Regional accents of English

"English accent" redirects here. For the accent of England, seeEnglish language in England.

SpokenEnglishshows great variation across regions where it is the predominant language. TheUnited Kingdomhas a wide variety of accents, and no single "British accent" exists. This article provides an overview of the numerous identifiable variations inpronunciation.Such distinctions usually derive from thephoneticinventory of localdialects,as well as from broader differences in theStandard Englishof different primary-speaking populations.

Accentis the part of dialect concerning local pronunciation.Vocabularyandgrammarare described elsewhere; see thelist of dialects of the English language.Secondary English speakers tend to carry over theintonationandphoneticsof theirmother tonguein English speech. For more details on this, seenon-native pronunciations of English.

Primary English speakers show great variability in terms of regional accents. Examples such asPennsylvania Dutch Englishare easily identified by key characteristics, but others are more obscure or easily confused. Broad regions can possess subforms. For instance, towns located less than 10 miles (16 km) from the city ofManchester,such asBolton,Oldham,Rochdale,andSalfordeach have distinct accents, all of which are grouped together under the broaderLancashire accent.These sub-dialects are very similar to each other, but non-local listeners can identify firm differences. On the other side of the spectrum, Australia has aGeneral Australianaccent which remains almost unchanged over thousands of miles.

English accents can differ enough to create room for misunderstandings. For example, the pronunciation of "pearl" in some variants ofScottish Englishcan sound like the entirely unrelated word "petal" to an American. For a summary of the differences between accents, seeSound correspondences between English accents.

Overview

Varieties of Standard English and their features

Phonological features	United States	Canada	Republic of Ireland	United Kingdom				South Africa	Australia	New Zealand
				Northern Ireland	Scotland	England	Wales
/æ/rather than/ɑː/ incan't	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
father–bothermerger	Yes	Yes
consistent intervocalic alveolar-flapping	Yes	Yes							Yes
unrounded[ɑ] inpot	Yes	Yes	Yes
syllabic[ɝ] inbird	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
cot-caughtmerger	Variable	Yes		Yes	Yes
FOOT–GOOSEmerger				Yes	Yes
trap-bathsplit			Variable			Variable	Variable	Yes	Partial	Yes
rhotic or non-rhotic	Mostly rhotic	Rhotic	Rhotic	Rhotic	Rhotic	Mostly non-rhotic	Non-rhotic	Non-rhotic	Non-rhotic	Mostly non-rhotic
monophthongal/aɪ,aʊ/, close vowels for/æ,ɛ/								Yes	Mostly	Yes
front[aː] for/ɑːr/			Yes			Variable	Variable		Yes	Yes

Dialects and open vowels

word	RP	GA	Can	sound change
THOUGHT	/ɔ/	/ɔ/	/ɑ/	cot–caughtmerger
CLOTH	/ɒ/			lot–clothsplit
LOT		/ɑ/		father–bothermerger
PALM	/ɑː/
PLANT		/æ/	/æ/	trap–bathsplit
BATH
TRAP	/æ/

English dialects differ greatly in their pronunciation of open vowels. InReceived Pronunciation,there are four open back vowels,/æɑːɒɔː/,but in General American there are only three,/æɑɔ/,and in most dialects of Canadian English only two,/æɒ/.Which words have which vowel varies between dialects. Words likebathandclothhave the vowels/ɑːɒ/in Received Pronunciation, but/æɔ/in General American. The table above shows some of these dialectal differences.

Britain and Ireland

Main article:British English

Accents and dialects vary widely across Great Britain, Ireland and nearby smaller islands. The UK has the most local accents of any English-speaking country.As such, a single "British accent" does not exist. Someone could be said to have an English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish accent, although these all have many different subtypes.

England

Main article:English language in England § Overview of regional accents

Southern England

There are considerable variations within the accents of English across England, one of the most obvious being thetrap–bath splitof the southern half of the country.

Two main sets of accents are spoken in theWest Country,namelyCornishandWest Country,spoken primarily in the counties ofDevon,Somerset,Gloucestershire,Bristol,Dorset(not as common in Dorset), andWiltshire(again, less common in eastern Wiltshire). A range of variations can be heard within different parts of the West Country: TheBristolian dialectis distinctive from the accent heard inGloucestershire(especially south ofCheltenham), for example.

