Wikipedia

CASA/IPTN CN-235

(Redirected fromCN-235)

TheCASA/IPTN CN-235is a medium-range twin-enginedtransport aircraftthat was jointly developed byCASAofSpainandIndonesianmanufacturerIPTN.It is operated as both a regional airliner and military transport; its primary military roles includeair transportandaerial surveillance.

CN-235
A CASA CN-235 of the SpanishMaritime Safety and Rescue Society
General information
TypeTransport aircraft/maritime patrol aircraft
National originSpain / Indonesia
ManufacturerCASA
IPTN
StatusActive service
Primary usersTurkish Air Force
Number built286[1]( IPTN 69[2])
History
Manufactured1983–present[3]
Introduction date1 March 1988
First flight11 November 1983
VariantsEADS HC-144 Ocean Sentry
Developed intoEADS CASA C-295
Indonesian Aerospace N-245

Development of the CN-235 formally commenced in 1980 following the formation of theAirtech Internationaljoint ventureon 17 October 1979. Its existence was publicly unveiled at the 1981Paris Airshow.On 11 November 1983, the prototype CN-235 conducted itsmaiden flight;the first production aircraft followed on 19 August 1986. On 1 March 1988, the aircraft was put into regular service. Early on, the production of each aircraft was divided, 65% being performed by IPTN while the remainder was performed by CASA. The vast majority of CN-235s have been produced for military customers, several airlines have opted to buy limited numbers for regional services as well. In addition to the standard aircraft, specialised CN-235s have been configured into armedgunshipsandmaritime patrol aircraft.

While both the development and early production of the CN-235 had been performed as a joint effort, the partnership arrangement between CASA and IPTN was only applicable to theSeries 10andSeries 100/110aircraft. Some of the later versions of the CN-235 have been developed by each company independently of the other's efforts. Accordingly, both companies have produced their own derivatives of the aircraft, such as the stretchedEADS CASA C-295and the passenger-orientatedIndonesian Aerospace N-245.Over 240 of all versions of CN-235 are in service, and the type has reportedly accumulated more than 500,000 flight hours.[1]Its largest user isTurkey,which operates 59 aircraft.[4]

Design and development

edit

Background

edit

The CN-235 has been conceived of during the late 1970s as a twin-turboproppowered transport capable of accommodating up to 35 passengers or various military payloads.[5]It had been observed that there was a growing global market for such transports, while there was also a need in the domestic market. The Spanish aerospace companyConstrucciones Aeronáuticas SA(CASA) was keen to seek out international collaboration to develop this concept into a working programme, and promptly approach the newly formed Indonesian companyIPTN(later known asIndonesian AerospaceorPT. Dirgantara Indonesia).[5]The company was offered an equal share in the venture along withtechnology transferopportunities from CASA, and was presented as being mutually beneficial from an economic standpoint.[5]Coincidentally, IPTN had been independently looking into possible configurations for such an aircraft prior to CASA's approach.[5]

The presented terms being agreeable, CASA and IPTN quickly formalised the programme as ajoint ventureinitiative; on 17 October 1979, they formedAirtech Internationalto design, develop, manufacture, and market the new aircraft.[5]Management comprised senior members of both companies, such as Airtech's president also being the president of IPTN, while its vice president was also the president of CASA. During November 1979, the first technical team visit from IPTN was made to CASA'sMadridfacilities, while the first joint meeting was held inBandungtwo months later.[5]During the first half of 1980, various configurations were studied, including a stretched derivative of theCASA C-212 Aviocar,multiple clean-sheetwide-body aircraftwith rectangular and circular-shaped fuselages.[5]

The selected configuration for the aircraft featured a relatively wide fuselage for its size, complete with a rear-facing ramp suitable for all-purpose transport duties.[5]Its main cabin facilitated a four-abreast single-aisle seating arrangement, which could accommodate up to 44 passengers in the most dense seating configuration. The design philosophy of "a big aircraft in a small plane" was practiced, leading to be equipped to suit various situations and operating conditions present in both industrialised and developing countries.[5]This led to the pursuit of performance attributes such as good accessibility for cargo transportation, the quick and convenient conversion between cargo and passenger transport operations, along with readiness to be equipped to perform other roles such asaerial firefighting,cropdusting,and other niche roles. Many features were specifically pursued as to ensure the aircraft's value to the Indonesian market and to capture sufficient early orders there that it would allow foreconomies of scaleto make the aircraft highly cost-competitive on the international market.[5]

During January 1980, preliminary design work commenced.[5]From 1980 to 1983, the second phase of development took place, starting with the detailed design work, tools manufacturing, component production, final assembly, and cumulating in the completion of initial prototypes. The project was publicly debuted at the 1981Paris Airshow.[5]In addition to the display of a mock-up, sales contracts were signed and amemorandum of understandingwas signed between Airtech andGeneral Electricfor the aircraft to be powered by the latter'sGeneral Electric CT7turboprop engine.[5]

