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Cairns

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This article is about the city in Australia. For the stack, seeCairn.For other uses, seeCairns (disambiguation).

Cairns(/ˈkɛərnz/ⓘ;Yidiny:Gimuy) is a city in theCairns Region,Queensland,Australia,[2]on the tropical north east coast ofFar North Queensland.In the2021 census,Cairns had a population of 153,181 people.[1]

Cairns
Gimuy(Yidiny)
Queensland
Cairns CBD
Cairns City Library
Cairns Regional Gallery
Esplanade
Cairns Marina and Lagoon
Cairns is located in Queensland
Cairns
Cairns
Coordinates16°55′S145°47′E/ 16.92°S 145.78°E/-16.92; 145.78(Cairns (town centre))
Population153,181 (2021)[1](15th)
• Density602.36/km2(1,560.11/sq mi)
Established1876
Postcode(s)4870
Elevation7 m (23 ft)
Area254.3 km2(98.2 sq mi)
Time zoneAEST(UTC+10:00)
Location
LGA(s)Cairns Region
CountyNares
State electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
29.4 °C
85 °F		 21.0 °C
70 °F		 1,981.5 mm
78 in

The city was founded in 1876 and named afterSir William Wellington Cairns,following the discovery of gold in theHodgkinson River.[3]DuringWorld War II,the city became a staging ground for theAllied Forcesin theBattle of the Coral Sea.By the late 20th century the city had become a centre ofinternational tourism.In the early 21st century, it has developed into a major regional city.

The economy of Cairns is based primarily on tourism, healthcare and education, along with a major capacity in aviation, marine and defence industries.[4] The city has agross regional productat about $11.4 billion as of 2023.[5]The city is served byCairns International Airport,theseventh busiest airport in Australia.Cairns also has a majorcruise shipindustry servicing both domestic and international markets, with terminals atCairns SeaportandCairns Wharf Complex.

Cairns is a major tourist destination, with access to twoUNESCO world heritagesites; theDaintree Rainforestas part of theWet Tropics of Queensland,and theGreat Barrier Reef,one of theseven natural wonders of the world.

History

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Main article:History of Cairns

Prior toBritish settlement,the Cairns area was inhabited by the Gimuy WalubaraYidinjipeople,[6][7]who still claim theirnative title rights.[8]Yidinji(also known as Yidinj, Yidiny, and Idindji) is anAustralian Aboriginal language.Its traditional language region is within the local government areas ofCairns RegionandTablelands Region,in such localities as Cairns,Gordonvale,and theMulgrave River,and the southern part of theAtherton TablelandincludingAthertonandKairi.The area in which the city is located is known in the local Yidiny language as Gimuy,[6]and the clan who inhabited the region before colonisation are the Gimuy-walubarra clan.[7]

1874 map showing native wells situated within the future site of Cairns

From 1770 to the early 1870s the area was known to the British simply asTrinity Bay.The arrival ofbeche de merfishermen from the late 1860s saw the first European presence in the area. On the site of the modern-day Cairns foreshore, there was a large native well which was used by these fishermen. A violent confrontation occurred in 1872 between localYidinji peopleand Phillip Garland, a beche de mer fisherman, over the use of this well. The area from this date was subsequently calledBattle Camp.[9]

In 1876, hastened by the need to export gold mined from theHodgkinson goldfieldson the tablelands to the west, closer investigation by several official expeditions established its potential for development into a port. Brinsley G. Sheridan surveyed the area and selected a place further up Trinity Inlet known to the diggers asSmith's Landingfor a settlement which he renamedThornton.[10][11]However, afterNative PoliceofficersAlexander Douglas-DouglasandRobert Arthur Johnstoneopened a new track from the goldfields to Battle Camp, this more coastal site became preferable.[12]The area was named Cairns in late 1876 in honour of the then Governor of Queensland, William Cairns.[3]The site was predominantlymangroveswamps and sand ridges. Labourers gradually cleared the swamps, and the sand ridges were filled with dried mud, sawdust from local sawmills, and ballast from a quarry at Edge Hill.

