Wikipedia

Catcher

"Catchers" redirects here. For the Irish band, seeCatchers (band).
This article is about the baseball and softball position. For the cricket position, seeWicket-keeper.For other uses, seeCatcher (disambiguation).

Catcheris apositioninbaseballandsoftball.When abattertakes theirturn to hit,the catcher crouches behindhome plate,in front of the (home)umpire,and receives the ball from thepitcher.In addition to this primary duty, the catcher is also called upon to master many other skills in order to field the position well. The role of the catcher is similar to that of thewicket-keeperincricket.

Kansas City Royalscatcher and 5×Gold GlovewinnerSalvador Pérezstands behindhome plateduring a 2013 game versus theNew York Mets.

Positioned behind home plate and facing toward the outfield, the catcher can see the whole field, and is therefore in the best position to direct and lead the other players in a defensive play. The catcher typically calls for pitches using hand signals. The calls are based on the pitcher's mechanics and strengths, as well as thebatter's tendencies and weaknesses. Essentially, the catcher controls what happens during the game when the ball is not "in play". Foul tips,bouncing ballsin the dirt, and contact with runners during plays at the plate are all events to be handled by the catcher, necessitating the use of protective equipment. This includes amask,chest and throat protectors, shin guards, and a heavily paddedcatcher's mitt.Though rare, some chest protectors may extend lower to provide some shield to the genitalia; wearing a pelvic protector or cup, depending on the case, is preferred and more common.

Because the position requires a comprehensive understanding of the game's strategies, the pool of former catchers yields a disproportionate number ofmanagersin bothMajor League BaseballandMinor League Baseball,including such prominent examples asYogi Berra,Connie Mack,Steve O'Neill,Al López,Mike Scioscia,Joe Girardi,Stephen Vogt,andJoe Torre.[1]The physical and mental demands of being involved on every defensive play can wear catchers down over a long season, and can have a negative effect on their offensive output. As a result, catcher is the only position (other than pitcher) to not have a member of the3,000 hit club[2](not countingCraig Biggio,who only played four seasons as a catcher and was asecond basemanwhen he reached the milestone); the current hit leader for the position isIván Rodríguez,with 2,844.[3]

Because of the strategic defensive importance of catching, if a catcher has exceptional defensive skills, teams are often willing to overlook their relative offensive weaknesses.[2]A knowledgeable catcher's ability to work with the pitcher, via pitch selection and location, can diminish the effectiveness of the opposing team's offense.[4]Many great defensive catchers toiled in relative anonymity, because they did not produce large offensive numbers. Notable examples of light-hitting,defensive specialists wereJerry Grote,Jeff Mathis,Martín Maldonado,Ray Schalk,Jim Hegan,Jim SundbergandBrad Ausmus.Schalk's careerbatting averageof.253 is the lowest of any position player in theBaseball Hall of Fame.[5]His selection for enshrinement in1955was largely a tribute to his outstanding defensive skills.[5]

In the numbering system used to record baseball plays, the catcher is assigned the number '2'. (SeeBaseball scorekeeping.)

History and evolution of the position

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(C)Catcher's position behind home plate

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the game of baseball began to evolve from a sport played byamateursfor recreation into a more serious game played byprofessionals.[6]One of the most dramatic changes was the transition of the pitcher's delivery from an underhand motion to an overhanded throw.[6]Before theAmerican Civil War,the pitcher's role was to initiate the action by offering an underhanded throw to the batter, in much the same way that a basketball referee offers up ajump ballto begin play.[6]Since this type of pitching often caused the batter to hit lazy,foul pop-ups,catchers played their position approximately twenty to twenty-five feet behind the batter, and wore no protective equipment.[6]

As the game progressed towards professionals and became more serious, pitchers began to attempt to prevent the batter from hitting the ball by throwing faster pitches.[6]With the introduction of the called strike in1858,catchers began inching closer to home plate due to the rules requirement that astrikeoutcould only be completed by a catch.[6]The rules governing the delivery of pitches proved to be hard to enforce, and pitchers continued to stretch the boundaries of the rules until the 1870s when the release point of pitches had reached the pitcher's waist level.[6]Pitchers had begun throwing overhand by1884,when theNational Leaguemade a rule change removing all restrictions on the pitcher's delivery.[7]

