fromPortugal,[4]theMapusaurusbone bed atCañadón del Gato,inArgentina,[5]theAllosaurus-dominatedCleveland-Lloyd Dinosaur QuarryofUtah,[6]theDinosaur National Monumenton the boundary of Utah andColorado,[7]anAlbertosaurusbonebed fromAlberta,[8]aDaspletosaurusbone bed fromMontana,theCenozoicJohn Day Fossil BedsofOregon,[9]aTriceratopsbonebed from Montana,[10]aCentrosaurusbonebed in Alberta,[11]aStyracosaurusbone bed in Alberta,[12]anEdmontosaurus annectensbone bed inWyoming,[13]anEdmontosaurus regalisbone bed in Alberta,[14]aGryposaurusbone bed in theOldman Formation,[15][16]aPachyrhinosaurusbone bed in theWapiti Formation,[17]and theNemegt Basinin theGobi Desertregion of Mongolia, specifically theSaurolophusbone bed known as the Dragon's Tomb.[18]Bentiaba,Angola,is an example of a marine bonebed[19]with numerous mosasaurs and plesiosaurs. Another example of a marine bonebed is the Sharktooth Hill Bonebed located in theTemblor Formationin California.[20][21][22][23]

Fossil bonebeds don't always consist of one single species, but rather many species of organisms. There are several of the bonebeds known throughout North America. Two of the best examples include the Mixson's Bone Bed of Florida, whose geological settings preserved the remains ofAmbelodon,Aepycamelus,andCormohipparion,[24]and theAgate Fossil BedsinNebraskawhich has the fossils of abundant creatures such asMenoceras,Stenomylus,andDaphoenodon.[25][26][27][28]

