Bujinkan

TheBujinkan(Japanese:Võ thần quán)is an international martial arts organizationbased in Japan and headed byMasaaki Hatsumi.The combat system taught by this organization comprises nine separateryūha,or schools, which are collectively referred to asBujinkan Budō Taijutsu.The Bujinkan is most commonly associated withninjutsu.However, Masaaki Hatsumi uses the termBudo(meaning martial way) as he says the ryūha are descended from historicalsamuraischools that teach samurai martial tactics and ninjutsu schools that teach ninja tactics.

Bujinkan
( võ thần quán )

TheBujinkanLogo
Date founded	c. 1972
Founder	Masaaki Hatsumi
Current head	Masaaki Hatsumi ( sơ kiến lương chiêu )
Arts taught	Bujinkan Budō Tai jutsu
Ancestor schools	• Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu • Kotō-ryū Koppō jutsu • Shinden fudō-ryū dakentai jutsu • Takagi Yōshin-ryū Jūtai jutsu •Kukishinden Ryu • Gikan-ryū Koppō jutsu •Togakure-ryū • Gyokushin-ryū ninpō • Kumogakure-ryū ninpō
Official website	http://www.bujinkan.com

Training

The Bujinkan organization incorporates the teachings of the martial arts lineages(ryūha)that Masaaki Hatsumi learned fromTakamatsu Toshitsuguunder the banner of Bujinkan Budo Taijutsu. These are:

• Togakure RyūNinpō Taijutsu( hộ ẩn lưu nhẫn pháp thể thuật )
• Gyokushin RyūNinpō( ngọc tâm lưu nhẫn pháp )
• Kumogakure RyūNinpō ( vân ẩn lưu nhẫn pháp )
• Kotō RyūKoppō jutsu( hổ đảo lưu cốt pháp thuật )
• Gyokko RyūKosshi jutsu ( ngọc hổ lưu cốt chỉ thuật )
• Kuki Shinden Ryū Happō Bikenjutsu( cửu quỷ thần vân lưu bát pháp bí kiếm thuật )
• Shinden Fudo RyūDakentai jutsu( thần vân bất động lưu đả quyền thể thuật )
• Takagi Yoshin RyūJūtai jutsu( cao mộc dương tâm lưu nhu thể thuật )
• Gikan RyūKoppō jutsu( nghĩa giam lưu cốt pháp thuật )

At around the time of Hatsumi's 88th birthday (Beiju:ja: Mễ thọ) on 2 December 2019, he announcedhis successors for most of the above schools:

• Togakure-ryū: Tsutsui Takumi
• Gyokushin-ryū: Kan Jun'ichi
• Kumogakure-ryū: Furuta Kōji
• Kotō-ryū: Noguchi Yukio
• Gyokko-ryū: Ishizuka Tetsuji
• Kukishin-ryū: Iwata Yoshio
• Shinden Fudō-ryū: Nagato Toshirō
• Takagi Yōshin-ryū: Sakasai Norio
• Gikan-ryū: Sakasai Norio

Bujinkan Budō Taijutsu training does not include participation in competitions or contests,as the school's training aims to develop the ability to protect oneself and others using techniques that focus on disabling an attacker (and/or removing their desire/ability to continue) as quickly and efficiently as possible.

This training is conducted in a manner in which there are predefined "attackers" (tori) and "receivers" (uke) similar to drills in judo (gokyo) or traditional Japanese martial arts. However, the Bujinkan differs from many traditional martial arts in that the training progresses through the following stages:

• Predefined sets of movements (kata) and physical conditioning
• Variations to the fixed drills (henka), responding to changes in the attacker's movements or situation
• Free form training (randori) consisting mostly of spur-of-the-moment, dynamic techniques during which the defender hits, locks,chokesor throws the attacker in a controlled and safe manner
• More advanced training consists of controlling the attacker's mind using various techniques such as pain compliance and deception

Training is done in a manner that entails little risk of permanent injury.