Into flight

edit

On 10 September 1983, the first pair of prototypes were officially rolled out simultaneously atGetafeand Bandung in ceremonies attended by bothKing Juan Carlos Iof Spain andPresident Suhartoof Indonesia. On 11 November 1983, the first CASA-built prototype performed itsmaiden flight;on 30 December 1983, the first IPTN-built prototype made its first flight.[5]Unusually, early testing had involved only minimal use ofwindtunnels,while it was also decided to only construct a pair of prototypes, decisions that constrained and protracted the later flight testing process. New testing facilities in Indonesia were established with the assistance of theGerman Aerospace Center.[5]Amongst other aspects, the CN-235 proved to have easy handling characteristics. Extensive weight and drag-minimisation efforts were undertaken, one benefit of which was that the subsequent production aircraft were reportedly 10% lighter than the prototypes.[5]

The third phase of development was to secure certification and to conduct the aircraft's first delivery to customers.[5]In support of this effort, static and fatigue testing was conducted by theSerpongLaboratory for Structural Testing. By September 1984, orders for several dozen aircraft had been secured at a reported unit cost of $6m; many of these early orders for the type had originated from local customers within the two partner company's home nations.[5]

Certification from both the Spanish and Indonesian authorities was received on 20 June 1986; the first flight of a production-standard aircraft was conducted on 19 August 1986.[5]Type certificationfrom theFederal Aviation Administration(FAA) was granted on 3 December 1986, permitting the CN-235 to be operated inNorth America.The first deliveries to customers took place during 1987.[5]On 1 March 1988, the CN-235 officially entered service.

By May 1989, there were 133 firm orders for the CN-235, 74 had been placed by military operators while 59 were attributed to civil operators; of these, 85 had been ordered by Indonesian customers while 22 were attributable to Spanish customers alone, and the remainder to international customers.[5]In comparison to international competitors, such as theDe Havilland Canada Dash 8and theATR 42,it was a slightly slower aircraft but had a relatively wide body, making it favourable for moving containerised cargos and evenjet engines,a task traditionally performed by much larger aircraft.[5]

As per the early production arrangements, roughly 65% of each aircraft was produced in Bandung, while 35% was manufactured in Getafe; this workshare arrangement was the case regardless of whether rollout occurred in Spain or Indonesia.[5]While the airframe was fully produced locally by IPTN, the engines, control and communication systems were all produced in either Europe or the United States. The lower wages present in Indonesia have been a key factor in enabling the CN-235 to be economically produced at its relatively low purchase price.[5]

Both CASA and IPTN were keen to further develop the CN-235, the original prototypes were quickly adapted to serve as flying test beds to support these efforts.[5]By 1992, multiple versions had already been developed, and more were underway. These were often produced in response to specific customer requirements, such as to perform maritime reconnaissance.[5]Development of the initial versions had been carried out jointly by the two companies.[5]Perhaps the most significant derivative of the aircraft was launched in 1995 by CASA in the form of a stretched CN-235. This aircraft would be produced as theC-295.[6]

Indonesia has sought greater autonomy fromAirbus(whom CASA has been integrated into) in the CN-235 manufacturing process; the Indonesian Ministry of Defence (MoD) has made this objective a part of the offset conditions should theAirbus A400M Atlasstrategic transport aircraft be procured for theIndonesian Air Force.[7]

Operational history

edit

Military sector

edit

Amongst the first customers for the CN-235 was theFrench Air and Space Force,which had ordered an initial eight aircraft by May 1989.[5]In April 2010,Hervé Morin,French Minister of Defence,announced the order of eight CN-235-300s from Spain.[8][9]By 2015, the service had expanded its fleet to 27 aircraft.[4]During mid-2020, a French CN-235 was amongst those assets deployed toMauritiusto assist in pollution control efforts after theMV Wakashio oil spill.[10]

Indonesian Air Force Airtech CN-235 MPA, July 2005

Several sizable early orders from the Indonesian armed forces made it the largest customer for the CN-235 early on. By May 1989, theIndonesian Air Forcealone had ordered 32 aircraft while theIndonesian Navyhad ordered 18 CN-235s, six of which in a maritime surveillance configuration.[5]During December 2009, the Indonesian Navy ordered its first batch of three CN-235 MPAs; the first of these aircraft, based at Juanda Naval base inSurabaya,East Java,were declared operational in October 2013.[11]In November 2016, the Indonesian Air Force also commenced operations with the latest generation of CN-235 MPAs, equipped with winglets and new electronic support apparatus.[12]