TheCornishaccent has an east–west variation, with the east of the county having influences from West Country English and the west of the county having direct influences from theCornish language.

There is great variation within GreaterLondon,with various accents such asCockney,Estuary English,Multicultural London English,andReceived Pronunciationbeing found all throughout the region and theHome Counties.

Other accents are those of

• theEast Midlands(Derby,LeicesterandRutland,Lincoln,Northampton,andNottingham)
• East Anglia(Norfolk,Suffolk,andCambridgeshire)
• theHome Counties(typicallyBuckinghamshire,Essex,Hertfordshire,Berkshire,Surrey,Sussex,Kent,andHampshire). TheEssexaccent has an east–west variation, with the county's west having Estuary English speech features and the county's east having the traditionalEssaxon/East Anglianfeatures.
• A range of accents are spoken in theWest Midlands(in the major towns and conurbations (The Black Country,Birmingham,Coventry,Stoke-on-Trent(considered by many to have tones ofscouse), andWolverhampton) and in rural areas (such as in Herefordshire and south Worcestershire).

In February 2019, theNew York Timespublished a quiz that maps the geographical differences between British and Irish dialects.

Northern England

The accents ofNorthern Englandhave a range of regional variations.

Cumbriahas regional variants in Western Cumbria (Workington), Southern Cumbria (Barrow-in-Furness), andCarlisle.

Modern Northumbrianhas local variants in Northern Northumberland (Berwick-upon-Tweed), Eastern Northumberland (Ashington) andNewcastle,Sunderland,and mid- and southernCounty Durham.A specialist dialect calledPitmaticis within this group, found across the region. It includes terms specific to coal mining.

Yorkshireis distinctive, having regional variants aroundLeeds,Bradford,Hull,Middlesbrough,Sheffield,andYork.Although many Yorkshire accents sound similar, accents in areas around Hull and Middlesbrough are markedly different. Due to this, the Middlesbrough accent is sometimes grouped, with modern Northumbrian accents being a midway between the two regions.

The Hull accent's rhythm is more like that of northern Lincolnshire than that of the rural East Riding, perhaps due to migration from Lincolnshire to the city during its industrial growth. One feature that it shares with the surrounding rural area is that an /aɪ/ sound in the middle of a word often becomes an /ɑː/, for example, "five" may sound like "fahve", and "time" like "tahme".

Historic Lancashire,with regional variants inBolton,Burnley,Blackburn,Manchester,Preston,Blackpool,Liverpool,andWigan.Many of the Lancashire accents may sound similar to outsiders, with the exception of Manchester and Wigan, where an older dialect has been maintained.

TheLiverpoolaccent, known asScouse,is an exception to the Lancashire regional variant of English. It has spread to some of the surrounding towns. Before the 1840s, Liverpool's accent was similar to others in Lancashire, though with some distinct features due to the city's proximity toWales.The city's population of around 60,000 was swelled in the 1840s by the arrival of around 300,000 Irish refugees escaping theGreat Famine,as Liverpool was England'smain Atlantic portand a popular departure point for people leaving for a new life in theUnited States.While many of the Irish refugees moved away, a vast number remained in Liverpool and permanently influenced the local accent.

Scotland

The regional accents ofScottish Englishgenerally draw on thephoneme inventoryof the dialects ofModern Scots,a language spoken by around 30% of the Scottish populationwith characteristic vowel realisations due to theScottish vowel length rule. Highland Englishaccents are more strongly influenced byScottish Gaelicthan other forms of Scottish English.

Wales

Main article:Welsh English

The accents of English inWalesare strongly influenced by the phonology of theWelsh language,which more than 20% of the population of Wales speak as their first orsecond language.TheNorth Walesaccent is distinct fromSouth Wales.North East Wales is influenced byScouseandCheshireaccents. South East Wales accents are influenced byWest Countryaccents. TheWenglishof theSouth Wales Valleysshows a deep cross-fertilisation between the two.

TheCardiff dialectand accent is quite distinctive from that of theSouth Wales Valleys,primarily:

• Rounding of the second element of/ɪə/to[jøː]
  • here/hɪə/pronounced[hjøː]or[jøː]in broader accents
• A closer pronunciation of/ʌ/as inloveandother
• /ɑː/is widely realised as[aː],giving a pronunciation ofCardiff/ˈkɑːdɪf/as[ˈkaːdɪf]

Isle of Man

Manx Englishhas its own distinctive accent, influenced to some extent by the Lancashire dialect and to a lesser extent by some variant of Irish English.