These developments meant that catchers began to take on a crucial defensive role, as a pitcher's deceptive deliveries could only be effective if the catcher was capable of fielding them.[6]The progression of the catcher positioning themselves closer to the plate would lead to changes in pitching deliveries that would revolutionize the sport.[6]In the 1870s, pitcherCandy Cummingswas able to introduce thecurveballbecause his catcher,Nat Hicks,fielded his position in close proximity to home plate and was able to catch the deceptive pitch.[6]Other specialized pitches such as thespitballand theknuckleballfollowed, which further emphasized the defensive importance of the catcher's position.[6]

At about the same time that catchers began fielding their position closer to home plate, baseball teams began using a less rubbery ball which led to a decline in the number of runs scored.[8]In the 1860s it was common for teams to score fifty or sixtyrunsin a game.[6]The combination of the new, harder ball and the continuation of the rise in pitcher's release points helped usher in what became known as theDead-ball era.[6]The decrease in run production placed greater significance onstolen basesandbunts,which in turn emphasized the crucial defensive role played by catchers.[6]In1901,the National League introduced a new rule specifying that the catcher must stand within 10 feet of home plate.[7]TheAmerican Leagueadopted the rule the following year.[7]

The rising velocity of pitches in conjunction with catchers gradually moving closer to home plate significantly increased the risk of injuries for catchers, especially face and hand injuries. By the late 1870s, catchers began to use padded, fingerless gloves to protect their hands, and in1877the first protective catcher's mask was used.[6]The first catchers to use protective masks sometimes had their courage called into question, but the effectiveness of the masks in preventing injuries meant that they became widely accepted.[6]In the 1880s, the first padded chest protectors came into use, and in1888specialized catcher's mitts used on the non-throwing hand began to be used.[6][7]The final pieces of protective gear wereshin guardswhich were first worn by catcherRoger Bresnahanin1907.[9]Together, the rules changes and the new protective equipment transformed the catcher's defensive role to the way that it is presently played.[6]

An catcher (for theHiroshima Toyo Carp) inJapancatching a strike, 2024

Catching pitches

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Uni-President LionscatcherKao Chih-kangpreparing for a game

The catcher is usually the first to notice the tendencies, quirks, and peculiarities of each home-plateumpire.Some umpires favor highstrikes,pitched balls that are technically above thestrike zonebut appear, to the umpire, to be good. Conversely, some umpires will call low pitches strikes even when they are slightly below the knees. Other umpires have an inside bias or an outside bias; some umpires have more than one bias; some are uniformly lenient; some have very restricted notions of the strike zone, and the pitcher will constantly feel that their pitches are unfairly judged. The catcher can exploit an umpire's tendencies by taking them into account in when receiving the ball.

The catcher can help theirpitcherget more strike calls from the umpire by using a technique called "framing". This practice is a matter of a catcher keeping the mitt inside the strike zone, or making the pitch appear as close to the strike zone, when receiving the pitch, thereby giving the plate umpire the impression that the pitch is in the strike zone, even if it is not. When framing, a catcher will also hold their mitt still for a second or two so that the umpire has an opportunity to thoroughly consider their call (and, hopefully, let their innate biases influence their decision in a direction favorable to the catcher's team).

The catcher, when receiving a borderline pitch, usually has several options in how they make the catch. They can catch the pitch in the webbing of their mitt or in the heel; they can catch the pitch on theirforehandorbackhand,as necessary; they can catch a low pitch with the mitt pointed upward or downward. These choices help the catcher to create a favorable presentation (or frame) for the umpire.

A variation on "framing" is called "pulling pitches". The general approach is to catch the half of the ball that is outside thestrike zoneand show the umpire only the half of the ball, lodged in the mitt, that is closer to the zone. The illusion is often enhanced with a slight 'tug' of the mitt (of an inch or two) toward the strike zone.

By rule, the catcher must station directly back of the plate (generally in thecatcher's box) the moment a pitch is thrown but may leave at any time to catch a pitch or make a play. The moment an intentional ball leaves a pitcher's hand, the catcher must have both feet in the catcher's box.[10]The catcher is the only defensive player who is allowed to be infoul territorywhen apitchis thrown.[11]

"Catcher's Balk"

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Catcher's Interference

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If a pitch is thrown and the catcher has extended their arm resulting in the catcher's glove being contacted by the batter's swinging bat, acatcher's interferenceis called, and the batter is awarded first base. This is recorded as anerror.If the bases were loaded, it results in a run being scored, but since it is an error it is not awarded to the batter asrun batted in.The catcher's interference call is uncommon. Also, an interference penalty may be declined by the batting team, such as when a better result ensues.