The Spanish armed forces also placed modest early orders for the type, by May 1989, twoVIP-configured CN-235s had been ordered by theSpanish Air Force.[5]In 2000, the Future Medium Transport Aircraft II (FATAM II) program was launched, under which a batch of nine C-295s was ordered for the Spanish Air Force to take the place of eight CN-235s that were converted from a general transport configuration into maritime patrol and search-and-rescue aircraft, while between four and six CN-235s were assigned to training operations, their reassignment having noticeably depleted the service's medium transport fleet.[13]In December 2007, Spain ordered a pair of CN-235 MPA for the Guardia Civil, making it the first fixed-wing aircraft to be operated by the agency.[14]

Irish Defence Forces parachutists exiting from a CN-235, December 2013

During the early 1990s, theIrish Air Corpsbecame interested in the type, initially opting to lease a single aircraft directly from CASA in 1992.[15]Two years later, a pair of CN-235s configured for maritime surveillance operations were delivered to the Air Corps.[16]During 2021, amid theFall of Kabuland the US withdrawal fromAfghanistan,one of the CN-235s was flown to the nation to assist with the evacuation.[17]In 2022, Irish CN-235s have been deployed to provide humanitarian aid to, as well as evacuate wounded civilians from,Ukraine.[18]

In December 2002, the Colombian Navy ordered two CN-235 configured for maritime patrol and anti-drug trafficking missions. During July 2010, a third MPA-configured aircraft was delivered.[19]In April 2012, Colombia awarded a contract to Telephonics to replace the original radars of the two older CN-235s with the APS-143 OceanEye marine surveillance Radar.[20]

In April 2005,Venezuelaordered two CN-235 maritime surveillance aircraft along with ten transport planes.[21][22]However, during the following year, the transaction was halted due to the refusal of the United States government to allow the transfer of what they deemed to be US technology in the aircraft'savionics.[23]

In January 2006, Thailand came to a tentativebarteringarrangement with Indonesian Aerospace for ten aircraft, six of which were for the Ministry of Defence and the remaining four for the Ministry of Agriculture.[24]An additional aircraft was ordered on 19 September 2014.[25]

During July 2008, theMexican Navyannounced that it would purchase six CN-235s.[26]In November 2011, the first aircraft was accepted by the service; it was configured to conduct search and rescue, disaster relief, and drug interdiction missions.[27][28]During May 2012, the final of four CN-235 MPAs was delivered to the Mexican Navy.[29]

Paratroopers deploying from a CN-235 of theSouth Korean Air Force,April 2011

In December 2008, South Korea announced that Indonesian Aerospace's bid had triumphed over four rival submissions, and thus it would order four CN-235-110 MPAs to equip theSouth Korean Coast Guardwith; these aircraft, delivered in 2011, had a reported per unit cost of $23 million.[30][31]

On behalf of theRoyal Jordanian Air Force,a lightgunshipversion of the CN-235 was developed; it was introduced to service in May 2014.[32]Collaborators in the project included theKing Abdullah II Design and Development BureauofJordan,and the U.S. defense companyOrbital ATK.[33][6]

Turkey has become the largest operator of the CN-235,[4]by October 1998, it already had placed cumulative orders for 52 transport-configured aircraft, and would order an additional nine CN-235 MPAs by the end of the year.[34]During the 2000s, a modification programme was undertaken to equip 19Turkish Navyand coastguard aircraft with new maritime surveillance equipment supplied mainly byThales.[35]Throughout the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,CN-235 MPAs of the Turkish Navy heavily patrolled theBlack Sea,these have repeatedly detectedsea minesand aided in de-mining efforts.[36]

TheRoyal Malaysian Air Forcehas operated a fleet of CN-235 transports. During early 2020, it was announced that several Malaysian aircraft would be converted into a maritime surveillance configuration using financial assistance from the United States.[37]On 17 June 2022, the Royal Malaysian Air Force receive the first of three such modified CN235-220M MSA as part of the Malaysian Maritime Security Initiative program.[38][39]

Between 2010 and 2012, theSenegalese Air Forceacquired two CN-235s at a reported cost of $13 million. In 2013, the service declared it planned to buy two more aircraft for VIP and cargo duties, and that it was also interested in the MPA version as well.[40]During 2018, Senegal ordered two MPA-configured CN-235s, the first of which was received in 2021.[41]

On January 10, 2024,IndonesianPresidentJoko Widodooffered the CN-235 ASW ofPT Dirgantara Indonesiafor thePhilippine Navyduring his visit toManila.[42][43]

Commercial airliner

edit
A CN-235 ofMerpati Nusantara Airlinesin Indonesia

Although the CN-235 has been initially designed as a military transport, it has also been offered to civil operators, usually as a commercial airliner. It has not achieved substantial sales in this role compared to competing 50-seat commuter aircraft such as theFokker 50,ATR 42andDe Havilland Canada DHC-8.[44]IberiaLAE, Spain'sflag carrier,emerged as an early customer, opting to purchase four CN-235s from CASA to serve on its regional routes. It, and its subsidiariesBinter CanariasandBinter Mediterraneo,operated the type between 1989 and 1997, opting to procure several largerATR 72sto replace it.[45]