Ireland

Main article:Hiberno-English

Irelandhas several main groups of accents, including (1) the accents of Ulster, with a strong influence from Scotland as well as the underlying Gaelic linguistic stratum, which in that province approaches the Gaelic of Scotland, (2) those of Dublin and surrounding areas on the east coast where English has been spoken since the earliest period of colonisation from Britain, and (3) the various accents of west, midlands, and south.

Ulster

TheUlsteraccent has two main sub accents, namelyMid Ulster EnglishandUlster Scots.The language is spoken throughout the nine counties of Ulster and in some northern areas of bordering counties such asLouthandLeitrim.It bears many similarities to Scottish English through influence from theUlster varietiesofScots. Some characteristics of the Ulster accent include:

• As in Scotland, the vowels/ʊ/and/u/are merged, so thatlookandLukeare homophonous. The vowel is ahigh central rounded vowel,[ʉ].
• The diphthong/aʊ/is pronounced approximately[əʉ],but wide variation exists, especially betweensocial classesinBelfast.
• In Belfast,/eɪ/is a monophthong in open syllables (e.g.day[dɛː]) but an ingliding diphthong in closed syllables (e.g.daze[deəz]). But the monophthong remains when inflectional endings are added, thusdazecontrasts withdays[dɛːz].
• Thealveolar stops/t,d/becomedentalbefore/r,ər/,e.g.treeandspider.
• /t/often undergoesflappingto[ɾ]before anunstressedsyllable, e.g.eighty[ˈeəɾi]

Connacht, Leinster, and Munster

The accent of these threeprovincesfluctuates greatly from the flat tone of the midlands counties of Laois, Kildare, and Offaly to the perceivedsing-songof Cork and Kerry to the soft accents of Mayo and Galway.

Historically, the Dublin City and county area, parts of Wicklow and Louth, came under heavy exclusive influence from the first English settlements, known asThe Pale.It remained until Independence from Britain as the biggest concentration of English influence on the whole island.

Some Cork accents have a unique lyrical intonation. Every sentence typically ends in the trademark elongated tail-off on the last word. In Cork, heavier emphasis yet is put on the "brrr" sound to the letter "R." This is usually the dialect in northern parts of Cork City.

Similar to the Cork accent but without the same intonation, Kerry puts even heavier emphasis on the "brrr" sound to the letter "R.", for example, the word "forty". Throughout the south, this word is pronounced whereby the "r" exhibits the typified Irish "brrr". In Kerry, especially in rural areas, the roll on the "r" is enforced with vibrations from the tongue, not unlike Scottish here.

"Are you?" becomes a cojoined "A-rrou?" single tongue flutter, especially in rural areas. This extra emphasis on "R" is also seen in varying measures through parts of West Limerick and West Cork in closer proximity to Kerry.

Another feature in the Kerry accent is the "S" before the consonant. True to its Gaelic origins in a manner similar to parts of Connacht, "s" maintains the "shh" sound as in "shop" or "sheep". The word "start" becomes "shtart", and "stop" becomes "shtop".

Irish Travellers

Irish Travellershave a very distinct accent closely related to a ruralHiberno-English,particularly the English of south-eastern Ireland. Many Irish Travellers who were born in parts of Dublin or Britain have the accent in spite of it being strikingly different from the local accents in those regions. They have their own language,Shelta,which strongly links in with their dialect/accent of English.

North America

Main articles:North American English regional phonologyandNorth American English

North American Englishis a collective term for the dialects of the United States and Canada. It does not include the varieties ofCaribbean Englishspoken in the West Indies.