Throughout the late 19th century, Cairns prospered fromthe settlement of Chinese immigrantswho helped develop the region's agriculture.[13]Soon after Cairns was established "a few entrepreneurial Chinese men began to experiment with crops such as cotton, tobacco, coffee, rice, sugar, and bananas, while market gardeners grew much needed fruit and vegetables. This marked the beginning of the agricultural industry, which became the dominant industry."[14]"The growing agricultural industry in the Cairns region provided the impetus for Cairns Chinatown to develop as Chinese men turned to support industries such as market gardening and shop keeping. They were not only ex-miners, but a growing number of immigrants arriving directly from China to take advantage of the agricultural boom. In 1886 the Chinese population accounted for 60% of all farmers and 90% of gardeners, that is 795 cultivators and gardeners."[15]

As agricultural changes and the White Australia policy impacted the Chinese population of Cairns, including its once thriving Chinatown declined. A Police census stated the Chinese population of Cairns was 450 in 1909, a decrease of around 1,000 since 1901.[16]"Grafton Street, Cairns was the historical site for Cairns Chinatown - the largest and longest running Chinese community outside Brisbane from the 1880s until the mid 1940s. Supporting a diverse population of Chinese settlers, entrepreneurs, women and families,..."[17]"From the early 1880s when the Lily Creek Chinese camp moved into Sachs Street, Chinatown was a busy and thriving community. According to Cathie May, the social structure of the community was divided according to place of origin with storekeepers on the eastern side of Sachs Street predominantly Sze Yap, and Chung Shan storekeepers and merchants on the western side. Nearly all Chinese immigrants to Cairns were from Guangdong Province in the Southern Delta area of China. Most came from Loong Dou, a small distinct district in Chung Shan, with a smaller group from Sze Yap or the" Four Districts "in Toishan. Some also came from Sam Yap or" Three Districts. ""[18]As the 20th century progressed the Cairns Chinatown declined. "Australian Born Chinese showed little interest in maintaining the Chinese enclave. Many were westernised having at least one European parent or grandparent, or had themselves grown up assimilated into the broader Cairns community through their experiences at school. Neither cultural tastes, nor race relations, provided an incentive for Australian born Chinese to remain living in Chinatown. The barriers causing racial residential segregation were removed and many families lived outside Chinatown."[19]

The Cairns Parish of the Roman Catholic Vicariate Apostolic of Cooktown (now theRoman Catholic Diocese of Cairns) was established in 1884.[20]

Farm in Cairns in 1897
Cairns War Memorial,c. 1936

Debris from the construction of a railway toHerbertonon the Atherton Tableland, a project which started in 1886, was also used. The railway opened up land later used for agriculture on the lowlands (sugar cane, corn, rice, bananas, pineapples), and for fruit and dairy production on the Tableland. The success of local agriculture helped establish Cairns as a port, and the creation of a harbour board in 1906 supported its robust economic future.[21][22]

The Wharf Estate Cairns went on sale in Brisbane via auction on 19 February 1889 by John Macnamara & Co. Land Auctioneers. The land was part of the place known as the Railway Reserve. The sale was described by the Auctioneers as the 'largest ever yet held in Northern Queensland'.[23][24][25]

On 25 April 1926 (ANZAC Day), the Cairns Sailors and Soldiers War Memorial was unveiled byAlexander Frederick Draper,the mayor of theCity of Cairns.[26][27]

During World War II, theAllied Forcesused Cairns as a staging base for operations in the Pacific,[28]withUnited States Army Air ForcesandRoyal Australian Air Forceoperational bases (now the airport), as well as a major military seaplane base,Naval Base Cairns,in Trinity Inlet, andUnited States NavyandRoyal Australian Navybases near the current wharf. Combat missions were flown out of Cairns in support of theBattle of the Coral Seain 1942.EdmontonandWhite Rocksouth of Cairns were major military supply areas and U.S.Paratrooperstrained atGordonvaleand theGoldsborough Valley.A Special Forces training base was established at the old "Fairview"homestead on Munro's Hill,Mooroobool.This base was officially known as theZ Experimental Station,but referred to informally as "The House on the Hill".[29]

After World War II, Cairns gradually developed into a centre for tourism. The opening of theCairns International Airportin 1984 helped establish the city as a desirable destination forinternational tourismparticularly from the emerging Japanese market.[30]

Demographics

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In the2016 census,the urban area of Cairns had a population of 144,730 people.[31]

In the2021 census,the urban area of Cairns had a population of 153,181 people.[1]

  • Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people made up 9.7% of the population.[1]
  • 68.2% of people were born in Australia. The next most common countries of birth were England 4.0%, New Zealand 2.9%, Papua New Guinea 1.5%, Philippines 1.3% and India 1.2%.[1]
  • 76.1% of people only spoke English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Japanese 1.5%, Nepali 0.7%, Mandarin 0.7%, Punjabi 0.6%, and Creole languages 0.6%.[1]
  • The most common responses for religion were No Religion 41.9%, Catholic 19.7%, Not stated 10.1%, Anglican 9.8%, other Christian 2.8%.[1]