Numerous Indonesian operators had placed early orders for the CN-235; by 1992, there were internal routes served by the type between most of the major cities in the country.[5]The Indonesian operatorMerpati Nusantara Airlinesemerged as the largest civilian operator of the CN-235, at one point having 15 examples in its fleet alone.[45]In April 1995, the company decided to proceed with a leasing arrangement to operate additional aircraft.[46]

During 1992,Aerolíneas Argentinas,which was a subsidiary of Iberia at that time, ordered a pair of CN-235s to be operated by its own subsidiary,Austral.[45]In August 2006, it was reported that several CASA CN-235-10 were in service with African airlines, including two operated bySafairand one withTiko Air.[47]Around 2007,Asian Spiritoperated a lone CN-235-220 in the Philippines.[citation needed]

During 2015, Indonesian Aerospace announced that they were in the early stages of developing a new variant of the CN-235, theN-245,which has been specifically designed to perform civil operations and is able to carry up to 60 passengers. Alternatively also referred to as theCN-235NG,this variant is planned to be fully launched following the completion of theIndonesian Aerospace N-219project, at one point, it was expected to be fully certified sometime in 2019. A further derivative has been envisioned, referred to as theN-270,it is a stretched version of the N-245 and is planned to be able to carry up to 70–90 passengers; the original timeframe for development was set between 2019 and 2024.[48][49]

Variants

edit
A CASA CN-235 of theSpanish Air Force
CN-235-10
Initial production version (15 built by each company), with GE CT7-7A engines.
CN-235-100/110
Generally as series 10, but with GE CT7-9C engines in new composites nacelles; replaced Series 10 in 1988 from 31st production aircraft. Series 100 is Spanish-built, series 110 Indonesian-built, with improved electrical, warning and environmental systems.[50]
CN-235-200/220
Improved version. Structural reinforcements to cater for higher operating weights, aerodynamic improvements to wing leading-edges and rudder, reduced field length requirements and much-increased range with maximum payload. Series 200 is Spanish-built, Series 220 Indonesian-built. Series 220 still in production.
CN-235-200M of theRoyal Thai Police
CN-235-300
CASA modification of 200/220 series, with theHoneywell International Corp.avionics suite. Other features include improved pressurization and provision for optional twin-nosewheel installation.
CN-235-330 Phoenix
Modification of Series 200/220, offered by IPTN with new Honeywell avionics, ARL-2002 EW system and 16,800 kg/37,037 lb MTOW, to theRoyal Australian Air Forceto meet Project Air 5190 tactical airlift requirement,[51]but was forced by financial constraints to withdraw in 1998.[52]
CN-235 MPA
Maritime patrol version with 6hardpointsto carryAM-39 Exocet-Missiles orMk.46-Torpedoes.[53]
HC-144 Ocean Sentry
United States Coast Guarddesignation for a planned twenty-two[54]aircraft fleet bought to replace the smallHU-25 Guardianbusiness-style jets. As of 2019,eighteen had been delivered.
AC-235
A light gunship modified with integrated weapons pylons to carryAGM-114 Hellfiremissiles and70 mm rockets;it also has a side-mounted 30 mm cannon and aSynthetic aperture radar.[55]

Operators

edit

Military operators

edit
CN235 world operators:
Military operators
Only government operators
Former operators

Bangladesh operate the CASA/IPTN CN-235 aircraft. The Bangladesh Air Force has a few CN-235 aircraft in its fleet, which are primarily used for transport, maritime patrol, and various utility roles. The CN-235 is a medium-range twin-engine transport aircraft developed by CASA (Spain) and IPTN (Indonesia), known for its versatility in both military and civilian applications.

In the Bangladesh Air Force, these aircraft serve roles such as troop transport, cargo airlift, medical evacuation, and maritime surveillance, contributing to the country's defense and logistical capabilities.

Azerbaijan

Botswana

Brunei
Burkina Faso
Cameroon
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
France
Gabon
Indonesia
A CASA CN235-MPA of theIndonesian Air Force
Ireland
  • TheIrish Air Corpsoperates two CN235-100 employed as maritime patrol aircraft, delivery took place in 1994.[15]
Malaysia
Mauritania
Mexico
Morocco
ARoyal Moroccan Air Force's CN235-100M
Nepal
Oman
Pakistan
Papua New Guinea
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Republic of Korea
Spain
Turkey
CASA-IPTN CN235Turkish Coast Guard

United Arab Emirates

United States
US Air Force CN235-100M QC

Former military operators

edit
Austria
Bophuthatswana
Jordan
Madagascar
Panama
South Africa
Yemen
  • Yemen Air Force[89](1x CN235-300) The only aircraft of the type, registration number 2211, factory number 168988, serial number 188, was destroyed in a Saudi airstrike on 25 March 2015.[90]