Blocking balls in the dirt

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To block balls that a pitcher throws on a bounce toward home plate (pitches that are said to be "in the dirt" ), the catcher will slide their body to the left or right, as necessary, to place themselves directly in the path of the ball. Once in position, they push towards the ball while dropping to their knees, place their mitt between their legs to prevent the ball from passing through, and lean forward to deaden the rebound when, and if, the ball bounces off their thigh or torso. Although inexperienced catchers may try to catch the errant pitch with the mitt, coaches often prioritize the catcher's ability to "keep the ball in front of the body" than to make a catch with their mitt.[citation needed]Ideally, the catcher will be able to knock the ball to the ground where it will stop within arm's reach. To perform this properly, without the ball being deflected in an undesirable direction, the catcher must angle their body so that their chest is always leaning forward, toward home plate. Tucking your chin or looking the ball in will help with deadening the ball like this. This maneuver is often difficult, and its difficulty depends largely on how fast the ball is traveling, the angle at which the ball is thrown into the ground, where it first hits the ground, the firmness of the ground it hits, and the manner in which it is spinning.

Calling the game

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As of April 201115 of 30 Major League Baseball managers were former catchers.[12]Because catchers are considered a captain on the field (and some, such asThurman MunsonandJason Varitekwere in fact team captains), they are often in charge of planning defensive plays; thus, the catcher will give signs to the pitcher for what pitch is to be thrown.[1]

Calling the game refers to the act of catchers deciding the type of pitch delivered to home plate.[1]The responsibility for selecting the type of pitch was traditionally made by the catcher.[1]It is not unusual for a catcher to briefly look at the posture and position of the batter-in-turn prior to calling the next pitch; even the way a batter holds the bat may shed some indication of what the strategy may be. The selection of which pitch to use can depend on a wide variety of situations such as the type of hitter that is being faced, whether there are anybase runners,how many outs have been made in theinning,or the current score, among others.

Ali Sánchez's orange-painted fingernail during a 2022 game for theToledo Mud Hens

Since a catcher uses their fingers to signal and communicate with the pitcher, they may wear colorful stickers on their nails to accentuate the motion of the fingers and thus help with the visibility of the signal. As an alternative, the catcher may wear painted nails, such as withfluorescentpolish.[13]

Starting in 2022, Major League catchers began wearing aPitchComdevice on their wrist. This was done in an attempt to curb the prevalence ofsign stealing,which reached its peak after theHouston Astroswere caughtstealing signsduring theirWorld Series-winning2017 season.

Throwing

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A catcher nearly always throws with their right hand since most hitters are right-handed and stand to the left side of the plate when batting, so a catcher who throws left-handed is forced to take some time to sidestep (or otherwise avoid) the right-handed hitter when they throw from behind the plate. In addition, a lefty's throw would tend to come in on the shortstop side of the bag, while a righty's throw would be on the second base side of the bag, which is where the runner is coming in. Consequently, players who are left-handed rarely play catcher. Left-handed catchers have only caught eleven big-league games since 1902,[14]andJack Clements,who played for 17 years at the end of the nineteenth century, is the only man in the history of baseball to play more than three hundred games as a left-handed catcher.[15]However, some observers, including the famed statisticianBill Jamesand ESPN writerRob Neyer,[16]have suggested that the real reason that there are no left-handed catchers is because left-handed players with strong throwing arms are almost always encouraged, at an early age, to become pitchers.Benny Distefano,the last lefty thrower to catch a big-league game (in 1989), noted that lefty catchers have difficulty on bunts up the third base line and on fielding throws home for plays at the plate.[17]Others suggest that fielding bunts up the 3rd base line would give the catcher a better throw to 1st base or 2nd base.

Defensive plays

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CatcherMatt Wietersblocks runnerDerek Jeterfrom tagging home plate.