Due to Far North Queensland's close proximity toMelanesia,the region has a large number of people ofMelanesianorigin. Cairns notably has a largePapua New Guineanscommunity. Approximately 10,000Papua New Guineanslive in Cairns, more than anywhere outside ofPapua New Guineaitself.[32]

Geography

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TheSkyrail Rainforest Cablewaygoes over the rainforest and is one of the city's main tourist attractions.
The Mulgrave River running through the Goldsbrough Valley to the south of Gordonvale
Fruit bats hanging from a mango tree, central Cairns

Cairns is located on the east coast ofCape York Peninsulaon a coastal strip between theCoral Seaand theGreat Dividing Range.[33]The northern part of the city is located onTrinity Bayand the city centre is located onTrinity Inlet.To the south of the Trinity Inlet lies theAboriginalcommunity ofYarrabah.Some of the city's suburbs are located on flood plains. TheMulgrave RiverandBarron Riverflow within the greater Cairns area but not through theCairns CBD.The city's centre foreshore is located on a mud flat.

Urban layout

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City centre of Cairns

Cairns is a provincial city, with a linear urban layout that runs from the south at Edmonton to the north atEllis Beach.The city is approximately 52 km (32 mi) from north to south; it has experienced a recenturban sprawl,with suburbs occupying land once used for sugar cane farming.

TheNorthern Beachesconsist of a number of beach communities extending north along the coast. In general, each beach suburb is at the end of a spur road extending from theCaptain Cook Highway.From south to north, these areMachans Beach,Holloways Beach,Yorkeys Knob,Trinity Park,Trinity Beach,Kewarra Beach,Clifton Beach,Palm Cove,andEllis Beach.

The suburb ofSmithfieldis inland against the mountains of the Great Dividing Range, between Yorkeys Knob and Trinity Park. It serves as the main hub for the Northern Beaches, with a modern shopping arcade, called Smithfield Shopping Centre.

South of Smithfield and inland from the Northern Beaches along the edge of the Barron Riverflood plainare the suburbs ofCaravonica,Kamerunga,Freshwater,andStratford.This area is sometimes referred to as Freshwater Valley, though it is actually the lower part of Redlynch Valley; further up the valley are the suburbs ofRedlynch,on the western side of Redlynch Valley, andBrinsmeadon the eastern side. Stratford, Freshwater, and Brinsmead are separated from Cairns city by Mount Whitfield (elevation 365 m (1,198 ft)) and Whitfield Range.Crystal CascadesandCopperlode Falls Damare also behind this range. (Kuranda,a town on the Barron River on the western side of the Macalister Range, forms part of the Cairns economic catchment but is in theTablelands local governmentarea and is not part of the Cairns urban area.)

Thecity centre of Cairnsis adjacent to the suburbs ofCairns North,andParramatta Park,Bungalow,Portsmith,and close toWestcourt,Manunda,Manoora,Edge Hill,Whitfield,Kanimbla,City View,Mooroobool,Earlville,WoreeandBayview Heights.The small suburb ofAeroglenis pressed between Mount Whitfield and the airport, on the Captain Cook Highway betweenCairns Northand Stratford.

Southside Cairns,situated in a narrow area betweenTrinity Inletto the east and Lamb Range to the west, includes the suburbs ofWhite Rock,Mount Sheridan,Bentley ParkandEdmonton.The townships ofGoldsborough,Little Mulgrave,andAloombaare nearGordonvale,on the Mulgrave River. This area is serviced by theBruce Highway.Several other small towns and communities within Cairns's jurisdiction are sparsely located along the Bruce Highway, the furthest beingBramston Beach,81 km (50 mi) south of theCairns CBD;the largest of these townships isBabinda,about 60 km (37 mi) from the city.

Climate

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Tropical beach in Cairns

Cairns experiences atropicalclimate,specifically atropical monsoon climate(Am) under theKöppen climate classification.[34][35]Awet seasonwith heavymonsoonaldownpours runs from November to May, with a relativelydry seasonfrom June to October, though light showers occur during this period.[36]Cairns's mean annual rainfall is just under 2,000 millimetres (79 in), although monthly totals in the wet season from December to April can exceed 1,000 mm (39 in), with the highest monthly rainfall being recorded in January 1981, when over 1,417.4 mm (55.80 in) of rain fell.[37]In contrast, as little as 721 millimetres or 28.39 inches fell in the record dry calendar year of 2002.