Government and paramilitary operators

edit
Mexico
Oman
Spain
A CASA CN235-300 MPA of theSpanish Maritime Safety Agency
Thailand

Civil operators

edit
Binter Mediterraneo CN235
Argentina
Indonesia
Madagascar
Namibia
South Africa
  • Safairhad two CN235s, sold in 2006 and 2008
Spain
Presidential AirwaysCN235, formerly belonging to Binter Mediterráneo.
United States
Venezuela

Notable accidents

edit

On 18 October 1992,Merpati Nusantara Airlines(Registration PK-MNN) CN-235-10Flight 5601crashed inGarut,Indonesia, killing all 31 people on board,[92]

On 19 January 2001, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 training mission crashed nearKayseriafter entering a spin from which recovery was not possible, killing all three people on board.[93][94]

On 16 May 2001, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control, killing all 34 people on board.[94][95]

On 18 May 2001, aTurkish NavyCN-235 crashed after the pilot lost control after reaching an altitude of just 100 feet, killing all 4 people on board.[94][96]

On 29 August 2001,Binter Mediterráneo Flight 8261(Registration EC-FBC) crash-landed atMálaga,Spain, killing four of the 47 passengers and crew aboard.[97]The aircraft was scrapped.[98]

On 11 February 2013, a CN-235 crashed into a forest 45 km south ofMonrovia,Liberia,8 km toRoberts International Airport,killing 11 people amongst themSouleymane Kelefa Diallo,Guinea armychief.[99][100][101]

On 1 August 2015 a CN-235-200M operated by theColombian Air Forcecrashed inCesarprovince,Colombiadue to engine failure, killing 11 people.[102]

On 26 February 2016, a CN-235 operated by theRoyal Malaysian Air Forcecrashed in a swamp in Kuala Selangor. Although there were no casualties amongst the occupants, a local fisherman drowned during the rescue effort.[103]

On 17 January 2018, aTurkish Air ForceCN-235 on a training mission crashed with two pilots and a technician on board nearIsparta.All on board were killed.[104]

Aircraft on display

edit

Specifications (CN235)

edit

Data fromAirbus Military[105]

General characteristics

  • Crew:two, pilot and co-pilot
  • Capacity:51 passengers, 35 paratroops, 18 stretchers or four HCU-6/E pallets including one on the ramp and 6,000 kg (13,100 lb)
  • Length:21.40 m (70 ft 2.5 in)
  • Wingspan:25.81 m (84 ft 8 in)
  • Height:8.18 m (26 ft 10 in)
  • Wing area:59.10 m2(636.1 sq ft)
  • Aspect ratio:11.27:1
  • Airfoil:NACA 653-218
  • Empty weight:9,800 kg (21,605 lb)
  • Max takeoff weight:16,100 kg (35,420 lb)
  • Powerplant:2 ×General Electric CT7-9C3turboprops,1,305 kW (1,750 hp) each (take-off)
  • Propellers:4-bladed Hamilton Sundstrand 14RF Propeller

Performance

  • Cruise speed:450 km/h (286 mph, 248 kn) at 4,575 m (15,000 ft)
  • Stall speed:156 km/h (97 mph, 84 kn) (flaps down)
  • Range:4,355 km (2,706 mi, 2,350 nmi)
  • Service ceiling:7,620 m (25,000 ft)
  • Rate of climb:7.8 m/s (1,780 ft/min)