• Rhoticity: Most North American English accents differ from Received Pronunciation and some other British dialects by beingrhotic.The rhotic consonant/r/is pronounced before consonants and at the end of syllables, and ther-colored vowel[ɚ]is used as a syllable nucleus. For example, while the words "hard" and "singer" would be pronounced[hɑːd]and[ˈsɪŋə]inReceived Pronunciation,they would be pronounced[hɑɹd]and[ˈsɪŋɚ]inGeneral American.Exceptions are certain traditional accents found ineastern New England,New York City,and theSouthern United States,plusAfrican-American English.
• Mergers before/r/:R-coloring has led to somevowel mergers before historic/r/that do not happen in most other native dialects. In many North American accents, "Mary", "merry", and "marry" sound the same (Mary–marry–merrymerger), but they have the vowels/ɛə/,/æ/,/ɛ/,respectively, in RP. Similarly, "nearer" rhymes with "mirror" (mirror–nearermerger), though the two have different vowels in RP:/iː/and/ɪ/.Other mergers before/r/occur in various North American dialects.
• Mergers of the low back vowels: Other North American mergers that are absent in Received Pronunciation are the merger of the vowels of"caught" and "cot"([kɔːt]and[kɒt]in RP) in many accents, and the merger of "father" (RP[ˈfɑːðə]) and "bother" (RP[ˈbɒðə]) in almost all.
• Flata:Most North American accents lack the so-calledtrap–bath splitfound in Southern England: Words like "ask", "answer", "grass", "bath", "staff", and "dance" are pronounced with the short-a/æ/of "trap", not with the broad "A"/ɑ/of "father" heard in Southern England as well as in most of the Southern Hemisphere. In North America, the vowel of "father" has merged with that of "lot" and "bother" (see above). Related to thetrap–bath split,North American dialects have a feature known as/æ/ tensing.This results in /æ/ in some environments, particularly nasals to be raised and even diphthongized, typically transcribed as[eə].Thus, "answer" is typically pronounced as[eənsɚ]rather than[ænsɚ].
• Flapping of/t/and/d/:In North American English,/t/and/d/both become thealveolar flap[ɾ]after a stressed syllable and between vowels or syllabic consonants, making the words "latter" and "ladder" homophones, either as[ˈlædɚ]or[ˈlæɾɚ].

The United States does not have a concrete "standard" accent in the same way that Britain hasReceived Pronunciation.A form of speech known to linguists as General American is perceived by many Americans to be "accent-less", meaning a person who speaks in such a manner does not appear to befromanywhere in particular. The region of the United States that most resembles this is the central Midwest, specifically eastern Nebraska, including Omaha and Lincoln; southern and central Iowa, including Des Moines; and parts of Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, and western Illinois, including Peoria and the Quad Cities but not the Chicago area.

Canada

Main article:Canadian English

Three major dialect areas can be found in Canada: Western/Central Canada, the Maritimes, andNewfoundland.

The phonology ofWest/Central Canadian English,also calledGeneral Canadian,is broadly similar to that of the Western US, except for the following features:

• The diphthongs/aɪ/and/aʊ/are raised to approximately[ʌɪ]and[ʌʊ]before voiceless consonants. For example, the vowel sound of "out"[ʌʊt]is different from that of "loud"[laʊd].This feature is known asCanadian raising.The/ʌʊ/is even more raised in Atlantic Canada, closer to/ɛʊ/.
• The short "a" of "bat" is more open than almost everywhere else in North America[æ̞~a].The other front lax vowels/ɛ/and/ɪ/,too, can be lowered and/or retracted. This phenomenon has been labelled theCanadian Shift.

The pronunciation of certain words shows a British influence. For instance, "shone" is/ʃɒn/,"been" is often/biːn/,"lieutenant" is/lɛfˈtɛnənt/,"process" can be/ˈproʊsɛs/,etc.

Words like "drama", "pajamas" / "pyjamas", and "pasta" tend to have/æ/rather than/ɑ/~/ɒ/.Words like "sorrow", "Florida", and "orange" have/ɔr/rather than/ɑr/;therefore, "sorry" rhymes with "story" rather than with "starry".

United States

Main articles:North American English regional phonology,North American English,American English,andGeneral American

West Indies and Bermuda

For discussion, see:

• Bahamian English
• Barbadian English
• Bequia English
• Bermudian English
• Caribbean English
• Jamaican English
• Saban English
• Trinidadian English

Oceania

Australia

Main article:Australian English

Australian English is relatively homogeneous when compared toBritishandAmericanEnglish. There is some regional variation between thestates,particularly in regard toSouth Australia,Victoria,Queensland,Northern TerritoryandWestern Australia.

Three main varieties of Australian English are spoken according to linguists:Broad Australian,General AustralianandCultivated Australian.They are part of a continuum, reflecting variations in accent. They can, but do not always, reflect thesocial class,education, and urban or rural background of the speaker.

