Wikipedia

Boracay

Not to be confused withBora Bora.

Boracay([bɔˈrakaɪ];often locally shortened toBora) is aresort islandin theWestern Visayasregion of thePhilippines,located 0.8 kilometers (0.50 mi) off the northwest coast ofPanay island.It has a total land area of 10.32 square kilometers (3.98 sq mi), under the jurisdiction of threebarangaysinMalay,Aklan,and had a population of 37,802 in 2020.[2]

Boracay
Boracay Island white sand beach
Boracay is located in Visayas
Boracay
Boracay
Location of Boracay
Boracay is located in Philippines
Boracay
Boracay
Boracay (Philippines)
Geography
Coordinates11°58′8″N121°55′26″E/ 11.96889°N 121.92389°E/11.96889; 121.92389
ArchipelagoVisayas
Adjacent to
Area10.32 km2(3.98 sq mi)
Highest elevation302 ft (92 m)
Highest pointMount Luho
Administration
RegionWestern Visayas
ProvinceAklan
MunicipalityMalay
Barangays
  • Balabag
  • Manoc-Manoc
  • Yapak
Largest settlementManoc-Manoc(pop. 14,810)
Demographics
Population37,802 (2020)
Pop. density3,663/km2(9487/sq mi)
Ethnic groups

Boracay was originally inhabited by theTumandokandAtipeople, but commercial development has led to their severe marginalization since the 1970s.[1][3]

Boracay island from space

Apart from its white sand beaches, Boracay is also famous for being one of the world's top destinations for relaxation.[4][5]As of 2013,it was emerging among the top destinations for tranquility and nightlife.[6]

International travel magazineTravel + Leisureranked Boracay as the Best Island in the World in 2012.[7][8]In 2014, the resort island was at the top of the "Best Islands in the World" list published by the international magazineCondé Nast Traveler.[9]In 2016, Boracay headed the magazine's list of "Top 10 destinations to watch".[10]

In April 2018, the Philippine government,underPresidentRodrigo Duterte,decreeda six-month closureof the island for tourists to undertake major renovation works, especially of the sewage system, which had become obsolete and insufficient.[11]The island was administered by the Boracay Inter-agency Task Force during the closure.[a]It reopened in October 2018, with a new set of rules meant to address a variety of issues.[14][15]

The BoracayAti-atihanin January 2024 witnessed a record-breaking number of tourists, with 36,741 people participating in the event. This festival, which celebrates the cultural heritage of the Atiindigenous people,has been a major draw for tourists and is set to be elevated as a major tourism attraction for the island starting next year.[16]

Etymology

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The nameBoracayis attributed to different origins. The island's indigenousAti peoplesay that the name of the island came from theInatiwords "bora", meaning bubbles, and "bocay", meaning white.[17]Another theory suggests that the name is derived from the local word 'borac,' which means 'white cotton,' referencing the color and texture of Boracay's white, sugary, and powdery sand.[18]Yet another version dating back to the Spanish era says the name is derived from "sagay", the word for a shell, and "boray", the word for seed.[18]

History

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Pre-colonial period

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Before theSpanish colonizationof the Philippines in the 16th century, Boracay was populated by Ati people. It was known to the Iberian conquerors asBuracay.At the time of contact with the Europeans,Buracayhad a population of one hundred people, who cultivated rice on the island and augmented their income by raising goats.[19]

TheTumandok peoplealso established an indigenous presence on the island,[20][better source needed]although the identities of the two indigenous peoples is often conflated.[citation needed]A 1905 report by thePhilippine Commissiondocumented the continuing presence of both groups on the island. referred to there as "Buracay".[21]

Contemporary period

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As an agricultural island

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Boracay was previously part of the province ofCapiz.It was under the jurisdiction of the town ofBuruangauntil the municipality ofMalaywas established on June 15, 1949.[22]The municipality, as well as the island, became part ofAklan,which became an independent province on April 25, 1956.[23][24][25]

Before the advent of tourism, Boracay was largely an agricultural community.[26]Around 1910, Sofía Gonzáles Tirol and her husband Lamberto Hontiveros Tirol (a town judge on the Panay mainland) took ownership of substantial properties on the island. They planted coconuts, fruit trees and greenery. Others followed the Tirols, and cultivation and development of the island gradually spread.[27]The production ofcopraand fishing were major industries in the island.