See also

edit

Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

edit

Citations

edit
  1. ^ab"Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country - Worldwide"(PDF).Airbus.Retrieved1 June2024.
  2. ^"Kisah PT DI Rumahkan 12.000 Karyawannya di Balik Kesuksesan Pesawat CN235".beritatrans.com.
  3. ^Liputan6.com (8 January 2017)."Pesawat CN-235 Buatan Indonesia Pesanan Senegal Tiba di Dakar".Archivedfrom the original on 27 February 2017.Retrieved26 February2017.{{cite web}}:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  4. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvw"Orders, Deliveries, In Operation Military aircraft by Country – Worldwide"(PDF).Airbus Space and Defence.Airbus Space and Defence. 31 August 2015. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 20 November 2015.Retrieved4 December2015.
  5. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzaaabacadaeHabibie, B. J.; de Guzman, E. (1992)."Spanish-Indonesian cooperation in the development, production, certification and marketing of CN-235 commuter aircraft"(PDF).ICASand AIAA.
  6. ^abPocock, Chris (18 February 2016)."Adaptations Bring CN235/C295 Sales Rewards For Airbus".ainonline.com.
  7. ^Rahmat, Ridzwan (25 October 2021)."Indonesia seeks more autonomy on CN235 production in offset talks for A400M".janes.com.
  8. ^"Francia compra a EADS ocho aviones CN-135-300 por 250 millones de euros".Libertad Digital. 4 April 2010.Archivedfrom the original on 7 April 2010.Retrieved2 October2011.
  9. ^Hoyle, Craig (5 December 2011)."PICTURE: France receives first of eight new CN-235 transports".flightglobal.com.
  10. ^Vavasseur, Xavier (10 August 2020)."French Navy Vessel 'Champlain' to Assist with MV Wakashio Oil Spill in Mauritius".navalnews.com.
  11. ^"Indonesian navy officially commences operations of CN235 MPA aircraft".antaranews.com. 2 October 2013.
  12. ^Stevenson, Beth (15 November 2016)."Indonesian air force's new CN235 MPA unveiled".flightglobal.com.
  13. ^Jennings, G. (July 2007)."Spain looks to EADS CASA for medium transport aircraft".
  14. ^Jennings, G. (December 2007)."Spain buys maritime patrol aircraft".
  15. ^ab"CASA CN235".Defence Forces Ireland. 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 24 October 2014.Retrieved27 August2014.
  16. ^"Outgoing Irish Coast Guard Head Says Air Corps Has to be Available" 24/7 "if it Wants to Return to Search & Rescue".afloat.ie. 8 August 2021.
  17. ^O'Toole, Michael (23 August 2021)."Army's elite special forces being sent to rescue dozens of Irish citizens trapped in Afghanistan".irishmirror.ie.
  18. ^Fletcher, Laura (26 March 2022)."Air Corps flies Ukrainian girl to Ireland for treatment".rte.ie.
  19. ^Hoyle, Craig (30 July 2010)."PICTURE: Colombia receives new CN-235 maritime patrol aircraft".Flight International.
  20. ^"Telephonics' Technical Support Services Center in Elizabeth City, NC awarded contract to upgrade 2 Colombian Navy CN-235s".Telephonics. 2 April 2012.
  21. ^"Venezuela Buys Military Equipment".CBS News.28 November 2005.Archivedfrom the original on 18 May 2013.Retrieved5 July2015.
  22. ^"EADS Casa defies US to sell C-235s to Venezuela".Flight International.14 December 2005.
  23. ^Tremlett, Giles (19 October 2006)."US stops Venezuela planes deal".theguardian.com.
  24. ^"Thailand seeks CN-235 barter deal".Flight International. 10 January 2010.
  25. ^Dipa, Arya (25 November 2016)."Dirgantara delivers CN-235 plane to Royal Thai Air Force".thejakartapost.com.
  26. ^SusoRail (4 July 2008)."Seis CN-235-300 Persuader para la Armada de México"(in Spanish). Archived fromthe originalon 5 December 2008.Retrieved17 July2008.
  27. ^Hoyle, Craig (17 November 2011)."PICTURE: Mexican navy accepts new CN-235".flightglobal.com.
  28. ^Hunt, Edward (7 March 2019)."Staying the course in Mexico: the role of the US in the drug war, 2006–present".Third World Quarterly.40(6): 1184–1205.doi:10.1080/01436597.2019.1574562.S2CID159395424.
  29. ^"Final CN235 delivered to Mexico".shephardmedia.com. 17 May 2012.
  30. ^Sung-ki, Jung (30 December 2008)."S. Korea to Buy 4 Patrol Aircraft From Indonesia".The Korea Times.
  31. ^"RI seeks to exchange planes with South Korea".The Jakarta Post. 20 May 2011. Archived fromthe originalon 27 August 2011.Retrieved2 October2011.
  32. ^"Jordan takes delivery of AC235 gunship".flightglobal.com. 7 May 2014.Archivedfrom the original on 19 February 2015.Retrieved4 May2015.
  33. ^"AC-235c Fact Sheet"(PDF).orbitalatk.com.Archived(PDF)from the original on 24 June 2015.Retrieved4 May2015.
  34. ^"Turkey boosts order for CN-235".flightglobal.com. 21 October 1998.
  35. ^Hoyle, Craig (13 July 2007)."Modified CN-235 makes flight debut for Turkish coastguard".flightglobal.com.