The Bujinkan does not adhere to any official guideline or set of rules to limit actions or techniques used during training. The approach used in the Bujinkan includes gaining compliance through pain and utilising potentially damaging techniques in order to survive dangerous situations rather than focusing on winning a competition or evenly matched duel. As a result, many of the staple responses of a Bujinkan student would be inappropriate in most competitions, but in ring environment the principles of the training can be employed. One mainstay criticism of Bujinkan training, which is a misconception is that it does not necessarily involve testing techniques (locks, throws, chokes, strikes, etc.) against a fully resisting opponent. This is purely subjective to the instructor and individual practitioner. Bujinkan is widely practiced and utilized by law enforcement, government agencies, military and military contractors, and those in private security.

The Bujinkan largely focuses on “taijutsu”(body movement / skills) as well as other skills ofninjutsu(ninpotactics and strategies) andhappo biken jutsu(various modern and traditional weapons) - this is The Bujinkan's branch ofKukishin-ryū

Taijutsu

Taijutsu(body combat art) is the Bujinkan system of unarmed defence using strikes, throws, holds, chokes andjoint locks.It encompasses skill such as:koppo jutsuis the "way of attacking and/or using the skeletal structure"; “koshi jutsu” is the way of attacking muscles and weak points on the body;jutai jutsuis the "relaxed body method" teaching throwing, grappling and choking techniques anddakentai jutsuwhich emphasises strikes, kicks and blocks

The first levels of training, such as leaping, tumbling, break fall techniques and body conditioning, form the basis fortaijutsu.They are needed to progress into other techniques such as unarmed combat and the use of tools and weapons. Once learned,Taijutsutechniques can be applied to any situation, armed or unarmed.

ToriandUke

Training begins with two partners practicing pre-arranged forms (wazaorkata) and then advancing to unlimited variations of those forms (henka). The basic pattern is for the Tori (Tori,or the person applying the technique) to initiate a technique against the person who receives the technique (Uke).

Ukemiand balance

Bujinkantaijutsuseeks to use body movement and positioning rather than strength to defeat the opponent. All techniques in Bujinkantaijutsuinvolve unbalancing the opponent while maintaining one's own balance. This is achieved by moving the opponent into inferior positions and manipulating their body along weak lines where it is difficult for the opponent to resist. The attacker continuously seeks to regain balance and cover vulnerabilities (such as an exposed side), while the defender uses position and timing to keep the attacker off balance and vulnerable. In more advanced training, the attacker will sometimes apply reversal techniques(Phản し kỹ,kaeshi-waza)to regain balance and disable the defender.

Ukemi(Thụ thân)refers to the act of receiving a technique. Goodukemiinvolves a roll or breakfall to avoid pain or injury such as dislocation of a joint. Thus, learning to roll and breakfall effectively is key to safe training intaijutsu.Before receiving the 9thkyu(the lowest rank), a student must demonstrate the ability to roll smoothly in a variety of directions without exposing the neck to injury.

Physical conditioning

Junan taiso(junanmeaning flexible) is a yogic method of stretching and breathingby means of which the Bujinkan practitioner may develop and maintain good physical condition and wellbeing. The exercises promote relaxation, blood circulation, muscle toning and flexibility,and form a core part of all training sessions.Junan taisois a form of conditioning and preparation for the body. All major joints are rotated and stretched in a proper manner while healthy breathing and concentration are practiced.

Origins

Almost all of the martial arts/ryuha in the Bujinkan are listed with their historical lineages in theBugei Ryuha Daijiten(Encyclopedia of Martial Art Schools,researched by Watatani Kiyoshi and Yamada Tadashi and first published in 1963).From 1968 on (4 years before Takamatsu's death), theBugei Ryuha Daijitenhas had entries for Hatsumi below Takamatsu.

Several Bujinkanryūhawere mentioned in theKakutogi no Rekishi(History of Fighting Arts).Although details are omitted, it states, "there are several schools that are well-known for being 'effective arts' (jitsuryoku ha)". Among the schools listed in this section are Gyokko Ryū, Gikan-ryū Koppō jutsu,Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō,Kukishin-ryū, Takagi Yōshin-ryū Jūtai jutsu andAsayama Ichiden-ryū(which is not part of the Bujinkan's nine schools but was studied by Hatsumi via Takashi Ueno).