• Australian Aboriginal Englishrefers to the various varieties of the English language used by Indigenous Australians. These varieties, which developed differently in different parts of Australia, vary along a continuum, from forms close to General Australian to more nonstandard forms. There are distinctive features of accent, grammar, words, and meanings, as well as language use.
• The furthest extent of the Aboriginal dialect isAustralian Kriol language,which is notmutually intelligiblewith General Australian English.
• On theTorres Strait Islands,a distinctive dialect known asTorres Strait Englishis spoken.
• In Australian English, pronunciations vary regionally according to the type of vowel that occurs before the sounds/nd/,/ns/,/nt/,/ntʃ/,and/mp/.In words like "chance", "plant", "branch", "sample", and "demand", the vast majority of Australians use the short /æ/ vowel from the word "cat". InSouth Australian English,there is a high proportion of people who use the broad /aː/ vowel from the word "cart" in these words.
• Centringdiphthongs,which are the vowels that occur in words like "ear", "beard", "air", and "sheer". InWestern Australian English,there is a tendency for centring diphthongs to be pronounced as full diphthongs. Those in the eastern states will tend to pronounce "fear" and "sheer" without any jaw movement, while the westerners would pronounce them like "fia" and "shia", respectively, which slightly resemblesSouth African Englishbut in a dialect different fromNew Zealand English.

New Zealand

Main article:New Zealand English

The New Zealand accent is most similar to Australian accents, particularly those of Victoria, Tasmania, New South Wales, and South Australia, but is distinguished from these accents by the presence of three "clipped" vowels, slightly resemblingSouth African English.Phonetically, these are centralised or raised versions of the short "i", "e", and "a" vowels, which in New Zealand are close to[ɨ],[ɪ],and[ɛ],respectively, rather than[ɪ],[ɛ],and[æ].New Zealand pronunciations are often popularly represented outside New Zealand by writing "fish and chips" as "fush and chups", "yes" as "yiss", and "sixty-six" as "suxty-sux".

Scottish English influence is most evident in the southern regions of New Zealand, notably inDunedin.Another difference between New Zealand and Australian English is the length of the vowel in words such as "dog" and "job", which are longer than in Australian English, which shares the short and staccato pronunciation shared with British English. There is a tendency in New Zealand English, found in some but not all Australian English, to add aschwabetween some grouped consonants in words, such that — for example — "shown" and "thrown" may be pronounced "showun" and "throwun".

Geographical variations appear slight and are mainly confined to individual special local words. One group of speakers holds a recognised place as "talking differently": The regions ofOtagoand especiallySouthland,both in the south of the South Island, harbour a "Celtic fringe" of people speaking with what is known as the "Southland burr" in which "R" is pronounced with a soft burr, particularly in words that rhyme with "nurse".The area formed a traditional repository of immigration from Scotland.

Some sections of the main urban areas of Auckland and Wellington show a stronger influence of Māori and Pacific island (e.g., Samoan) pronunciations and speech patterns than most of the country.

The trilled "r" is used by some Māori, who may pronounce "t" and "k" sounds without aspiration, striking other English speakers as similar to "d" and "g". This is also encountered in South African English, especially amongAfrikaansspeakers.

Norfolk Island and Pitcairn

The English spoken in the isolated Pacific islands of Norfolk and Pitcairn shows evidence of the islands' long isolation from the world. In the case of Pitcairn, the local creole,Pitkern,shows strong evidence of its rural English 19th-century origins, with an accent that has traces of both the English southwest andGeordie.The Norfolk Island equivalent,Norfuk,was greatly influenced in its development by Pitkern.

The accents heard in the islands when English is used are similarly influenced but in a much milder way. In the case of Norfolk Island, Australian English is the primary influence, producing an accent that is like a softened version of an Australian accent. The Pitcairn accent is for the most part largely indistinguishable from the New Zealand accent.

Africa and the Atlantic

South Atlantic

Falkland Islands

Main article:Falkland Islands English

TheFalkland Islandshave a large non-native-born population, mainly from Britain but also fromSaint Helena.In rural areas, the Falkland accent tends to be stronger. The accent has resemblances to both Australia-NZ English and that ofNorfolkin England and contains a number of Spanish loanwords.