  36. ^Ozberk, Tayfun (6 April 2022)."Turkish MPA detects the 3rd sea mine off Turkey Coast in the Black Sea".navalnews.com.
  37. ^"Malaysia taps American fund to convert transport planes for maritime surveillance role".defensenews.com. 13 February 2020.
  38. ^"Usai 2 Tahun Lamanya, Pesawat yang Dimodifikasi CN235-220M (MSA) oleh PT DI Telah Dikerahkan ke Malaysia".Zona Jakarta - Halaman all.
  39. ^"Royal Malaysian Air Force Receives First CN-235 Maritime Surveillance Aircraft".militaryleak.com. 22 June 2022.
  40. ^"Senegal: MoD plans to acquire two additional CN235s, including MPA versions".Dmilt.com. 30 August 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 27 March 2014.Retrieved30 August2013.
  41. ^García, José Mª Navarro (1 April 2021)."La Fuerza Aérea de Senegal recibe un tercer CN-235, lo destinará a patrulla marítima".Defensa.com.Retrieved2 May2022.
  42. ^"Indonesia president Widodo offers CN-235 ASW aircraft to Philippine Navy".Navy Naval News Navy Recognition.2024-01-11.Archivedfrom the original on 2024-02-01.Retrieved2024-02-01.
  43. ^"Indonesian President Offers Sale of Anti-submarine Warefare Aircraft to Philippine Navy".Military Leak.10 January 2024.Archivedfrom the original on 1 February 2024.Retrieved1 February2024.
  44. ^abcde"CASA/IPTN CN-235/C-295 - Archived 8/2007".Forecast International. July 2006.Retrieved9 March2020.
  45. ^abcCross, Lee (11 November 2021)."Today in Aviation: The CASA/IPTN CN-235".airwaysmag.com.
  46. ^Lewis, Paul (15 November 1995)."New Merpati president will go ahead with CN-235 lease plan".flightglobal.com.
  47. ^Flight International,3–9 October 2006.
  48. ^"RI Gencar Bikin Pesawat, Setelah N219 Ada N245 dan N270".finance.detik.com.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2016.Retrieved12 March2016.
  49. ^Pocock, Chris (21 February 2017)."Indonesia Makes Mixed Progress with Airliner Programs".ainonline.com.
  50. ^"IPTN receives European approval for CN-235-110".flightglobal.com. 9 August 1995.
  51. ^"Australia opens competition door to admit CN235 Phoenix".flightglobal.com. 11 February 1998.
  52. ^"Australia insists on deadline and raises CN235-330 partners ire".flightglobal.com. 15 July 1998.
  53. ^"CN-235 Persuader Maritime Patrol Aircraft".Airforce Technology.Archivedfrom the original on 15 July 2015.Retrieved5 July2015.
  54. ^"USCG: Acquisition Programs & Projects".US Coast Guard.Archivedfrom the original on 1 December 2010.Retrieved26 January2012.
  55. ^"AC-235 Light Gunship".Northrop Grumman.Retrieved19 July2019.
  56. ^"Azərbaycan və Türkiyə Hərbi Hava Qüvvələrinin birgə təlimləri keçiriləcək".mod.gov.az(in Azerbaijani).Retrieved20 July2020.
  57. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 46.
  58. ^abHoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 47.
  59. ^"Berita Parajurit, vol 9 – Air Capability static display – participating squadrons"(PDF).MinDef.gov.bn.Bolkiah Garrison,Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei: Defence Information Technology Unit,Ministry of Defence, Brunei Darussalam.31 May 2023. p. 8.Retrieved8 January2024.
  60. ^Hoyle, Craig (6 June 2012)."Cameroon signs deal for CN235 transport".Flightglobal.Archivedfrom the original on 19 April 2013.Retrieved9 June2012.
  61. ^"Military Aircraft Airbus DS – Press Center".Airbus Military.Archived fromthe originalon 14 April 2014.Retrieved5 July2015.
  62. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 48.
  63. ^abHoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 49.
  64. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 50.
  65. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 52.
  66. ^abHoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 55.
  67. ^"RMAF CN235 Ditched, Crew Survived - Malaysian Defence".www.malaysiandefence.com.Archivedfrom the original on 23 June 2018.Retrieved23 June2018.
  68. ^Binnie, Jeremy (23 May 2019)."Mauritania receives CN-235 transport aircraft from UAE".Jane's 360.London.Archivedfrom the original on 23 May 2019.Retrieved23 May2019.
  69. ^"Defence Security Report".Janes.com. 3 December 2008.Archivedfrom the original on 2 June 2010.Retrieved2 October2011.
  70. ^"seg und o i n forme d e labore s"(PDF)(in Portuguese). secretaría de marina. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 19 March 2009.Retrieved20 June2009.
  71. ^"Nepalese Army buying Military Transport aircraft from Indonesia, can" even "carry" a small vehicle "".southasia.com.au. 20 June 2017.Archivedfrom the original on 9 October 2017.Retrieved21 June2017.
  72. ^Rahmat, Ridzwan (7 February 2018)."Singapore Airshow 2018: Nepal begins negotiations for second CN-235 with PT Dirgantara".IHS Jane's 360.Singapore. Archived fromthe originalon 7 February 2018.Retrieved7 February2018.