Cairns has hot, humid summers and very warm winters.[36]Mean maximum temperatures vary from 26.2 °C (79.2 °F) in July to 31.7 °C (89.1 °F) in January.Monsoonal activityduring the wet season occasionally causes majorfloodingof theBarronandMulgraveRivers, cutting off-road and rail access to the city. Cairns has 97.0 clear days, annually. Dewpoint in the wet season (summer) averages at 23 °C (73 °F). The average temperature of the sea ranges from 23.8 °C (74.8 °F) in July to 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in January.[38]

Climate data for Cairns (16º52'12 "S, 145º45'00" E, 2 m AMSL) (1991-2020 normals, extremes 1942-2024)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 40.4
(104.7) 		40.0
(104.0) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.8
(98.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		30.8
(87.4) 		30.1
(86.2) 		31.4
(88.5) 		33.9
(93.0) 		36.0
(96.8) 		42.6
(108.7) 		40.5
(104.9) 		42.6
(108.7)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.7
(89.1) 		31.5
(88.7) 		30.9
(87.6) 		29.6
(85.3) 		28.0
(82.4) 		26.6
(79.9) 		26.2
(79.2) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		29.9
(85.8) 		31.1
(88.0) 		31.8
(89.2) 		29.4
(85.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 24.0
(75.2) 		24.1
(75.4) 		23.4
(74.1) 		22.0
(71.6) 		20.1
(68.2) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.2
(63.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		18.8
(65.8) 		20.8
(69.4) 		22.5
(72.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		21.0
(69.9)
Record low °C (°F) 18.2
(64.8) 		17.9
(64.2) 		17.7
(63.9) 		13.0
(55.4) 		10.1
(50.2) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.3
(45.1) 		7.8
(46.0) 		9.3
(48.7) 		12.4
(54.3) 		14.6
(58.3) 		17.1
(62.8) 		6.2
(43.2)
Averageprecipitationmm (inches) 388.7
(15.30) 		475.5
(18.72) 		367.4
(14.46) 		178.1
(7.01) 		81.0
(3.19) 		42.6
(1.68) 		35.5
(1.40) 		26.6
(1.05) 		28.4
(1.12) 		63.4
(2.50) 		85.1
(3.35) 		185.9
(7.32) 		1,958.1
(77.09)
Average precipitation days(≥ 1.0 mm) 16.0 15.7 15.1 14.4 10.1 7.2 5.7 4.5 4.2 6.2 8.3 10.9 118.3
Average afternoonrelative humidity(%) 67 71 66 65 63 61 57 56 55 57 60 64 62
Averagedew point°C (°F) 22.9
(73.2) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		20.4
(68.7) 		18.5
(65.3) 		16.7
(62.1) 		15.1
(59.2) 		15.3
(59.5) 		16.7
(62.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		20.3
(68.5) 		21.9
(71.4) 		19.3
(66.8)
Mean monthlysunshine hours 213.9 175.2 204.6 210.0 220.1 210.0 232.5 251.1 270.0 279.0 258.0 241.8 2,766.2
Percentpossible sunshine 54 50 55 61 63 63 67 69 74 73 67 60 63
Source:Bureau of Meteorology(1991-2020 normals, extremes 1942-2024)[39][40]

Tropical cyclones

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Like most of North and Far North Queensland, Cairns is prone to tropical cyclones, usually forming between November and May.

Cyclones that have affected the Cairns region include:

Cyclone Jasperin December 2023 caused record flooding. TheBarron Riverexceeded the March 1977 record of 3.8 metres (12 ft), making it the worst flooding event in Cairns since records began in 1915.[41]

Facilities

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The City Library, operated by theCairns Regional Council,opened in 1979[42]and is situated at 151 Abbott Street.[43]A major refurbishment was undertaken in 1999 and a further minor refurbishment was implemented in 2011.[42]Public accessible wifi is available.[43]Current Library services and collections can be accessed from the Cairns Libraries website.[44]

Heritage listings

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Cairns has a number ofheritage-listedsites, including:

Governance

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The Lagoonon the Cairns Esplanade on the left, separated by the boardwalk from the ocean on the right, at low tide

Cairns is part of theCairns Regionlocal government areawhich is governed by a Regional Council. The Council consists of a directly elected mayor and 9 councillors, elected from 9 single-member divisions (or wards) using an optionalpreferential votingsystem. Elections are held every four years.[75]

The Cairns Region consists of three former local government areas. The first was the originalCity of Cairns,consisting of the Cairns City region as listed above. The second, which was amalgamated in 1995, was theShire of Mulgrave(comprising the other areas, namely the Northern Beaches, Redlynch Valley and Southside). The town of Gordonvale was once called Nelson. The third area is theShire of Douglas,which amalgamated in 2008 during major statewide local government reforms and then de-amalgamated in 2014.[76]

At the time of the 1995 amalgamation, Cairns City had a population of approximately 40,000 and Mulgrave Shire had a population of approximately 60,000. Both local government authorities had chambers in the CairnsCBD.The old Cairns City Council chambers has been converted into a new city library. In a controversial decision,[77]new Council chambers were constructed on previously contaminated land in the mainly industrial suburb of Portsmith.