Several of the samurai systems taught by Hatsumi such asKuki Shinden Ryū Happō Bikenjutsuand Takagi Yoshin Ryū Jūtai jutsu have well documented lineages with different branches of these arts surviving under their ownSōke.However, whilst the ninja's activities are well documented, the nature of ninjutsu & the historical context means that there are no surviving written records of ninjutsu teachings prior to 1676.As a result, some researchers assert that there is no way to independently verify the oral lineage included in the Togakure Ryu tradition.

In theBugei Ryuha Daijitenthe researchers list the full lineage forTogakure-ryūstating the following: "The succession is an oral tradition fromToda Shinryūken.Toda Shinryūken Masamitsu died in 1908 at the age of 90 years. According to the lineage, Ikai originated the school, and in the Yōwa period (1181–1182), it separated from Hakuun Dōshi of Hakuun-ryū and became the Kōga and Iga schools of ninjutsu. The lineage passed through Momochi Sandayū and entered into the Natori-ryū of Kishū domain. From the time of Toda Nobutsuna, the tradition was passed on to the Toda family. This genealogy refers to dates and kuden (orally transmitted stories/lessons) about people implying that these people were older than written records would suggest "

The entry regarding Gyokko Ryu is as follows: "Receiving the tradition of Gyokko ryu Shitojutsu from Sakagami Taro Kunishige of the Tenbun era, Toda Sakyo Ishinsai established Gyokko ryu Koshijutsu as well as Koto ryu Koppojutsu, passing them on to Momochi Sandayu, bringing them within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu of Toda Shinryuken who lived during the end of theTokugawa Shogunate(ended 1868). It is said that Toda Shinryuken died in the 14th year of the Meiji Emperor (1881) at the age of 90 years. "

The entry regarding Koto Ryu is as follows: "The genesis of koppoujutsu is said to have been in ancient China. Koto ryu was brought to our country by a Chan Bushou* of Korea, after this it was brought within the traditions of Iga ryu Ninjutsu, and it’s revitalization in the Tenbun era is said to have been from Momochi Sandayu inheriting the tradition from Toda Sakyo Ishinsai (oral tradition from Toda Shinryuken)."

Recent history

Since 1988, Hatsumi's teaching has focused on a particular theme, or focus, each year. This typically means that a specificryū,or a certain set of techniques from specific ryū, will be taught. Hatsumi announces the year's theme each year at the Daikomyosai.

Depending on what years a student has studied in Japan, they may find that their focus reflects the themes or schools taught during their time.This is one reason why there are often noticeable differences in the techniques of different teachers in the Bujinkan. Although Ninpo Taijutsu is an overall theme of the Bujinkan, 2008 marked the first time that a Ninpo Taijutsu Ryū was the focus of the year. Prior to founding the Bujinkan organization and teaching the nine Ryū collectively (with particular yearly focus), Hatsumi awarded his students rank certificates in individual Ryū. The themes so far have been:

* 2019 - Muto Dori Continued

• 2018 - Muto Dori Continued
• 2017 - Muto Dori
• 2015 -Nagamaki
• 2014 – thần vận võ đạo Shin In Bu Dou / thần SHIN, JIN god, deity; mind, soul / vận IN rhyme; elegance; tone / võ BU, MU martial, military arts, chivalry. Bu or Mu refers to the warrior, Bushi or Musha / đạo DŌ leading, guiding.
• 2013 – Ken Engetsu no Kagami ( "mirror of the fullmoon sword" )/ Tachi Hôken ( "divine treasure sword" )— Ken, Tachi, and Katana/ Naginata and Yari
• 2012 – Jin Ryo Yo Go - Kaname, Sword and Rokushakubo, separately and with one in each hand
• 2011 – Kihon Happo
• 2010 – Rokkon Shoujou
• 2009 – tài năng hồn khí” saino konki” / Talent, Heart, Capacity / Talent, Soul, Capacity
• 2008 – Togakure-ryū Ninpō Taijutsu
• 2007 – Kukishin Ryu
• 2006 – Shinden Fudo Ryu
• 2005 – Gyokko-ryū Kosshi jutsu (Bo and Tachi)
• 2004 – Daishou Juutai jutsu (Roppo-Kuji-no Biken)
• 2003 – Juppo Sessho
• 2002 – Jutai jutsu (Takagi Yoshin Ryu)
• 2001 – Kosshi jutsu (Gyokko Ryu)
• 2000 – Koppo jutsu (Koto Ryu)
• 1999 – Kukishinden Ryu
• 1998 – Shinden Fudo Ryu
• 1997 – Jojutsu
• 1996 –Bokken
• 1995 – Naginata
• 1994 – Yari
• 1993 – Rokushakubojutsu
• 1992 – Taijutsu Power
• 1991 – Sword and Jutte
• 1990 – Hanbo
• 1989 – Taijutsu and Weapons
• 1988 – Taijutsu

