Wikipedia

Buffalo Bayou

Buffalo Bayouis a slow-moving body of water which flows throughHoustoninHarris County, Texas.Formed 18,000 years ago, it has its source in the prairie surroundingKaty,Fort Bend County,and flows approximately 53 miles (85 km) east through theHouston Ship ChannelintoGalveston Bayand theGulf of Mexico.[2]In addition to drainage water impounded and released by theAddicksandBarkerreservoirs, the bayou is fed by natural springs,surface runoff,and several significanttributarybayous, includingWhite Oak Bayou,Greens Bayou, andBrays Bayou.Additionally, Buffalo Bayou is considered atidal riverdownstream of a point 440 yards (400 m) west of the Shepherd Drive bridge in west-central Houston.[3]

Buffalo Bayou
An unchannelized section of Buffalo Bayou nearMemorial Parkin Houston
Map
Location
CountryUnited States
StateTexas
CountyFort Bend,Harris
Physical characteristics
SourceJunction of Willow Fork and Cane Island Branch
• locationKaty, Texas
• coordinates29°46′04″N95°49′33″W/ 29.767895°N 95.825756°W/29.767895; -95.825756
Mouth
• location
Galveston Bay
• coordinates
29°45′41″N95°05′13″W/ 29.761408°N 95.086903°W/29.761408; -95.086903
Length53 miles (85 km)
Basin size500 square miles (1,300 km2)[1]
Basin features
Population440,000
Tributaries
• leftMayde Creek, Turkey Creek, Rummel Creek, Spring Branch,White Oak Bayou,Hunting Bayou, Greens Bayou,San Jacinto River
• rightBrays Bayou,Sims Bayou,Vince Bayou
Inland portsHouston Ship Channel,Port of Houston

As the principal river ofGreater Houston,the Buffalo Bayouwatershedis heavily urbanized.[1]Its 102-square-mile (260 km2) direct drainage area contains a population of over 440,000.[4]Including tributaries, the bayou has a watershed area of approximately 500 square miles (1,300 km2).[1]

Route

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Map of the Buffalo Bayou and associated watershed
Sims Bayou,a tributary of Buffalo Bayou, as it passes Charles Milby Park

The upper watershed of Buffalo Bayou is impounded by theAddicksandBarkerreservoirs, which comprise a majorflood controlsystem for the region. The reservoir system plays a crucial role in delaying and attenuating the peak outflow of the river during large rainfall events.[5]Moving eastward, the Buffalo flows underState Highway 6and intoTerry Hershey Park,alinear parkwhich follows the bayou for approximately 6 miles (9.7 km), culminating atBeltway 8.

The bayou meanders around theMemorial Villagesbetween Beltway 8 andLoop 610.The banks along this reach are mostly private property, however there is a public access point and officialTexas Parks and Wildlifepaddling trail canoe launch at Briarbend Park, which is located in a quiet neighborhood south of San Felipe and west of Voss Road. There is another official canoe launch and access point just outside of 610 on Woodway. Additionally, it is legal to access the bayou at all public roadway bridges, but legal parking spots may not exist near these bridges.

On the east side of Loop 610, Buffalo Bayou passes along the south side ofMemorial Parkand the north side ofRiver Oaks Country Club,and is accessible to the public along the entire Memorial Park frontage.Bayou Bend Collection and Gardens,the former estate of Houston philanthropistIma Hogg,is located on the north bank of the bayou just east of Memorial Park. After passing under Shepherd Drive, the waterway entersBuffalo Bayou Park,which is bordered on the north byMemorial Driveand the south byAllen Parkway.The park continues for 2.3 miles (3.7 km) toInterstate 45,where it entersDowntown Houston.[6]The bayou flows pastAllen's Landingand joinsWhite Oak Bayoubefore exiting the central business district atInterstate 69.The bayou widens considerably as it travels through theEast End,culminating at theHouston Ship Channel.