Cairns has three representatives in theQueensland Parliament,from the electoral districts ofBarron River,CairnsandMulgrave.The city is represented in theFederal Parliamentby representatives elected from the districts ofLeichhardtandKennedy.

Economy

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Cairns at night; the wharves. The casino's dome can be seen in the background.
Cairns Pier

Cairns serves as the major commercial centre for the Far North Queensland and Cape York Peninsula Regions. It is a base for the regional offices of various government departments.

Tourism

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Tourism plays a major part in the Cairnseconomy.According toTourism Australia,the Cairns region is the fourth-most-popular destination for international tourists in Australia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane.[80]While the city does not rank amongst Australia's top 10 destinations for domestic tourism, it attracts a significant number of Australian holiday makers despite its distance from major capitals.[81]There is also a growing interest in Cairns from the Chinese leisure market with regular scheduled direct flights from Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the 2013 Chinese Lunar New Year period alone, Cairns saw 20,000 Chinese holidaymakers flying in on chartered flights.[82]

The city is near theGreat Barrier Reef,theWet Tropics of Queensland,and theAtherton Tableland.Great Barrier Reef tours that operate from Cairns are very popular and hence Cairns is also considered as the gateway to Great Barrier Reef.

The Cairnsesplanadeincludes a swimming lagoon with adjoining barbecue areas. Cairns Esplanade Lagoon opened in March 2003.[83]Though initially controversial, the 4800-square-metre pool has proved a very popular local attraction since its opening. In May 2003, the then Cairns MayorKevin Byrnedeclared thattoplesssunbathing is permitted here.[84][85]Many leisure activities are conducted in this area, including flea market, sports classes and many more.

Commercial

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Several shopping centres of various sizes are located throughout Cairns. The largest of these areCairns Centralshopping centre, located in the central business district (CBD), and Stockland Cairns, located in the suburb of Earlville. In Westcourt, one of the city's oldest shopping centres has been refurbished, with the city's firstDFO.[86][87]To service the needs of suburbs further from the city centre, shopping complexes are also located at Mount Sheridan, Redlynch, Smithfield, and Clifton Beach. In 2010, the state government opened the second stage of William McCormack Place, an A$80 million office building credited as the first 6-stargreen star-ratedbuilding in the city.[88]

Media

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Premises ofThe Cairns Poston Abbott Street (2016)

The Cairns Post,published byRupert Murdoch'sNews Corp.is the main daily newspaper published in the city. Widely available are alsoThe Courier-Mail,a daily newspaper published in Brisbane, and the nationalbroadsheetThe Australian,which both are also published by News Corp.

Cairns is served by five television stations, three commercial television stations (WIN Television,Seven QueenslandandSouthern Cross 10) which are regional affiliates of thethree Australian commercial televisionnetworks (10,SevenandNine), and public broadcasters theABCandSBS[89]services.

All three main commercial networks produce local news coverage –Seven QueenslandandWIN Televisionboth air 30-minute local news bulletins at 6pm each weeknight, produced from newsrooms in the city but broadcast from studios inMaroochydoreandWollongongrespectively. Southern Cross 10 airs regional10 News Firstupdates throughout the day, broadcast fromHobart.

Cairns radio stations include a number of public, commercial and community broadcasters. The ABC broadcastsABC Far North,ABC Radio National,ABC NewsRadio,ABC Classic FMand theTriple Jyouth network. Commercial radio stations includeStar 102.7,4CA 846 AM,Hot FM(nowHit Network),Sea FM(nowTriple M) and 104.34TABsports radio, while the community radio stations are 4CCR-FM (Cairns FM 89.1), 101.9 Coast FM,Vision Christian Radio,Orbit FM 88.0FM & 87.8FM and 4CIM 98.7FM (Bumma Bippera Media).