However, due to overharvesting by fishers and the destruction of coral reef due tocyanide fishing,the fishing industry saw a decline. By the 1980s, the price of copra had declined, encouraging tourism as an alternative source of income for the island.[26]

In 1978, PresidentFerdinand Marcosissued a proclamation naming Boracay among a number of islands, coves and peninsulas declared as tourist zones.[28]

Influx of tourism (1970s to 1997)

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Foreign tourists in Boracay, 1985.

Tourism came to the island beginning sometime in the 1970s.[29][30]In 1970, the moviesNam's Angels(released in the U.S. asThe Losers) andToo Late the Heroused filming locations on Boracay and Caticlan.[31]There was an influx of Western tourists after German writer Jens Peter called it "paradise on Earth" in his book about the Philippines in 1978.[32][33]In the 1980s, the island became popular as a budget destination forbackpackers.[23]By the 1990s, Boracay's beaches were being acclaimed as the best in the world.[34]However, in 1997, tourist arrivals to the resort island dropped 60 percent due to the increase ofcoliform bacteriafrom poor sewage and septic systems on the island.[35]

1997 to 2018

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View of Boracay from Mount Luho, October 2012

The condition of Boracay in 1997 led to the installment of a potable water supply system and a sewage treatment plant and a solid waste disposal system, operated by the Philippine Tourism Authority (PTA). Connection of businesses and households to the system was not universal, and environmental problems persisted.[35]

Then-presidentGloria Macapagal Arroyodeclared Boracay a Special Tourism Zone in 2005, and in April 2006 she gave the PTA administrative control over the island while mandating the agency to coordinate with the provincial government ofAklan.[35]

In 2012, thePhilippine Department of Tourismreported that Boracay had been named the world's second best beach afterProvidencialesin theTurks and Caicos Islands.[36]

2018 closure and rehabilitation

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Main article:2018 Boracay closure and redevelopment
Cleanup of Boracay in 2018.

Due to worsening environmental conditions in Boracay, PresidentRodrigo Dutertein February 2018 said he planned to close the resort island, which he described as a "cesspool", on April 26, 2018, instructingEnvironment and Natural Resources SecretaryRoy Cimatuto resolve the issue.[37]In a cabinet meeting, President Duterte approved the full closure of the island for six months, effective April 26, 2018, to rehabilitate and resolve the environmental issues surrounding Boracay.[38]On May 30, 2018, President Duterte declared that he planned to make the entire Boracay a land reform area and wanted to first prioritize the island's residents.[39][40]

In April 2018, thePhilippine Army's 301st Infantry Brigade confirmed that 200 soldiers were deployed to Boracay to secure the island during its shutdown starting April 26.[41]

On October 26, 2018, Boracay was reopened to the public with work on the island's infrastructure still in progress.[42]In April 2019, numerous Chinese-owned businesses were opened in Boracay,[43]and additionally, there are about 300 mainland Chinese residents.[44]In April 2019,Labor SecretarySilvestre Bello IIIsaid that the Department of Labor and Employment has no control over foreign businesses setting up shop on the island, but that it vows to ensure that no Chinese national could take jobs fit for Filipinos.[44][45]

Efforts to maintain the pristine condition of the beaches and the introduction of environmentally-friendly practices such as the use of biodegradable products and electric tricycles have significantly contributed to the island's recovery. The absence of plastic and a renewed focus on sustainability were key highlights of introduced in 2023.[46]