History

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Early settlement

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Along withGalveston IslandandGalveston Bayitself, Buffalo Bayou was one of the focal points for early Anglo-American settlement in early Texas, first part of theSpanish Empireand then part ofMexico.Early communities began to appear at the beginning of the 19th century, includingLynchburg,Harrisburg,and Rightor's Point (modernMorgan's Point) in the 1820s.[7][8][9]The bayou became important inTexas historywhen thefinal battle of the Texas Revolutionwas fought along its banks where it merges with theSan Jacinto River.[10]

In the 1830s, new communities such as Houston were established along the shoreline.[11]A local entrepreneur named Samuel Allen (unrelated to the founders of Houston) established a large ranch, later known as theAllen Ranch,between Harrisburg and Galveston Bay. Docks at Harrisburg, Houston, and the Allen Ranch gradually became the foundations of what would become the modernPort of Houston.[8][12][13]Harrisburg served as the region's major trade center until the 1870s, when a large fire destroyed its railroad facilities, which were subsequently rebuilt in Houston.[12]

Houston's original docks, today known asAllen's Landing,were established at the foot of Main Street at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou andWhite Oak Bayou.The firstwharveswere opened in 1840, and thePort of Houstonwas established in 1841.[14]This was the most westerly location a small tradingschoonercould turn around; without extensivedredging,only small vessels could access the city.[15][14]This site is now a public park adjacent to theUniversity of Houston–Downtown.

After theCivil War,which bolstered the local economy, dredging became a more viable option. The Bayou Ship Channel Company began major dredging operations in 1870, and the city began receiving federal aid to complete the project. This first dredging of the Buffalo Bayou was completed in 1876.[14]

Postcard illustration of theHouston Ship ChannelTurning Basin north ofMagnolia Park,1914–1924

By the mid-20th century, the Port of Houston had established itself as the leading port in Texas, eclipsing the natural harbors at Galveston andTexas City.[11]The Turning Basin terminal in Harrisburg (now part of Houston) became the port's largest shipping point. TheTexas oil boomof the early 20th century spurred further industrial development.

Extreme floods in the first half of the 20th century, especially in 1929 and 1935, devastated Downtown Houston and resulted in a number of federally-fundedflood controlprojects in the upper reaches of the watershed. TheTexas Legislaturecreated theHarris County Flood Control District(HCFCD) in 1937, and by the end of the 1930s, over $35 million ($767 million in 2016 dollars) of federal, state, and county funds had been earmarked for an extensive drainage program.[14]In then-rural western Harris County, theUnited States Army Corps of EngineersconstructedBarker Reservoir,completed in 1945, andAddicks Reservoir,completed in 1948.[16]Combined, these reservoirs provide 410,000acre-feet(510 millioncubic meters) of runoff storage, which has largely prevented downstream flood events.[17]Six miles of Buffalo Bayou between present-day Highway 6 and Beltway 8 was channelized during the construction of the reservoirs.[16]Later, between 1953 and 1958, the stretch between Shepherd Drive and Sabine Street west of Downtown was also straightened.[18]The length of bayou between these two channelized sections, which largely runs through the Memorial Villages, has remained in its natural, meandering state.

Modern history and revitalization

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In the 1960s, local resident andconservationistTerry Hershey, working with local congressman (and eventualPresident)George H.W. Bush,prevented the federal government from lining the straightened sections of the bayou with concrete. In 1966, Hershey and a number of other homeowners in theMemorialarea formed the Buffalo Bayou Preservation Association, which later expanded its mission and became the Bayou Preservation Association. In 1989,Terry Hershey Park,which runs parallel to the bayou between Beltway 8 and Highway 6, was dedicated to her efforts. The bayou is one of the only bayous in Houston to retain its natural riparian ecosystem.

Following the passage of theClean Water Actin 1972, Houston sought to address the untreated sewage that was being discharged into the bayous. The city has invested over $3 billion into new sewers,pumping stations,andsewage treatment plantsacross the metropolitan area, which has significantly improved water quality in the region.[19]

In 1977,Barbours Cut Terminalwas opened at Morgan's Point, shifting shipping traffic away from the Turning Basin.