Saint Helena

"Saints", as Saint Helenan islanders are called, have a variety of different influences on their accent. To outsiders, the accent has resemblances to the accents of South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.

"Saint" is not just a different pronunciation of English; it also has its own distinct words. So "bite" means "spicy, as in full of chillies"; "us" is used instead of "we" ( "us has been shopping" ); and "done" is used to generate a past tense, hence "I done gorn fishing" ( "I have been fishing" ).

Television is a reasonably recent arrival there and is only just beginning to have an effect. American terms are becoming more common, e.g. "chips" for crisps.

Southern Africa

South Africa

Main article:South African English

South Africahas 11 official languages, one of which is English. Accents vary significantly between ethnic and language groups. Home-language English speakers, Black, White, Indian, andColoured,in South Africa have an accent that generally resembles BritishReceived Pronunciation,modified with varying degrees of Germanic inflection due to Afrikaans.

The Coloured community is generally bilingual. English accents are strongly influenced by one's primary mother tongue, Afrikaans, or English. A range of accents can be seen, with the majority of Coloureds showing a strong Afrikaans inflection. Similarly,Afrikanersand Cape Coloureds, both descendants of mainly Dutch settlers, tend to pronounce English phonemes with a strong Afrikaans inflection. The English accents of both related groups are significantly different and easily distinguishable, primarily because of prevalentcode-switchingamong the majority of Coloured English speakers, particularly in theWestern Capeof South Africa. The range of accents found among English-speaking Coloureds, from the distinctive "Cape Flats or Coloured English"to the standard "colloquial" South African English accent, are of special interest. Geography and education levels play major roles therein.

BlackAfricansgenerally speak English as a second language. One's accent is strongly influenced by one's mother tongue, particularly Bantu languages. Urbanmiddle-classBlack Africans have developed an English accent, with similar inflection as first-language English speakers. Within this ethnic group, variations exist: MostNguni(Xhosa, Zulu, Swazi, and Ndebele) speakers have a distinct accent, with the pronunciation of words like "the" and "that" as would "devil" and "dust", respectively, and words like "rice" as "lice".

This may be a result of the inadequacy of "r" in the languages.Sotho(Tswana, Northern Sotho, and Southern Sotho) speakers have a similar accent, with slight variations. Tsonga and Venda speakers have very similar accents with far less intonation than Ngunis and Sothos. Some Black speakers have no distinction between the "i" in "determine" and the one in "decline", pronouncing it similarly to the one in "mine".

Black, Indian, and Coloured students educated in former Model C schools or at formerly White tertiary institutions will generally adopt a similar accent to their White English-home-language speaking classmates.Code-switching and the "Cape Flats" accent are becoming popular among White learners in public schools within Cape Town.

South African accents vary between major cities, particularly Cape Town, Durban, and Johannesburg, and provinces (regions).Accent variation is observed within respective cities—for instance, Johannesburg, where the northern suburbs (Parkview, Parkwood, Parktown North, Saxonwold, etc.) tend to be less strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are more affluent and populated by individuals with tertiary education and higher incomes.

The accents of native English speakers from the southern suburbs (Rosettenville, Turffontein, etc.) tend to be more strongly influenced by Afrikaans. These suburbs are populated by tradesmen and factory workers, with lower incomes. The extent of Afrikaans influence is explained by the fact that Afrikaans urbanisation would historically have been from failed marginal farms or failing economies in rural towns, into the southern and western suburbs of Johannesburg.

The western suburbs of Johannesburg (Newlands, Triomf, which has now reverted to its old nameSophiatown,Westdene, etc.) are predominantly Afrikaans-speaking. In a similar fashion, people from predominantly or traditionally Jewish areas in the Johannesburg area (such as Sandton, Linksfield, and Victory Park) may have accents influenced by Yiddish or Hebrew ancestry.

South African English accents, across the spectrum, arenon-rhotic.

Examples of South African accents(obtained fromhttp://accent.gmu.edu)

• Native English: Male (Cape Town)
• Native English: Female (Cape Town)
• Native English: Male (Port Elizabeth)
• Native English: Male (Nigel)
• Afrikaans (Primary): Female (Pretoria)
• Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria)
• Afrikaans (Primary): Male (Pretoria)
• Northern Sotho (Primary): Female (Polokwane)

Additional samples of South African accents and dialects can be found athttp://web.ku.edu/~idea/africa/southafrica/southafrica.htmArchived16 April 2012 at theWayback Machine.