Following the Boracay cleanup, Duterte distributed 623 certificates of land-ownership award covering 274 hectares (680 acres) of land in Boracay and Aklan to the area'sAtiinhabitants and other beneficiaries.[47]

2020 COVID-19 pandemic

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The municipality of Malay, including Boracay island, was closed to tourism effective March 19, 2020, in response to theCOVID-19 pandemic.[48]The island would eventually be re-opened to tourists with COVID-19 protocols implemented as cautionary measure.[49][50][51]

Revocation of Ati families' CLOA

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Under theBongbong Marcos administrationin late March 2024, theDepartment of Agrarian Reform(DAR), upon the request of private land developers, cancelled the Certificates of Land Ownership Award (CLOA) of five lots in Boracay owned by Ati indigenous peoples. The lots, which were awarded by the Duterte administration to the Ati members in 2018, had been barricaded by armed men, who cited a March 5, 2024 decision by the DAR concluding that the land awarded was "not suitable for agriculture". The Boracay Ati Tribal Organization (BATO) later urged theCommission on Human Rightsto intervene in the dispute, leading DAR SecretaryConrado Estrella IIIto order the distribution of land to the affected Ati members, albeit to a yet undisclosed location.[52][53]

Geography

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Location of Boracay inAklanprovince ofPanay Island
Puka Beach on the northern shore of Boracay

Boracay Island is located 0.8 kilometers (0.50 mi) off the northwest corner of the mainlandPanayand belongs to the province ofAklanin theWestern Visayasregion, or Region VI, of the Philippines. It is 50 kilometers (31 mi) northwest of the provincial capital,Kalibo;150 kilometres (93 mi) northwest of the regional capital,Iloilo City;and 200 nautical miles (370 km) southeast of the national capital,Manila.The island is approximately seven kilometers long, dog-bone shaped, with the narrowest spot being less than one kilometer wide, and has a total land area of 10.32 square kilometers (3.98 sq mi).

South-facing Cagban Beach is located across a small strait from the jetty port atCaticlanon Panay Island, and the Cagban jetty port serves as Boracay's main entry and exit point during most of the year. When wind and sea conditions dictate, east-facing Tambisaan Beach serves as an alternative entry and exit point.[54] Boracay's two primary tourism beaches, White Beach and Bulabog Beach, are located on opposite sides of the island's narrow central area. White Beach faces westward and Bulabog Beach faces eastward. The island also has several other beaches.

White Beach, the main tourism beach, is about 4 kilometers (2.5 mi) long and is lined with resorts, hotels, lodging houses, restaurants, and other tourism-related businesses. In the central portion, for about two kilometers, there is a footpath known as the Beachfront Path separating the beach itself from the establishments located along it. North and south of the Beachfront Path, beachfront establishments do literally front along the beach itself. Several roads and paths connect the Beachfront Path with Boracay's Main Road, a vehicular road which runs the length of the island. At the extreme northern end of White Beach, a footpath runs around the headland there and connects White Beach with Diniwid Beach.[b]

Bulabog Beach, across the island from White Beach, is the second most popular tourism beach on the island and Boracay's mainwindsurfingandkiteboardingarea.

Boracay is divided for land use and conservation purposes into 400 hectares (990 acres) of preserved forestland and 628.96 hectares (1,554.2 acres) of agricultural land.[56][57][58][59][60][61]

Governance

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Thethree barangays comprising Boracay island,Balabag, Manoc-Manoc, and Yapak, are part of the municipality ofMalayin the province ofAklan.

Climate

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Map of Boracay Island.