View of Buffalo Bayou looking east towardDowntown Houstonfrom Rosemont Bridge inBuffalo Bayou Park

In 1986, the Buffalo Bayou Partnership, anonprofit organization,was founded to leverage public and private financing towards renovating and expanding park space along the river. The Partnership's 2002 Buffalo Bayou Master Plan established a 20-year, $5.6 billion vision for the bayou centered on a series oflinear parksthrough central Houston.[20]The project goals include the rehabilitation of formerly industrial land, habitat restoration, canoeing and kayaking facilities, hike-and-bike trails, cultural programming, flood control management, andmixed-useurban development.

The Partnership has leveraged over $150 million to implement these projects. The Buffalo Bayou Promenade, opened in 2006, is a 23-acre (9.3-hectare) recreation area with 1.4 miles (2.3 km) of hiking and biking trails extending from Sabine Street west of Downtown to Bagby Street in the Theater District. In 2015, the Partnership completed Buffalo Bayou Park immediately to the west of the Promenade, adding another 160 acres (65 hectares) of renovated parkland along a 2.3-mile (3.7 km) stretch. Buffalo Bayou Park, labeled a "signature, verdant downtown gateway" by theHouston Chronicle,includes adog park,broad lawns, gardens, restaurants, and an art space inside a historic disusedcistern.In 2006 the Houston Cistern, managed by the Buffalo Bayou Partnership, started offering historical tours and immersive art exhibits.[21][22][23]

In August 2017, extensive rainfall fromHurricane Harveybrought the bayou to record high levels, shattering previous flood crests by several feet.[24]Addicks and Barker reservoirs were filled to capacity, forcing the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to initiate controlled releases of 16,000 cubic feet per second (450 m3/s) to prevent catastrophic uncontrolled releases and protect the structural integrity of the dams.[25][26]Despite these efforts, uncontrolled releases did occur around thespillwayat the northern end of Addicks Reservoir for the first time in the structure's history.[26]

The reservoir releases caused extensive flooding of neighborhoods and roadways along the western stretch of Buffalo Bayou between Barker Reservoir and Downtown; theMemorialarea was heavily damaged.[27]The bayou was projected to remain at a major flood stage for up to two weeks after the storm in order to drain the reservoirs as much as possible.[27]

Role of the watershed

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Flood control

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The Buffalo Bayou watershed is central to the drainage of Houston and Harris County. Lying over relatively impervious soils and very flattopography,the bayou has extensive natural floodplains, as do most Gulf coastal rivers and streams. Urbanization of the watershed has placed thousands of people in vulnerable areas and has affected the frequency and intensity of flood events.[28]

In response to the disastrous flood of 1935, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in association with the Harris County Flood Control District, began an extensive program ofreservoirconstruction, removal of stream-bank vegetation, andchannelizationto reduce Houston's flooding risk.[29]The two most prominent flood control features in the Buffalo Bayou watershed are theAddicksandBarkerreservoirs in western Harris County, which provide a combined 26,000 acres (11,000 hectares) of open land for runoff storage. In recent years, extensive suburban development upstream of the reservoirs has stressed this flood control infrastructure.[30]

Since 2015, Buffalo Bayou has experienced three major flooding events, includingHurricane Harveyin 2017, the Tax Day floods of 2016, and a flood on May 26, 2015.[31]

Recreation and wildlife

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Buffalo Bayou is home to numerousurban parks,includingGeorge Bush Park(located entirely within Barker Reservoir),Terry Hershey Park,Memorial Park,Buffalo Bayou Park, and Tony Marron Park in theEast End.San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site,the site of theBattle of San Jacintowhich ended theTexas Revolution,includes theUSS Texas,amuseum shippermanently moored near the mouth of the bayou.