Industry and agriculture

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The land around Cairns is still used forsugar canefarming, although this land is increasingly under pressure from new suburbs as the city grows. TheMulgrave Sugar Millis located in Gordonvale (17°05′34″S145°47′20″E/ 17.0929°S 145.7889°E/-17.0929; 145.7889(Mulgrave Sugar Mill)).[90][91]

TheBarron Gorge Hydroelectric Power Stationis located nearby on the lowerBarron River,and providesgreen power.

Transport

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Cairns is an important transport hub in the Far North Queensland region. Located at the base of Cape York Peninsula, it provides important transport links between the Peninsula andGulf of Carpentariaregions, and the areas to the south of the state.Cairns International Airportis essential to the viability of the area's tourism industry.

Roads

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TheBruce Highwayin Cairns southern suburbs at morningpeak hour.

TheBruce Highwayruns for 1,700 km (1,056 mi) fromBald Hillson theCity of Brisbane'snorthern boundary, and terminates inWoree,a southern suburb in Cairns. TheCaptain Cook Highway(also referred as the Cook Highway) commences atAeroglen,a northern suburb of Cairns, and runs for approximately 76 km (47 mi) northwest toMossman.[92]

A need for future upgrades to the Bruce Highway to motorway standards through the southern suburbs to Gordonvale has been identified in regional planning strategies to cope with increasing congestion from rapid population growth. This will result in overpasses at all major intersections from Woree to Gordonvale. The motorway will divert from Bentley Park to Gordonvale, bypassing Edmonton to reduce the effects of road noise on residential areas.[93]

TheKennedy Highwaycommences at Smithfield on the Barron River flood plain north of Cairns, and ascends the Macalister Range to the township of Kuranda. The highway then extends to the town ofMareebaon theAtherton Tableland,and continues to communities of Cape York Peninsula.

TheGillies Highwaycommences at the township of Gordonvale, and ascends theGillies Range(part of the Great Dividing Range) to the town ofAthertonon the Atherton Tableland, passing through the township ofYungaburraon the way.

The controversial private road,Quaid Road,was constructed in 1989 through what is now aWet TropicsWorld Heritage Area,and linksWangetti,on the coast just north of Cairns, toSouthedge,just south ofMount Molloy.The road is not open to the public and is not used for general traffic.

Bus

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A public bus transit network exists within the city, with two transit hubs located within theCBD:theCairns CentralRailway Station precinct, and the Cairns City Bus Station located within the Lake street and Shield street area, through which all bus lines operate and provide linkage to taxi, ride share and intercity rail services.[94]The transit network includes most parts of the city, fromPalm Covein the north,Gordonvalein the south andRedlynchto the west. It is managed throughout the city byTranslink:through a service contract with theKinetic Groupcompany, however theGo Cardticketing system has not been implemented in the region. A smallershuttle busservice,Jon's Kuranda Busruns between Cairns and Kuranda alongside other private coach services. The main bus hubs in the Cairns CBD are the Cairns City bus station, opened in 2014,[95]and atCairns Central,the former servicing almost all bus lines in Cairns.[96]

Cairns is served by long-distance coaches to Brisbane, and regional cities to the south. Coaches also operate west toMount IsaviaTownsville,and toAlice SpringsandDarwinin theNorthern Territory.

Rail

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Railway workers on the Cairns Railway with a view of Glacier Rock in the background,c. 1891.[97]

Cairns railway stationis the terminus for Queensland'sNorth Coast railway line,which follows the eastern seaboard from Brisbane. Services are operated byQueensland Rail(QR) and include the high-speedDiesel Tilt Train.Freight trains also operate along the route, with a QR Freight handling facility located at Portsmith.

Pacific National Queensland (a division ofPacific National,owned byAsciano Limited) operates a rail siding at Woree. It runs private trains on the rail network owned by the Queensland State Government and managed by QR's Network Division.

TheKuranda Scenic Railwayoperates from Cairns. The tourist railway ascends the Macalister Range and is not used for commuter services. It passes through the suburbs of Stratford, Freshwater (stopping at Freshwater Station) and Redlynch before reaching Kuranda.

Freight services toForsaythwere discontinued in the mid-1990s. These were mixed freight and passenger services that served the semi-remote towns west of the Great Dividing Range. There is now a weekly passenger-only service,TheSavannahlander,that leaves Cairns on Wednesday mornings. The Savannahlander is run by a private company, Cairns Kuranda Steam Trains.