Weather in Boracay is generally divided into two seasonal weather patterns known locally as theAmihanand Habagat seasons. In theVisayan language,Amihanmeansa cool northeast wind,andHabagatmeanswest or southwest wind; southwest monsoon.[62] The Amihan season is characterized by moderate temperatures, little or no rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the northeast. The Habagat season is characterized by hot and humid weather, frequent heavy rainfall, and a prevailing wind from the west.[63]

On Boracay, the main indicator of the switch between the Amihan and Habagat seasonal patterns is the switch in wind direction. In most years this transition is abrupt and occurs overnight. In some years there is a period of perhaps a week or two where the wind will switch between Amihan and Habagat patterns several times before settling into the pattern for the new season. As a rule of thumb, Boracay will be in the Amihan weather pattern from sometime in October to sometime in March and in the Habagat weather pattern for the remainder of the year.[64]

Temperatures in Malay municipality province generally ranged between 25 and 30 °C (77 and 86 °F) in 2009–2019, with a low of 24 °C (75 °F) in February 2014 and high of 31 °C (88 °F) in October 2018, ranging more widely in 2019, with a low of 23 °C (73 °F) in March and a high of 33 °C (91 °F) in May.[65][needs update]DuringTropical stormperiods, temperatures can fall below 30 °C (86 °F). Tropical storms can impact Boracay at any time of year, but are most likely to be seen during the Habagat season.[66]

Environment

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The rapid growth of tourism has caused environmental damage on the island.[67]Condé Nast Travelermagazine called Boracay "the poster child for overtourism".[67]The Daily Telegraphcalled Boracay an "island paradise ruined by tourism".[68]

Fauna

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Fishes in Boracay

At least three species offlying foxeshave been recorded to inhabit Boracay namely thegiant golden-crowned flying fox(Aceradon jubatus), the giant fruit bat (Pteropus vampyrus), and the small flying fox (Pteropus hypomelanus). Their population is concentrated on the northern side of the island in Barangay Yapak,[69]where the hunting of bats was made illegal through a local ordinance.[citation needed]

According to the Coastal Ecosystem Conservation and Adaptive Management (CECAM), a study led by theJapan International Cooperation Agencyconducted from 2010 to 2015 noted a 70.5 percent decrease of Boracay'scoralcover from 1988 to 2011. The study attributed the increased drop in coral cover from 2008 to 2011 to the 38.4 percent increase of tourist arrivals combined with poorly monitored snorkeling activity in coral-rich areas.[70][71]The Boracay Foundation Inc. (BFI) made efforts to remedy the situation by launching a "refurbishment" program for the corals. In 2017, the BFI claimed the number of corals in Boracay increased from 15 to 20 percent since 2015 due to its project.[72]

Sanitation

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Algal bloom in Boracay on April 25, 2018, a day prior to theisland's closure

Boracay has been experiencing an increasedcoliform bacteriapopulation since the 1990s, which contributed to a 60 percent decline in tourist arrivals in 1997. Although a potable water supply system, a solid waste disposal system, as well as a sewage treatment plant which began operation in 2003 were installed to remedy the insufficient sewage and septic conditions in the island, environmental concerns regarding coliform bacteria persisted due to noncompliance of some business establishments in the island.[35]

In 2004, only 51 percent of hotels and restaurants in Boracay and 25 percent of all households were connected to the island's central sewage system. In 2005, Boracay was declared a "special tourism zone". In April 2006, Arroyo gave the PTA administrative control over Boracay, to be exercised in coordination with the provincial government. In 2009,Boracay Island Water Co.(BIWC), won a contract to improve the supply of potable water and install an efficient sewerage system.[35]

Boracay has experienced abnormally high algae growth since February 2015, due to sewage being dumped into the waters surrounding the islands.[35]In early 2018, 50 to 60 percent of all establishments in Boracay were compliant to the Clean Water Act of 2004 according to theDepartment of Environment and Natural Resources.[73]

Tourism

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Local and foreign tourists in White Beach, Boracay withparawsailboats in the background.
A t-shirt shop in Boracay selling hand-made clothing featuring the island.