Regardless of regional and ethnic differences (in accents), South African English accents are sometimes confused with Australian (or New Zealand) English by British and American English speakers.

Zimbabwe

Main article:Zimbabwean English

InZimbabwe,formerlyRhodesia,native English speakers, mainly the White and Coloured minority, have a similar speech pattern to that of South Africa. Those with high degrees of Germanic inflection pronounce "Zimbabwe" aszim-bah-bwi,as opposed to the African pronunciationzeem-bah-bweh.

Zimbabwean accents vastly vary, with some Black Africans sounding British while others will have a much stronger accent influenced by their mother tongues. Usually, this distinction is brought about by where speakers grew up and the school attended. For example, most people who grew up in and around Harare have a British-sounding accent, while those in the rural areas have a more "pidgin-english" sort of accent.

Example of a Zimbabwean English accent(obtained fromhttp://accent.gmu.edu)

• Shona (Primary): Female (Bulawayo)

Namibia

Main article:Namlish

NamibianEnglish tends to be strongly influenced bySouth African English.Most Namibians who grew up in and around the capital city, Windhoek, have developed an English accent. Those in rural areas have an accent strongly influenced by their mother tongue, particularlyBantu languages.

Nigeria

Nigerian Englishvaries by constituent units. The accents are influenced by the various mother tongues of the Nigerian constituent units.

Asia

India and South Asia

Main articles:Indian English,Pakistani English,Bangladeshi English,Sri Lankan English,andNepalese English

A number of distinct dialects of English are spoken in South Asia. There are many languages spoken in South Asia likeNepali,Hindi,Punjabi,Rajasthani,Sindhi,Balochi,Pashto,Assamese,Bengali,Bhojpuri,Gujarati,Kannada,Kashmiri,Marathi,Odia,Maithili,Malayalam,Sinhala,Tamil,Telugu,Tulu,Urduand many more, creating a variety of accents of English. Accents originating in this part of the world tend to display several distinctive features, including:

• syllable-timing,in which a roughly equal time is allocated to each syllable, akin to the English of Singapore and Malaysia. Elsewhere, English speech timing is based predominantly on stress.
• "sing-song" pitch, somewhat reminiscent of those ofWelsh English
• retroflexion of "t" and "d"

Philippines

Main article:Philippine English

Philippine English employs a rhotic accent that originated from the time it was first introduced by Americans during the colonization period in an attempt to replace Spanish as the dominant political language. As there are no /f/ or /v/ sounds in most native languages in the Philippines, [p] is used as an alternative to /f/ as [b] is to /v/. The words "fifty" and "five" are often pronounced as "pipty" and "pibe" by many Filipinos. Similarly, /θ/ is often changed to [t] and /ð/ to [d].

"Three" becomes /tri/ while "that" becomes /dat/. This feature is consistent with many other Malayo-Polynesian languages. /z/ is often devoiced to [s], whereas [ʒ] is often devoiced to [ʃ] or affricated to [dʒ], so words like "zoo", "measure", and "beige" may be pronounced [su], [ˈmɛʃoɾ], and [beɪdʒ].

Apart from the frequent inability to pronounce certain fricatives (e.g., [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [z], [ʒ]), in reality, there is no single Philippine English accent. This is because native languages influence spoken English in different ways throughout the archipelago. For instance, those fromVisayasusually interchange the sounds /e/ and /i/ as well as /o/ and /u/ because the distinction between those phonemes is not very pronounced in Visayan languages.

People from the northern Philippines may pronounce /r/ as a strong trill instead of a tap, which is more commonly used in the rest of the Philippines, as the trill is a feature of theIlocano language.Ilocano people generally pronounce the schwa sound /ə/ better than other Filipinos because they use a similar sound in their native language that is missing from many other Philippine languages.

Hong Kong

Main article:Hong Kong English

The accent of English spoken inHong Kongfollows mainly British, with rather strong influence fromCantoneseon thepronunciationsof a few consonants and vowels, sentence grammar, and structure.

Malaysia

Main article:Malaysian English

See also:Manglish

Malay is thelingua francaofMalaysia,a federation of former British colonies and similar dependencies. English is a foreign language with no official status, but it is commonly learnt as a second or third language.