Cairns is served by anarrow gaugecane railway (or cane train) network that hauls harvested sugar cane to theMulgrave Sugar Milllocated in Gordonvale. The pressure of urban sprawl on land previously cultivated by cane farmers has seen this network reduced over recent years.[98]

Airport

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Cairns International Airport

Cairns International Airportis 7 km (4 mi) north of Cairns City between the CBD and the Northern Beaches. The domestic terminal at Cairns Airport underwent an extensive redevelopment which began in 2007 and was completed in 2010. In 2023, a new renovation began on the international terminal, which was expected to cost betweenA$40 and 50 million.[citation needed]

The airport has a domestic terminal, an international terminal, and a general aviation area. The airport handles international flights, and flights to major Australian cities, tourist destinations, and regional destinations throughout North Queensland. It is an important base for general aviation serving the Cape York Peninsula and Gulf of Carpentaria communities. The Cairns airport is also a base for theRoyal Flying Doctor Service.

Port

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Cairns Marina

The Cairns Seaport, located on Trinity Inlet, is operated by the Cairns Port Authority.[99] It serves as an important port for tourist operators providing daily reef trips. These consist of largecatamaranscapable of carrying over 300 passengers, as well as smaller operators that may take as few as 12 tourists. Cairns Port is also a port of call forcruise ships,such as Captain Cook Cruises, cruising the South Pacific Ocean. It also provides freight services to coastal townships on Cape York Peninsula, theTorres Straitand the Gulf of Carpentaria.

Yearly cargo through the port totals 1.13 million tonnes. Almost 90% of the trade is bulk cargoes[100]– including petroleum, sugar, molasses, fertiliser and LP gas. A large number offishing trawlersare also located at the port. There is also a marina that houses private yachts and boats used for tourist operations.

The Trinity Wharf has recently been the subject of a major redevelopment to improve the area for tourist and cruise ship operations. The freight wharves are located to the south of Trinity Wharf further up Trinity Inlet.

Defence facilities

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TheRoyal Australian Navyhas a base in Cairns (HMASCairns).[101]The base has a complement of 1000 personnel,[102]and supports nine vessels, including:

Four ships of theRoyal Australian Navy Hydrographic Service:

Previously four of the sixBalikpapan-classlanding craft were based in Cairns before their decommissioning.[101]

Porton Barracks,in the outlying suburb ofEdmonton,is home to theAustralian Army's51st Battalion, Far North Queensland Regiment.Delta Company from theTownsville-based31st/42nd Battalion, Royal Queensland Regimentis also based here. Both units are components of theAustralian Army Reserve.

Sister cities

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A selection of memorabilia and artifacts relating to Cairns Sister Cities is displayed at Cairns City Library.[103]

Education

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Main article:List of schools in Far North Queensland

Cairns has numerous primary and secondary schools. Separate systems ofprivate and public schoolsoperate in Queensland.

Catholicschools are operated by Catholic Education Cairns. The Catholic system encompasses nineteen primary schools, six secondary colleges and one P–12 college.[104]The oldestMarist Brotherscollege in Cairns is St Augustine's, which is a secondary college.[105]As of 2014there were almost 6,700 primary students and 4,000 secondary students enrolled in the Roman Catholic school system.[106]

There are also four other independent schools –Peace Lutheran College,Trinity Anglican School,Freshwater Christian College andRedlynch State College.

There is alsoHinterland Cairns Steiner School,which is independent.

TheCairns CampusofJames Cook Universityis located at Smithfield.CQUniversity Australiahas established a study centre in Cairns.[107]The city also hosts aTAFEcollege, and aSchool of the Airbase, both located in the inner suburb of Manunda.

Health

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The Cairns Hospital from the air facing south.

TheCairns Hospitalis situated on the Cairns Esplanade and is the major hospital for the Cape York Peninsula area. The smaller Cairns Private Hospital is located nearby. A new building was completed in 2015 to provide up to 168 more beds.[108]

Cairns is a base for theRoyal Flying Doctor Service,which operates clinics and providesemergency evacuationsin remote communities throughout the region.

Sport and recreation

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Soccer, Australian rules football, and rugby

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Cairns is home toFar North Queensland Heat,who play in the 2nd tier ofsoccerin Australia. They compete in theNPL Queenslandwhich is one tier under theA-League.The team has represented the city nationally previously at the2014 FFA Cup.The team competes atBarlow Park.The Cairns region has a largesoccercommunity with a local competition which spans fromPort DouglastoInnisfailand west toDimbulah. Notablesoccerplayers from the region includeSocceroosFrank Farina,Steve Corica,Shane StefanuttoandMichael Thwaite.

Cairns has a seven-team Australian rules football competition,AFL Cairns,between teams from the Cairns and Port Douglas region.Cazalys Stadiumcurrently hosts oneAustralian Football League(AFL) game each season. There is also anAFL Mastersteam that is based in Cairns, known as the Cairns Stingers.