No focus was announced for 2009, though Hatsumi talked about three things that are important for a martial artist, which may be loosely considered to be the yearly theme. He said that these things would become a bit of a theme for next year.

• Sainou(Ability/talent)
• Kokoro(Heart)
• Utsuwa(Capacity)

Soon after this theme as was announced, Hatsumi proposed that the second aspect,Kokoro(Heart), be replaced byTamashii(Soul), reasoning that the heart is constantly changing, whereas the soul is permanent and unchanging and therefore "essential to the person".

Ninpo

Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō

Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō( "The Jeweled Heart School" ) is taught by the Bujinkan martial arts organization. According to the Bujinkan, Gyokushin Ryu hassutemi wazatechniques and is focused more on the art and techniques ofespionagethan on fighting. Its most prominent weapon is the lasso (nagenawa).TheBugei Ryuha Daijitenstates that Takamatsu Toshitsugu transferred the Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō to Hatsumi in the middle of the 20th century, making Hatsumi its lineage holder. Gyokushin-ryū Ninpō is taught today in the Bujinkan organization.According to the Bujinkan martial arts organization, Gyokushin-ryū was founded in the mid-16th century by Sasaki Goeman Teruyoshi, who was alsosōkeof Gyokko-ryū, which explains the similarities between the two styles. Gyokushin-ryū is considered a style ofkoshi jutsu.Hatsumi is the 21stsōke.

Togakure-ryū

Main article:Togakure-ryū

According to Bujinkan members,Ninja Jūhakkei(the eighteen disciplines) were first identified in the scrolls ofTogakure-ryū(Hộ ẩn lưu),or "School of the Hidden Door", founded during theOho period(1161–62)by one Daisuke Nishina (Togakure), who learned a life view and techniques (ninjutsu) from Kagakure Doshi.Togakure ryu Ninjutsu Hidenshois a manuscript in Hatsumi's possession that is said to documentTogakure-ryū.It is the purported origin of the "18 skills of Ninjutsu."

Ninja jūhakkeiwas often studied along withBugei jūhappan(the 18 samurai fighting art skills). Though some techniques were used in the same way by both samurai and ninja, others were used differently by the two groups. The 18 disciplines are:

1. Seishinteki kyōyō(spiritual refinement)
2. Taijutsu(unarmed combat)
3. Kenjutsu(swordtechniques includingTojutsu)
4. Bōjutsu(stickand staff techniques)
5. Sōjutsu(speartechniques)
6. Naginatajutsu(naginatatechniques)
7. Kusarigamajutsu(kusarigamatechniques)
8. Shurikenjutsu(throwing weapons techniques)
9. Kayakujutsu(pyrotechnics)
10. Hensōjutsu(disguise and impersonation)
11. Shinobi-iri(stealth and entering methods)
12. Bajutsu(horsemanship)
13. Sui-ren(water training)
14. Bōryaku(tactics)
15. Chōhō(espionage)
16. Intonjutsu(escaping and concealment)
17. Tenmon(meteorology)
18. Chi-mon(geography)

The name of the discipline oftaijutsu(Thể thuật),literally means "body skill". Historically in Japan, the word is often used interchangeably withjujutsuand many others to refer to a range ofgrapplingskills. It is also used in the martial art ofaikidoto distinguish unarmed fighting techniques from others, such as those of stick fighting. Inninjutsu,especially since the emergence ofthe Ninja movie genre,it was used to avoid referring explicitly to "ninja"combat techniques.