Partly because of its wind and weather patterns,tourismin Boracay is at its peak during theamihanseason(which generally starts around the Christmas season and runs through February[74]). Duringamihan,the prevailing wind blows from the east. Boracay's main tourism area, White Beach, is on the western side of the island and is sheltered from the wind. During the Amihan season, the water off White Beach is often glassy-smooth. On the eastern side of the island, hills on the northern and southern ends of the island channel the Amihan season wind from the east onshore, onto Bulabog Beach in the central part of the island's eastern side. This makes thereef-protected waters off that beach relatively safe[75]and ideal forscuba diving,windsurfing,andkiteboarding / kitesurfing.

In June 2011, it was reported thatMegaworld Corporation,a real estate development group led byAndrew Tanhad earmarked₱20 billionto develop tourism estates in Boracay andCavite.The planned Boracay project, Boracay Newcoast, involves four hotels with 1,500 rooms, a plaza and an entertainment center.[76]

Other resorts in Boracay include Discovery Shores, a luxuryfive-starresort managed by a Filipino hospitality group called The Discovery Leisure Company Inc. and owned by Discovery World Corp.[77][78]The building, with 88suites,aspa,and four restaurants and bars,[79][80]stands at Station One on the White Beach, and has been described as "moreMiamichicthan hidden oasis. "[81]

The island has the highest density of merchants that acceptbitcoinoutside ofEl Salvador.[82]There is a movement to dub the island "Bitcoin Island" and bootstrap a circular economy similar toBitcoin Beach.

Leisure activities

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Leisure activities available on or near Boracay include horseback riding,scuba diving,diving helmet,snorkeling,windsurfing,kiteboarding,cliff diving,parasailingandbanana boat.

Boracay is the site of an 18-hole par 72golfcourse designed byGraham Marsh.[83]In addition, as of 2010,Boracay has in excess of 350 beach resorts offering more than 2,000 rooms ranging in quality from five-star to budget accommodation.[84]In addition, Boracay offers a wide range of restaurants, bars, pubs, and nightclubs.

Boracay's Willy's Rock

Alandmarknatural rock formation, Boracay's Rock, juts prominently directly in front of Willy's Beach Resort.

Statistics

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According to theDepartment of Tourismof the Philippines, there was a recorded 1,725,483 visitors to Boracay in 2016. This was an increase of 250,000 from the previous year. Assuming the average length of stay of tourists to Boracay is three days, the number of tourists on the island each day was calculated at 14,182.[85]According to Malay municipal records more than two million tourists visited the island in 2017.[73]

Boracay is aiming for 2.3 million tourist arrivals in 2024, a slight increase from 2023's target, indicating a robust interest in Boracay as a prime tourist destination.[86]

Marhaba Boracay

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In September 2024, SecretaryChristina FrascolaunchedMegaworld's 850m² Marhaba, ahalal tourismcovein the Boracay Newcoast private beach in front of “Lapus-Lapus” rock formation.[87]

Sports

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Kite surfersin Boracay.

Boracay has been a competitive venue for the Asian Windsurfing Tour,[88]with the week-longBoracay International Funboard Cupcompetition usually held in January on Bulabog Beach. In 2010, the 2011 event dates were scheduled as January 24 – 29.[89][needs update]CNNGo, a division ofCNNfocused on travel/lifestyle/entertainment, selected the Boracay International Funboard Competition on the weekend of January 22–24 as one of its 52 weekend recommendations for 2010.[90]

Dragon boatraces are held annually on Boracay under the auspices of thePhilippine Dragon Boat Federation,with teams coming from around the Philippines and from other Asian nations to compete. The races usually take place sometime in April or May. The 2012 Boracay Edition of the PDBF International Club Crew Challenge to was scheduled for April 26–28, in 2012.[91][needs update]

The Boracay Open Asian Beach Ultimate Tournament, anultimate frisbeeevent, with players coming from around the Philippines and from other International nations, has been held annually since 2003, usually in March or April.[92]

Asian Games Centennial Festival

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Boracay was scheduled to host a special multi-sport event in 2013. At its 31st General Assembly inMacau,theOlympic Council of Asia(OCA) decided to create theAsian GamesCentennial Festivalin celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Oriental Games (laterFar Eastern Championship Games).[93]OCA awarded the hosting rights to thePhilippinesas it had been the host of the firstFar Eastern Championship Gamesheld inManila100 years earlier. The festival was to be held on Boracay in November 2013.[94]However, it had to be rescheduled and relocated because ofTyphoon Haiyan,with the ceremony eventually taking place at the Sofitel Plaza in Manila on January 17, 2014. The 32nd OCA General Assembly was to be held in conjunction with the games.[95]

Culture

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The Ati community in Boracay.