The bayou supports a significant population ofcatfish,sunfish,gars, andbassforrecreational fishing.It includes a population of birds and hosts the popular Waugh Bat Bridge. Snakes and alligators have also been spotted along the bayou.[32][33]

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Buffalo Bayou is legally navigable by paddle craft from its source inKatyto the western end of the Ship Channel upstream of Wayside Drive. A majority of paddle trips generally take place between Highway 6 and Shepherd Drive section, with main focus on the section from Briarbend Park to Woodway and to Downtown Houston, generally because of ease of access and length of the trail.[citation needed]

The section from Highway 6 to Beltway 8 is known for downed trees, which require frequent portages. The section from Beltway 8 to Briarbend Park is generally kept clear of blockages by the Harris County Flood Control District; however, there are several gravel bar hazards to negotiate during normal water flows. The section from Briarbend Park to Woodway is similarly kept clear, although there may be trees across the waterway immediately after storms.

Water quality

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As an urban waterway, Buffalo Bayou is especially vulnerable to low water quality. The condition of the bayou's waters has long been a topic of concern in Houston. During the 19th century, the river essentially functioned as both an opensanitary sewerand a source ofdrinking water.[19]Industrial and agricultural discharge into the water was a common practice, and the bayou took on a reputation as a "cesspool" with an "unbearable stench."[19]It was not until the early 20th century that the city had the resources to constructsewerageandsewage treatmentplants.[19]However, environmental progress was slow, and Buffalo Bayou was still heavily polluted through the late 1940s.[19]

Today, the bayou still faces significant environmental challenges, including elevated levels ofindicator bacteria,lowoxygen saturation,and heavynutrient pollution.[34]

In February 2019, it was reported that 64,000 gallons of jet fuel leaked into the bayou via the nearbyHobby Airport.[35]

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  • The "Original Plan of Houston" shows a city hugging Buffalo Bayou with space reserved for a courthouse, churches, and schools. (1869)
  • Merger of Buffalo Bayou andWhite Oak BayouatAllen's Landing
  • Boats in Buffalo Bayou in 1910
  • Postcard Illustration ofAllen's Landing(1910)
  • Cotton barge on Buffalo Bayou (postcard, 1908)
  • Long Reach, Buffalo Bayou, Houston, Texas (postcard,c. 1908)
  • International and Great Northern Railroad bridge over Buffalo Bayou