Uniforms and rankings

Kyu levels

The Bujinkan Dōjō has a series ofkyū(grades) below the level ofshodan.The new student starts atmukyu( "without grade" ) and progresses fromkukyu(9-kyu), the lowest rank, toikkyu(1-kyu), the highest. Unranked (mukyū) practitioners wear white belts, kyu grade practitioners wear green belts (men) or red belts (women), and those with ranks ofshōdanand above wearblack belts.In some dojos kyu-level practitioners – especially in children's classes – wear colored belts, though the actual color of the belt varies from place to place. In Japan it was once customary for kyu-level men to wear green belts over a blackninjutsugiand women to wear red belts over a purple ninjutsugi, but this practice has largely been abandoned. Currently, both male and female Bujinkan practitioners now wear green belts over a black ninjutsugi and on the feet they wear tabi (soft-soletabifor indoor training andjika-tabifor outdoor training) at most dojos.

Dan levels

There are Ten dan grades in the Bujinkan, with the final JuDan level having additional five levels of rank. With the exception of fifth dan (see below) there are no fixed criteria for attaining each grade. Different dojos have their own approaches based on the cultural environment and the instructor's preference.

Typically the study oftenchijin ryaku no maki(scrolls of heaven, earth and man) guides progression from 9-kyu to shodan (1st dan) and comprises all the fundamental techniques required for advanced study thereafter. Until 4th dan the student is expected to focus on developing strong foundations and to perfect their form. At 5th dan the training focus changes to becoming more responsive and responding naturally in dynamic & increasingly challenging situations.

In order to attain fifth dan (godan), fourth dan practitioners must submit to asakki(orgodan) test before thesōketo establish that they are able to sense the presence of danger and evade it, which is considered a fundamental survival skill.After passing this test, a practitioner is considered to be under the protection of theBujin,or Guiding Spirits, and is entitled to apply for a teaching license (shidōshi menkyo). Ashidōshi( sĩ đạo sư ) is entitled to open their own Bujinkandōjōand grade students up to fourth dan. A practitioner between first dan and fourth dan may become a licensed assistant teacher (shidōshi-ho) if backed by and acting under the supervision of ashidōshi.In the Bujinkan, a person ranked tenth dan or higher is often referred to as ashihan.

The practitioner's level is displayed by the color of the art's emblem, calledwappen(ワッペン) inscribed with the kanji "bu" ( võ ) and "jin" ( thần ). There are four kinds ofwappen(9 to 1kyū,1 to 4dan,5 to 9dan,and 10 'dan’. Following 10 Dan, Chi, Sun, Ka, Fu, and Ku), sometimes augmented with up to four silver, gold or white stars (calledhoshi) above or around the emblem, representing the individual ranks.

In addition to the kyu/dan system, a few practitioners have earnedmenkyo kaiden"licenses of complete transmission" in individual schools. These establish that the master practitioner has learned all that there is to learn about the particular lineage. Whereas the kyu/dan ranks are often made public, those who have earnedmenkyo kaidenrarely divulge their status, sometimes even being reluctant to recognize their actual dan ranking to outsiders.

Criticism of historical claims

Modern Togakure-ryu and various historical claims are taught byMasaaki Hatsumi(Takamatsu's successor) and the Bujinkan organization. Criticism regarding the historical accuracy of the Bujinkan's claims of lineage have arisen from several issues of theBugei Ryūha Daijiten:

• The 1978 version of theBugei Ryūha Daijitenstates that Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "genealogy includes embellishments by referring to data and kuden about persons whose existence is based on written materials and traditions in order to appear older than it actually is."
• The 1969 version of theBugei Ryūha Daijitenstates that Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "is a genealogy newly put together by Takamatsu Toshitsugu, who made use of (took advantage of) the popularity of written materials on ninjutsu after the Taishō era" and that "there are many points where it has added embellishments, it has made people whose real existence is based on written records older than is actually the case, and so it is a product of very considerable labor".
• The 1963 version of theBugei Ryūha Daijitenstates of Takamatsu's Togakure-ryu "this genealogy refers to various written records and oral transmissions and there are many points/places where embellishments have been added and people appearing in the genealogy are also made older than they actually are".

Watatani questioned whether there was enough evidence that Togakure ryū was an unbroken tradition since the 12th C, but he did not doubt that Togakure ryū was an art that pre-dated the Meiji period.

External links

• Media related toBujinkanat Wikimedia Commons