  73. ^John Pike."Pakistan Air Force Equipment".Globalsecurity.org.Archivedfrom the original on 21 February 2009.Retrieved2 October2011.
  74. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 57.
  75. ^"Saudi Arabia orders four Airbus C295W military aircraft".arabianbusiness.com. 16 June 2015.
  76. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 59.
  77. ^Rahmat, Ridzwan (29 December 2016)."Senegal Air Force's CN-235 departs Bandung for Dakar".IHS Jane's Defence Weekly.Archived fromthe originalon 3 October 2017.Retrieved15 October2017– via Jane's 360.
  78. ^abcJackson, Paul.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 2003–2004.Coulsden, UK: Jane's Information Group, 2003.ISBN0-7106-2537-5,p. 207.
  79. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 60.
  80. ^"Turkish Army Current Order of Battle".Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2016.Retrieved5 July2015.
  81. ^abHoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 61.
  82. ^"CASA CN-235 Aircraft".
  83. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 63.
  84. ^"All-Time Aircraft Used List Austrian Air Force – Aeroflight".Aeroflight.co.uk.Retrieved2 May2022.
  85. ^"Announcement of sale of CN-235 aircraft"(in Arabic). Royal Jordanian Air Force. 24 December 2018.Archivedfrom the original on 7 January 2019.Retrieved6 January2019.
  86. ^Donald, David (5 January 2019)."Gunships for Sale as Part of Mass Jordanian Sell-off".Aviation International News.Archivedfrom the original on 5 January 2019.Retrieved6 January2019.
  87. ^Martin, Guy (September 2019). "Madagascar's military receives more aircraft".Air International.Vol. 97, no. 3. p. 9.ISSN0306-5634.
  88. ^Caramel, Laurence (16 September 2021)."Mauvais payeur, Madagascar perd son seul avion de transport militaire"[Bad payer, Madagascar loses its only military transport plane].Le Monde(in French).Retrieved17 September2021.
  89. ^HoyleFlight International11–17 December 2012, p. 64.
  90. ^"CASA CN-235M-300".Aviation Safety Network.26 March 2015.
  91. ^"Mexican national guard Aviation".jetphoto.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2011.Retrieved21 October2010.
  92. ^Ranter, Harro (18 October 1992)."ASN Aircraft accident IPTN/CASA CN-235-10 PK-MNN Garut".Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2015.Retrieved5 July2015.
  93. ^"ASN Aircraft accident IPTN_CASA CN-235M-100 097 Kayseri".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2014.Retrieved12 August2014.
  94. ^abc"Military cargo plane crashes, four die".Hürriyet Daily News.19 May 2001.Archivedfrom the original on 24 September 2015.Retrieved12 August2014.
  95. ^"ASN Aircraft accident IPTN_CASA CN-235M-100 086 Malatya".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2010.Retrieved12 August2014.
  96. ^"ASN Aircraft accident IPTN_CASA CN-235MP-100M TCSG-552 Ankara-Etimesgut AFB".Aviation Safety Network.Archivedfrom the original on 13 August 2014.Retrieved12 August2014.
  97. ^"Aircraft accidents photos – Binter Mediterraneo – Malaga, Spain – CASA 235-200".1001 Crash. 28 August 2001.Archivedfrom the original on 3 October 2011.Retrieved2 October2011.
  98. ^Ranter, Harro (29 August 2001)."ASN Aircraft accident CASA CN-235-200 EC-FBC Málaga Airport (AGP)".Archivedfrom the original on 12 June 2010.Retrieved5 July2015.
  99. ^"Guinea military head killed in Liberia plane crash".BBC News.11 February 2013.Archivedfrom the original on 22 January 2015.Retrieved5 July2015.
  100. ^"Guinean Army Chief, Several Killed...Pres. Sirleaf Declares Day Of Mourning; Defense Cancels Recepti".12 February 2013. Archived fromthe originalon 13 April 2013.Retrieved14 February2013.
  101. ^"Guinea army chief dies in Liberia air crash".11 February 2013.Retrieved14 February2013.
  102. ^"Airbus CN235 military transport crashes in Colombia, killing 11".Flightglobal.August 2015.Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2015.Retrieved1 August2015.
  103. ^Cheng, Nicholas; Mutiah, Wani."RMAF plane crashes in Kuala Selangor, rescuer believed drowned".Nation – The Star Online.Archivedfrom the original on 28 February 2016.Retrieved26 February2016.
  104. ^"3 soldiers die after Turkish military training aircraft crashes in Isparta".dailysabah.com. 17 January 2018.
  105. ^"Military Aircraft Airbus DS – CN235".Archived fromthe originalon 16 April 2014.Retrieved5 July2015.

Bibliography

edit
  • Hoyle, Craig. "World Air Forces Directory".Flight International,Vol. 182 No. 5370. 11–17 December 2012. pp. 40–64.
  • Lambert, Mark.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1993–1994.Coulsden, UK:Jane's Data Division, 1993.ISBN0-7106-1066-1.
edit
Wikimedia Commons has media related toCASA CN 235.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CASA/IPTN_CN-235&oldid=1259708255"