See also

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References

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  1. ^abc"Buffalo Bayou".University of Massachusetts.The Ecological Cities Project. 2006.Retrieved2017-02-26.
  2. ^"NOAA Nautical Chart 11325"[Houston Ship Channel - Carpenters Bayou to Houston; Buffalo Bayou].NOAA Office of Coast Survey.National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
  3. ^Bosquez, Ted (November 2010)."The Houston Ship Channel: Water Quality Considerations"(PDF).Vinson & Elkins.
  4. ^"Buffalo Bayou Watershed Overview"(PDF).Harris County Flood Control District. December 2013. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 27 February 2017.Retrieved26 February2017.
  5. ^"Stormwater releases from reservoirs will keep Buffalo Bayou levels higher than normal".Houston Chronicle.23 April 2016.Retrieved2017-02-27.
  6. ^Huber, Kathy (10 May 2013)."What to know about the Buffalo Bayou Park project".Houston Chronicle.Retrieved2017-02-27.
  7. ^Lynchburg, Texasfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline.Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  8. ^abHarrisburg, Texasfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline.Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  9. ^Morgan's Point, Texasfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline.Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  10. ^Kemp, L.W.; Kilman, E. (1947)."The Battle of San Jacinto (and the San Jacinto Campaign)".Sons of DeWitt Colony Texas (McKeehan, W.L., 1997-2006. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-05-02.Retrieved2006-12-02.
  11. ^abHouston, Texasfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline.Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  12. ^abForest, Andrew Muir (2010-06-15)."HARRISBURG, TX".Texas State Historical Association.Retrieved2017-02-27.
  13. ^Allen Ranchfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline.Retrieved 4 Feb 2010.
  14. ^abcdScardino, Barrie (2003). "H2Ouston".Ephemeral City: Cite Looks at Houston.Houston: University of Texas Press. pp. 25–33.ISBN0-292-70187-X.
  15. ^Kleiner, D. J.:Allen's Landingfrom theHandbook of TexasOnline(February 3, 2005)
  16. ^ab"Riding the Waves of Change: 60 Years of Service"(PDF).Harris County Flood Control District.1997.Retrieved2017-03-23.
  17. ^Long, Richard K. (2011-06-22)."Addicks and Barker Dams & Reservoirs Flood Release Procedures"(PDF).Houston-Galveston Area Council.United States Army Corps of Engineers.Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 2015-10-23.Retrieved2017-03-27.
  18. ^"Buffalo Bayou Park Vegetation Management Plan"(PDF).Buffalo Bayou Partnership.October 2004.Retrieved2017-03-23.
  19. ^abcdeSmyer, Susan (May 2008)."City of Houston Wastewater History"(PDF).City of Houston Department of Public Works and Engineering.Retrieved26 February2017.
  20. ^"Master Plan for Buffalo Bayou and Beyond"(PDF).PlanHouston.Buffalo Bayou Partnership. August 2002.Retrieved2017-03-28.
  21. ^"Buffalo Bayou Park Cistern | Buffalo Bayou Partnership".buffalobayou.org.Retrieved2017-07-12.
  22. ^Glentzer, Molly (2015-10-01)."Buffalo Bayou Park gives Houstonians a new perspective on the city".Houston Chronicle.Retrieved2017-03-11.
  23. ^Gray, Lisa (2012-01-26)."Gray: Buffalo Bayou's dark secret".Houston Chronicle.Retrieved2017-03-11.
  24. ^"Hurricane Harvey Selected Crest Records in Texas"(PDF).United States Department of Agriculture.United States Department of Agriculture.2017-09-01.
  25. ^"CONTROLLED RELEASES ON ADDICKS AND BARKER RESERVOIR INCREASE FLOODING THREAT ALONG BUFFALO BAYOU".Harris County Flood Control District.2017-08-29.
  26. ^abWax-Thibodeaux, Emily; Horton, Alex; Wang, Amy B. (2017-08-29)."Houston dam spills over for the first time in history, overwhelmed by Harvey rainfall".Washington Post.Retrieved2017-09-08.
  27. ^abShilcutt, Katharine (2017-09-02)."Flood Waters Could Continue to Cover Memorial for Weeks".Houstonia.Retrieved2017-09-08.
  28. ^Erdman, John (2016-04-19)."Is Houston America's Flood Capital?".The Weather Channel.Retrieved2017-03-19.
  29. ^Gonzales, J.R. (2015-06-02)."Houston's devastating flood of 1935".Houston Chronicle.Retrieved2017-03-21.
  30. ^Chadwick, Susan (2016-05-27)."Dammed if they do, dammed if they don't".Houston Chronicle.Retrieved2017-03-19.
  31. ^Axford, William (September 12, 2017)."How Hurricane Harvey Impacted Buffalo Bayou".Chron.com.
  32. ^"Buffalo Bayou Paddling Trail".Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.Archived fromthe originalon 2017-03-06.Retrieved2017-04-05.
  33. ^Buckley, Cara (2022-06-14)."Saving a Texan Bayou, '16 Bottles' at a Time".The New York Times.ISSN0362-4331.Retrieved2022-06-14.
  34. ^"2016 Basin Summary Report: Buffalo Bayou Above Tidal"(PDF).Houston-Galveston Area Council.2016.Retrieved2017-04-05.
  35. ^writer, Deborah Wrigley, eyewitness news, reporter, news reporter (2019-02-10)."Jet fuel spill raises environmental concerns along Sims Bayou".ABC13 Houston.Retrieved2019-02-10.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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29°45′50″N95°04′54″W/ 29.7638°N 95.0816°W/29.7638; -95.0816


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