Unlike the other fielders, the catcher and pitcher must start every play in a designated area. The catcher must be behindhome platein thecatcher's box,while the pitcher must be on thepitcher's mound,with one foot in contact with thepitcher's rubber.Once the ball is in play, however, the catcher and pitcher, like the other fielders, can respond to any part of the field necessary to make or assist in a defensive play.[18]The defensive plays expected of catchers, aside from managing the pitcher by calling for pitches and catching them, include:

Preventing wild pitches and avoidingpassed balls.Although the pitcher has a responsibility to throw with reasonable accuracy, catchers must be mobile enough to catch (or block) errant pitches. By doing so, a catcher prevents baserunners from advancing while the loose ball is retrieved. An errant pitch that eludes the catcher and allows a baserunner to take one or more additional bases is called awild pitch.(Techniques for blocking wild pitches are described in the previous section.) A pitched ball which would require only ordinary effort to be caught or blocked by the catcher—but is nonetheless misplayed, allowing a base runner to advance—is called a "passed ball".

Fielding highpop flies,often hit at unusual angles. In this case, the catcher must turn their back to the field in order to properly account for the spin of the ball, which often follows unpredictable paths.

Fielding catchable foul balls,in foul territory near the home plate.

Fielding weakly hit fairground balls(includingbunts)in front of home plate in order to throw to a base to complete agroundoutor afielder's choiceplay. The catcher must avoid hitting the batter-runner with the thrown ball, implying that they must move to a position in which they have a clear throw to the infielder at first base.

Main article:Blocking the plate

Guarding home plate on plays in which a baserunner attempts to score a run.The catcher is often obliged to catch a ball thrown from a fielder and totag outa runner arriving from third base. Naturally, the runner's objective, in this situation, is to elude the catcher's tag and touch the plate. Prior to 2014, the catcher's best strategy was to block the runner's path so as to prevent the runner from reaching the plate at all. Collisions between runners and catchers were common. Since the start of the 2014 season, a catcher may only obstruct a runner's path to home plate when he, the catcher, is in possession of the ball. Without the ball in hand, the catcher must allow the runner to score uncontested. If the catcher drops the ball while tagging the runner, the runner is safe. Although contact between a runner and a catcher was generally allowed in the major leagues until the beginning of the 2014 season, little league, high school, and college runners are encouraged or mandated to avoid significant contact.[19]

Preventingstolen basesby throwing tosecond baseorthird baseto allow aninfielderto tag abaserunnerattempting to reach the base. A catcher who is very good at preventing stolen bases is said to have a low stolen-base percentage. (A pitcher who is slow to deliver is often more at fault for stolen bases than the catcher is.) Ideally, a catcher should be able to get the ball from their glove to that of the player covering second base in under two seconds. This is referred to as a catcher's "pop time", the time elapsing between the popping sound of the pitch striking the catcher's mitt and the similar pop when the ball arrives at the glove of the fielder covering second base.

Rarely, a catcher can make a successfulpick-offthrow to a baseto surprise an inattentive or incautious baserunner. Especially at the higher levels of baseball (where this play almost never results in an out), the catcher's snap throws are mainly for psychological effect. If the runner knows that the catcher often attempts snap throws, the runner is likely to take a smaller lead from their base before each pitch, which will allow the infielders an extra fraction of a second to throw the runner out at the next base if they attempt to advance (as, for example, when aground ballis hit).Yadier Molinaof theSt. Louis Cardinalsand former MLB catcherIván Rodríguezare known for using pickoffs with success, particularly at first base.[20]Teams may sometimes call a deliberate play, thepitchout,wherein the pitcher intentionally throws the ball wide and high to the catcher, who comes out of their crouch to receive it and relays the ball quickly to a base to put a runner out.

Rarely, a catcher will run to first base or third base to participate inrundownplays at those bases.

In certain game situations, typically a ball batted to theshortstoporthird basemanwith no runners on base,the catcher may be expected to back-up first base in case the first baseman misses or mishandles a throw.

In certain game situations, when a runner is on first and the batter bunts the ball or hits the ball softly, which causes the third baseman to rush in to get the ball and throw to first base,the catcher must cover third base so that the runner from first base does not advance to third baseon the play and this then forces the third baseman to cover home plate.

Any failure by the catcher can have dire consequences for their team.Passed ballsare possible whenever one or more runners are on base. A failure to catch a ball thrown from the outfield on a play at home plate, or a failure to tag a runner, means that the defensive team fails to record an all-important out and, instead, it allows a run. On an attempt to prevent a stolen base, a catcher's bad throw might careen past the infielder and skip into theoutfield,allowing an additional advance by the baserunner.