The Malaysian accent appears to be a melding of British, Chinese, Tamil, and Malay influences.

Many Malaysians adopt different accents and usages depending on the situation. For example, an office worker may speak with less colloquialism and with a more British accent on the job than with friends or while out shopping.

• Syllable-timing,where speech is timed according to syllable, akin to the English of the Indian Subcontinent. Elsewhere, speech is usually timed to stress.
• A quick, staccato style, with "puncturing" syllables and well-defined, drawn-out tones
• Non-rhoticity,like most varieties ofEnglish language in England.Hence, "caught" and "court" are homophonous as/kɔːt/(in actuality,[kɔːʔ]or[koːʔ]), "can't" rhymes with "aren't", etc.
• The "ay" and "ow" sounds in "raid" and "road" (/eɪ/and/oʊ/,respectively) are pronounced asmonophthongs,i.e. with no "glide":[red]and[rod].
• /θ/is pronounced as [t] and/ð/as [d]; hence, "thin" is[tɪn]and "then" is[dɛn].
• Depending on how colloquial the situation is: manydiscourse particles,or words inserted at the end of sentences that indicate the role of the sentence in discourse and the mood it conveys, like "lah", "leh", "mah", "hor", etc.

Singapore

Main article:Singapore English

See also:Singlish

Singapore is effectively a multilingual nation. TheSingapore governmentrecognises fourofficial languages:English,Malay,Mandarin Chinese,andTamil.

Students in primary and secondary schools learning English as the language of instruction also learn a second language called their "Mother Tongue" by the Ministry of Education, where they are taught Mandarin Chinese, Malay, or Tamil. A main point to note is while "Mother Tongue" generally refers to the first language (L1) overseas, in Singapore, it is used by the Ministry of Education to denote the traditional language of one'sethnic group,which sometimes can be their second language (L2).

There are two main types of English spoken in Singapore:Standard Singapore EnglishandSinglish.Singlish is more widely spoken than Standard English. It has a very distinctivetoneand sentence structure, which are both strongly influenced by Malay and the manyvarieties of Chinesespoken in the city.

A 2005 census showed that around 30% of Singaporeans speak English as their main language at home.

There are many foreigners working in Singapore. 36% of the population in Singapore are foreigners, and foreigners make up 50% of the service sector.Therefore, it is very common to encounter service staff who are not fluent in English. Most of these staff speak Mandarin Chinese. Those who do not speak Mandarin Chinese tend to speak either broken English or Singlish, which they have learnt from the locals.

Antarctica

Phonetic change in the English spoken at abaseinAntarcticahas been registered.This has been referred to as the start of a new accent calledAntarctic English.

See also

• American English
• British English
• American and British English spelling differences
• English phonology
• Survey of English Dialects
• List of dialects of the English language
• International Dialects of English Archive
• International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects
• Koiné language

Bibliography

• Wells, J C (1982).Accents of English 3: Beyond the British Isles.Cambridge University Press.ISBN0-521-28541-0.

External links

• The Speech Accent Archive1254 audio samples of people with various accents reading the same paragraph.
• Sounds Familiar?— Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects from across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website
• 'Hover & Hear' Accents of English from Around the WorldArchived2011-04-29 at theWayback Machine,listen and compare side by side instantaneously.
• International Dialects of English Archive
• English Accents and DialectsSearchable free-access archive of 681 speech samples, England only, wma format with linguistic commentary
• Britain's crumbling ruling class is losing the accent of authorityAn article on the connection of class and accent in the UK, its decline, and the spread of Estuary English
• The Telsur ProjectHomepage of the telephone survey of North American English accents
• Pittsburgh Speech & SocietyA site for non-linguists, byBarbara JohnstoneofCarnegie Mellon University
• Linguistic Geography of Pennsylvaniaby Claudio Salvucci
• PhillyspeakA newspaper article on Philadelphia speech
• J.C. Wells' English Accents courseIncludes class handouts describing Cockney, Scottish, Australian, and Scouse, among other things.
• Evaluating English Accents Worldwide
• Do You Speak American?A series of web pages by PBS that attempts to discuss the differences between dialects in the United States
• Language by VideoShort videos demonstrating differences in English accents around the world.