References

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  1. ^abOne or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in thepublic domain:Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911). "Bone Bed".Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 203.
  2. ^Johannes Baier:Das Tübinger "Rhätolias-Grenzbonebed".- Fossilien 31(1), 26-30, 2014.
  3. ^Johannes Baier:Der Geologische Lehrpfad am Kirnberg (Keuper; SW-Deutschland).- Jber. Mitt. oberrhein. geol. Ver, N. F. 93, 9-26, 2011.
  4. ^Brusatte, S. L., Butler R. J., Mateus O., & Steyer S. J. (2015). A new species of Metoposaurus from the Late Triassic of Portugal and comments on the systematics and biogeography of metoposaurid temnospondyls. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, e912988., 2015
  5. ^LALLANILLA, MARC (April 17, 2006)."Huge Meat-Eating Dinosaur Discovered".ABC News.Archivedfrom the original on 2006-04-19.RetrievedJanuary 16,2022.
  6. ^Switek, Brian."The Making of an Allosaurus Graveyard".Scientific American Blog Network.Retrieved2022-01-16.
  7. ^"Dinosaur National Monument - the remaining portion dinosaur bone bed | U.S. Geological Survey".www.usgs.gov.Retrieved2022-01-16.
  8. ^Eberth, David A.; Currie, Philip J. (September 2010)."Stratigraphy, sedimentology, and taphonomy of the Albertosaurus bonebed (upper Horseshoe Canyon Formation; Maastrichtian), southern Alberta, CanadaThis article is one of a series of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Albertosaurus".Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.47(9): 1119–1143.doi:10.1139/e10-045.ISSN0008-4077.
  9. ^Paleontology, Fremd, Theodore J. Society of Vertebrate.Guidebook: SVP Field Symposium 2010 John Day Basin Field Conference.OCLC809956619.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^Matthews, Joshua; Brusatte, Stephen; Williams, Scott; Henderson, Michael (March 12, 2009)."The First Triceratops Bonebed and Its Implications for Gregarious Behavior".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.29(1): 286–290.Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..286M.doi:10.1080/02724634.2009.10010382.JSTOR20491089.S2CID196608646.Retrieved17 January2022.
  11. ^RYAN, M. J.; RUSSELL, A. P.; EBERTH, D. A.; CURRIE, P. J. (2001-10-01).<0482:ttoaco>2.0.co;2 "The Taphonomy of a Centrosaurus (Ornithischia: Certopsidae) Bone Bed from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Upper Campanian), Alberta, Canada, with Comments on Cranial Ontogeny".PALAIOS.16(5): 482–506.Bibcode:2001Palai..16..482R.doi:10.1669/0883-1351(2001)016<0482:ttoaco>2.0.co;2.ISSN0883-1351.S2CID130116586.
  12. ^Ryan, Michael J.; Holmes, Robert; Russell, A. P. (2007-12-12)."A revision of the late campanian centrosaurine ceratopsid genusStyracosaurusfrom the Western Interior of North America".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.27(4): 944–962.doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[944:arotlc]2.0.co;2.ISSN0272-4634.S2CID86218327.
  13. ^Snyder, Keith; McLain, Matthew; Wood, Jared; Chadwick, Arthur (2020-05-21)."Over 13,000 elements from a single bonebed help elucidate disarticulation and transport of an Edmontosaurus thanatocoenosis".PLOS ONE.15(5): e0233182.Bibcode:2020PLoSO..1533182S.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0233182.ISSN1932-6203.PMC7241792.PMID32437394.
  14. ^Burns, Michael E.; Coy, Clive; Arbour, Victoria M.; Currie, Philip J.; Koppelhus, Eva B. (November 2014)."The Danek Edmontosaurus Bonebed: new insights on the systematics, biogeography, and palaeoecology of Late Cretaceous dinosaur communities".Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.51(11): v–vii.Bibcode:2014CaJES..51D...5B.doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0217.ISSN0008-4077.
  15. ^Scott, Evan E.The first monodominant hadrosaur bonebed from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta.OCLC929643085.
  16. ^Scott, Evan E.; Ryan, Michael J.; Evans, David C. (2016)."Agryposaurussp. Bonebed from the Oldman Formation (Campanian) of Alberta with Implications for Juvenile Social Structures".Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs.Geological Society of America.doi:10.1130/abs/2016nc-275480.
  17. ^Fanti, Federico; Currie, Philip J.; Burns, Michael E. (April 2015)."Taphonomy, age, and paleoecological implication of a new Pachyrhinosaurus (Dinosauria: Ceratopsidae) bonebed from the Upper Cretaceous (Campanian) Wapiti Formation of Alberta, Canada".Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences.52(4): 250–260.Bibcode:2015CaJES..52..250F.doi:10.1139/cjes-2014-0197.ISSN0008-4077.
  18. ^Fanti, F.; Bell, P.R.; Currie, P.J.; Tsogtbaatar, K. (April 2018)."The Nemegt Basin — One of the best field laboratories for interpreting Late Cretaceous terrestrial ecosystems".Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology.494:1–4.Bibcode:2018PPP...494....1F.doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2017.07.014.ISSN0031-0182.
  19. ^Strganac, C., Jacobs L., Polcyn M., Mateus O., Myers T., Araújo R., Fergunson K. M., Gonçalves A. O., Morais M. L., Schulp A. S., da Tavares T. S., & Salminen J. (2014). Geological Setting and Paleoecology of the Upper Cretaceous Bench 19 Marine Vertebrate Bonebed at Bentiaba, Angola. Netherlands Journal of Geosciences. 1-16.
  20. ^"Fossil bone bed helps reconstruct life along California's ancient coastline".phys.org.Retrieved2022-01-23.
  21. ^"06.08.2009 - Bone bed tells of life along California's ancient coastline".www.berkeley.edu.Retrieved2022-01-23.
  22. ^Velez-Juarbe, Jorge (2018-07-04)."New data on the early odobenid Neotherium mirum Kellogg, 1931, and other pinniped remains from the Sharktooth Hill Bonebed, California".Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology.38(4): (1)–(14).doi:10.1080/02724634.2018.1481080.ISSN0272-4634.S2CID91544891.
  23. ^Pyenson, Nicholas D.;Irmis, Randall B.; Lipps, Jere H.; Barnes, Lawrence G.; Mitchell, Edward D.; McLeod, Samuel A. (June 2009)."Origin of a widespread marine bonebed deposited during the middle Miocene Climatic Optimum".Geology.37(6): 519–522.Bibcode:2009Geo....37..519P.doi:10.1130/g25509a.1.ISSN1943-2682.
  24. ^"Mixson's Bone Bed".Florida Museum.2017-03-27.Retrieved2022-01-23.
  25. ^Loomis, F. B. (1911-01-01)."The camels of the Harrison beds, with three new species".American Journal of Science.s4-31 (181): 65–70.Bibcode:1911AmJS...31...65L.doi:10.2475/ajs.s4-31.181.65.ISSN0002-9599.
  26. ^Tweet, Justin (2015-12-27)."Equatorial Minnesota: North American camels: not the run-of-the-mill Christmas camels".Equatorial Minnesota.Retrieved2022-01-23.
  27. ^Hunt, Robert (1984)."Extinct Carnivores Entombed in 20 Million Year Old Dens, Agate Fossil Beds National Monument, Nebraska".The George Wright Forum.4(1): 29–39.ISSN0732-4715.JSTOR43597031.
  28. ^Hunt, Robert M.; Xiang-Xu, Xue; Kaufman, Joshua (1983)."Miocene Burrows of Extinct Bear Dogs: Indication of Early Denning Behavior of Large Mammalian Carnivores".Science.221(4608): 364–366.Bibcode:1983Sci...221..364H.doi:10.1126/science.221.4608.364.ISSN0036-8075.JSTOR1691735.PMID17798890.S2CID46512625.
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