The first settlers of Boracay were aNegritopeople called theAti,and who spoke a distinctivePhilippine languagecalledInati.[96][97]Later settlers brought other languages to the island, includingAklanon(as Boracay is part ofAklan province),Hiligaynon (Ilonggo),Kinaray-a,Capiznon,otherVisayan languages,Filipino,andEnglish.

The well-knownAti-Atihan Festivaltakes place each January inKaliboon nearbyPanay Island.A much smaller Ati-Atihan festival is celebrated on Boracay, usually in the second or third week of January.[citation needed]

Transportation

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Boracay Main Road in 2024

Boracay island is separated from Panay island by a narrow strait. The island is located opposite the barangay ofCaticlanin the municipality of Malay, Aklan. Transportation across the strait is provided by boats operating from the Caticlan jetty port.[citation needed]Cagban Port serves as the primary sea transportation hub for passengers going into Boracay but the island lacks any formal seaport for cargo transport and waste disposal. Goods are delivered into Boracay through an informal port near the Cagban Port.[98]

Boracay is served by two airports in Aklan: theKalibo International AirportandGodofredo P. Ramos Airport(commonly referred to as the Caticlan airport).

The three main modes of transport are via motor-tricycles and electric-tricycles (e-trikes) along the main road, or by walking along the beaches. Pedicabs, known assikads,are also available along the Beachfront Path. Other means of transportation includemountain bikes,quadbikesandmotorbikes,all of which can be rented. It was reported in October 2018 that the island will see modern jeepneys, solar-powered shuttles, and hop-on hop-off buses serviced byGrab,and that theDepartment of Energywill donate 200 e-trikes to the Malay local government under a₱1.73 billionproject funded by theAsian Development Bank.[99]

As of 2018,the municipal government of Malay was encouraging motorcycle operators to transition to e-trikes in their coordinated efforts to promote environment-friendly public transportation. Diesel-motor tricycles are expected to be phased out by August 2018.[100]

In 2019,San Miguel Corporationproposed a 1.2-kilometre (0.75 mi) limited-access bridge to connect the island of Boracay to the mainland of Panay.[101]As of February 2024, the unsolicited project proposal is under negotiation and has been included in theDepartment of Public Works and Highways(DPWH) funding forPublic-Private Partnership(PPP) infrastructure projects.[102][103]Upon completion, travel time betweenIloilo Cityand Boracay will be reduced to 2.5 hours from the current 6 to 7 hours through the bridge and theIloilo–Capiz–Aklan Expressway,both of which are part of the DPWH’s PPP infrastructure projects.[104][105]

Awards and recognition

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Boracay Island earned the eighth spot in the annualCondé Nast Traveler(CNT) readers' choice awards for top islands to visit in 2021.[106]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^The term of the task force expired on May 8, 2021.[12]As of March 2021,it was reported to have been seeking a one-year extension.[13]
  2. ^Paving of the main road was begun in about 1997 and completed in several phases. As vehicular traffic increased, a multi-phase circumferential road project was begun.. Phases 1 and 2 were completed in December 2020, covering 7.83 km (4.87 mi) of the 21.64 km (13.45 mi) prohect and including improvements to other existing roadways.[55]

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  3. ^Angan, Joseph (June 21, 2013)."Beyond the beach: The untold story of Boracay's Ati tribe".GMA News Online.Archivedfrom the original on August 16, 2017.RetrievedJuly 11,2022.
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