TheNorthern PrideQueensland Cuprugby league team played their first season in 2008, and act as a feeder team to theNorth Queensland Cowboyswho play in theNational Rugby League.Cairns is represented by 11 Senior clubs, most notablyBrothers Cairns,Ivanhoes Knights,Cairns Kangaroos, Edmonton StormandSouthern Suburbs Cockatoosin the Cairns District Rugby League. Cairns also hosts growing bases forRugby union.

Cazaly's Stadium

Other sports

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There is a baseball league atTrinity Beach.[109]Cairns also has aNational Basketball League(NBL) team, theCairns Taipanswhose home court is theCairns Convention Centre,known asThe Snakepitduring Taipans home games.

In 1965 theCity of Cairns Open,a professional golf tournament, was inaugurated. Significant golfers likeRandall VinesandVic Bennettswon the event. In the mid-1970s it evolved into an amateur event. In modern times, the week-long event encompasses four tournaments, including a mixed team event and separate men's and women's tournaments.[110]

Cairns is a major international destination forwater sportsandscuba divingdue to its close proximity to theGreat Barrier Reef.Other recreational activities popular with tourists includewhitewater rafting,skydiving,hang gliding,kitesurfingandsnorkelling.

Sporting facilities

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Cairns Museum

Notable sporting grounds includeBarlow Park,Parramatta Park,Cazalys Stadium,the Cairns Convention Centre, and the CairnsHockeyCentre. The Cairns Showground is used for sports, in addition to the Cairns Show and funfairs.[111]

Amenities

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Established in 1978, the Cairns & District Chinese Association is an arts and heritage organisation seeking to preserve the Chinese culture and heritage of Cairns and North Queensland and enriching the contemporary cultural, social and economic diversity of the community. The society organises events such as theChinese New Year Festival,organisesLion dancersanddragon boatracing, maintains the Lit Sung Goong Temple, and offers Chinese language classes and social group activities.[112]

Established in 1989, the Cairns and District Family History Society maintains a library of world-widegenealogymaterial at 271 Gatton Street,Westcourt.The society publishes new genealogical resources based on collecting and indexing family information relating to Far North Queensland.[113]

The Cairns Historical Society operates the Cairns Museum and Cairns Historical Society Resource Centre at the formerCairns School of Artsbuilding on the corner of Lake and Shields Streets inCairns City.[114]

The Cairns branch of theQueensland Country Women's Associationmeets at 264 Grafton Street,Cairns North.[115]

St Monica's Catholic Cathedral is at 183 Abbott Street. It is within the Cairns Cathedral Parish of theRoman Catholic Diocese of Cairns.[20]

Indigenous languages and representation

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TheYidiny languageis a prominent language of the Cairns area.[116]

Irukandji language(also known as Yirrgay, Yurrgay, Yirrgandji, Djabuganjdji and Yirgay) is a language ofFar North Queensland,particularly the area around theKuranda RangeandLower Barron River.The Irukandji language region includes the landscape withinCairns Regional Council.[116]

Yumplatok(also known as Torres Strait Creole and Broken) is a contemporaryTorres Strait Island languageoriginating in theTorres Strait.The contact with missionaries and others since the 1800s has led to the development of apidgin language,which transitioned into acreole languageand now has its own distinctive sound system, grammar, vocabulary, usage and meaning. Torres Strait Creole is spoken by most Torres Strait Islanders and is a mixture ofStandard Australian Englishand traditional languages. It is an English-based creole; however, each island has its own version of creole. Torres Strait Creole is also spoken on theAustralian mainland,includingNorthern Peninsula Area Regionand coastal communities such as Cairns,Townsville,Mackay,RockhamptonandBrisbane.[116]

There are fourtraditional ownergroups representing the rights and interests of the peoples of the Cairns region. The Dawul Wuru (Yirrganydji) Aboriginal Corporation represents traditional owners in the area between Cairns and Port Douglas. Native title rights have been granted to theDjabugay peopleover land and waters within theBarron Gorge National Parknear Kuranda. TheGunggandjipeople hold rights over more than 7,500 ha (19,000 acres) on theYarrabah Peninsula.The fourth group represents the Yidinji clans, and comprises Gimuy Walubara Yidinji, Dulabed Malanbarra and Yidinji, Mandingalbay Yidinji and Wadjanbarra Tableland Yidinji.[117]

Notable people

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See also

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Notes

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References

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  2. ^"Cairns – city (entry 5683)".Queensland Place Names.Queensland Government.Retrieved26 June2017.
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