Though not exactly a play,"psyching the batter"refers to a casual attempt by the catcher to distract the batter prior to the pitcher throwing the ball. As long as it does not fall in a lack of sportsmanship, such as offensiveness, and as long as the umpire permits it, the catcher may mention a specific throw or say something funny to try to distract the opponent to cause them to err.

Personal catcher

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Because of the close mental relationship and trust that a successful pitcher must have with his catcher, a number of catchers throughout history have become preferred by pitchers, to the point that the catcher will almost always (especially during the regular season) start along with the pitcher. The catcher is then informally referred to as that pitcher'spersonal catcher.[citation needed]

Naturally, the potential problem with this arrangement is that if the pitcher prefers to work with the team's backup catcher, then the regular catcher—presumably the better player—must be benched. However, because of the physically grueling nature of the position, many "regular" catchers are asked to either rest relatively frequently or play a different position such as first base ordesignated hitter.

Personal catchers are often used for pitchers who specialize in throwingknuckleballsbecause of the difficulty of catching such an inconsistent and erratic pitch.

Some personal catchers have included:

Injury

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The catcher is the most physically demanding position in baseball, more so than the pitcher. Despite being heavily padded, catchers routinely suffer some of the worst physical abuse in baseball. The catcher has the physically risky job ofblocking the plateto prevent base runners from reaching home and scoring runs. Catchers also constantly get bruised and battered by pitches,foul balls,and occasionally thebatin an undisciplined follow-through of the batter's swing.

1904 US Patent for Catcher Protective Equipment

Catchers also are prone to knee ailments stemming from the awkward crouching stance they assume. Because of this, catchers have a reputation for being slow baserunners (perhaps the most notable of whom isErnie Lombardi); even if they have speed at the beginning of their careers, the eventual toll taken on their knees slows them down, although there are some exceptions, such asManny SanguillénandJason Kendall.Some players who begin their career as catchers are moved to other positions in order to preserve their running speed, increase their availability for games (mainly catchers with either poor defensive skills, recurring injuries, or were blocked by the presence of a more talented catcher), and take advantage of their prowess with the bat. Prominent examples of catchers switching position (mainlyfirst base) in mid-career includeMike Napoli,Craig Biggio,B. J. Surhoff,Joe Torre,Víctor Martínez,Joe Mauer,Carlos Santana,Brandon Inge,andDale Murphy(although Murphy was also known as a poor thrower to the pitcher and to second base, nearly hitting pitchers in the process).[28]

As a result, catchers often have shorter careers than players at other positions; consequently, few catchers hold batting records that require many seasons of play to compile.Mike Piazzais the only catcher in history with more than 400 career home runs, and no catcher has amassed3,000 career hits(Iván Rodríguez leads all Major League catchers with 2,844 hits). Although 3,000 hit club member Craig Biggio played his first three full seasons as a catcher, he played his remaining sixteen seasons atsecond baseand in the outfield.

The larger or heavier the catcher, the greater the health risks associated with repeatedly assuming a crouching orsquatting position;knees and backs are especially vulnerable to "wear-and-tear" injuries. Catchers also have an increased risk ofcirculatoryabnormalities in the catching hand. A study of minor-league ballplayers showed that, of 36 players in various positions, all nine of the catchers had hand pain during a game, and several had chronic pain in the catching hand. Catching high-speed pitches can, in some cases, cause the index finger on the gloved hand to swell to twice the size of the other fingers.Ultrasoundandblood-pressuretests showed altered blood flow in the gloved hand of five of the catchers, a far higher incidence than in the hands of players at other baseball positions.[29]

Equipment

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A catcher in customarysquatting position(wearing a "hockey-style" mask) prepares to receive a pitch.

Catchers in baseball use the following equipment to help prevent injury while behind the plate:

  • Catcher's mask:To protect the face, much of the side of the head, and, often, part of the throat. In recent years, catchers have begun wearingmaskssimilar to those worn byice-hockeygoaltenders.The hockey-style mask typically includes a section which protects the top of the head; older-style masks are usually worn over a flap-lesshelmet(worn backwards and often with a trimmed bill) to provide similar protection to the skull. The older style masks are now banned by theNational Federation of State High School Associations.
  • Catcher's mitt:Catchers use mitts with extra padding to lower the impact of the ball on their hand. The catcher is the only player on the field who is allowed to use this type of mitt. (Thefirst basemanalso wears a mitt instead of a glove, but it is longer and not as heavily padded as a catcher's mitt.) SeeCatcher's mitt.
  • Leg guards:To protect the knees and legs from the impact of a ball that the catcher is unable to play cleanly. Less commonly called 'spike protectors', they are used to prevent injury caused by base-runners advancing home with 'spikes up', that is, with the intention of injuring or intimidating the catcher with their metal cleats. Most modern styles of shin guard also incorporate a flap that covers the top of the foot.
  • Chest protector:A piece of equipment, padded with rubber, plastic foam, or gel, that protects the catcher's body while blocking as well as from the impact of a pitch if they fail to catch it. Many modern chest protectors also have an extension to cover the shoulder of the non-throwing or "glove" hand.
  • Cup:Worn by a catcher under their uniform to mitigate the risk of serious injury when a batted or thrown ball strikes thegroin area.[30]
Vic Williswearing an old-fashioned catcher's mask.

Additionally, some catchers choose to use the following optional equipment:

  • Knee savers:Special pads filled with air or foam that attach to the straps of the shin guards, allowing cushion for the catcher when they are in the squatting position; they provide support for the knee ligaments which can, over time, stretch and tear.
  • Inner protective glove:A glove, normally abatting glove,that is worn inside of the mitt to help absorb the shock of the pitched ball striking the hand.
  • Throat protector:A hard-plastic plate which hangs from the bottom of the catcher's mask to protect the throat. Because a ball striking the throat may cave in the windpipe, throat protectors are required in almost all youth-baseball games, even at the high school level.
  • Thumb guard:A hard plastic guard that forms around the thumb to prevent it from being broken from a pitch from the pitcher. The thumb guard is located on the inside of the glove (if worn) and is usually very helpful in protection.

In addition to their protective equipment, a catcher usually also adopts practices that minimize the risk of injury. For instance, unlike fielders elsewhere on the field, a catcher tries, to the extent possible, to catch the ball with their gloved hand alone. An outfielder may catch a fly ball by covering the ball, once it strikes the pocket of their glove, with their bare hand in order to secure it. The catcher, however, tries to keep their bare hand, which is highly vulnerable to injury, out of harm's way by presenting the pitcher with a target (the large round glove) while hiding their unprotected throwing hand behind their back or ankle. By doing so, the bare hand cannot be struck by afoul tip.Many broken fingers, split fingernails, and grotesque dislocations are avoided by adherence to this simple expedient.

Given the physical punishment suffered by catchers, the pieces of equipment associated with the position are often referred to as "the tools of ignorance".This is an ironic expression; the catcher typically has the most thorough understanding of baseball tactics and strategies of any player on a team.[citation needed]

Catchers often experience knee tendinitis because of the constant squatting and bending of the knees while catching.

Hall of Fame catchers

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As of 2024, twenty men who played primarily as catchers have been inducted into theNational Baseball Hall of Fame,inCooperstown, New York.They are:

Catchers are also represented in a number of other Baseball Halls of Fame around the world, such as in theCanadian Baseball Hall of Fameor theJapanese Baseball Hall of Fame.[31]

See also

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Other sports

References

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  1. ^abcdAndriesen, David (November 2003).Catchers Are Baseball's Least Appreciated Players.Retrieved9 March2012.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  2. ^abDoyle, Al (June 1997).Never Underestimate A Good Defensive Catcher.Retrieved9 March2012.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  3. ^"This is each position's all-time hit king".MLB.com.
  4. ^Vass, George (May 2005).For Catchers, The Name of the Game is Defense.Retrieved9 March2012.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)[permanent dead link]
  5. ^ab"howstuffworks.com".Entertainment.howstuffworks.com.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  6. ^abcdefghijklmnopqrMorris, Peter (2010).Catcher: How the Man Behind the Plate Became an American Folk Hero.Government Institutes. p. 41.ISBN978-1-56663-870-8.Retrieved11 July2012.
  7. ^abcd"The Evolution of Catcher's Equipment".sabr.org.RetrievedMay 16,2018.
  8. ^Rawlings Sporting Goods Company (July 1963).Evolution of the Ball.Retrieved11 July2012.{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help)
  9. ^Appel, Marty.A Second Look at Hall of Famer Roger Bresnahan. Memories and Dreams(Vol. 33, No. 6; Winter 2011[-2012], p. 39).National Baseball Hall of Fameofficial magazine. "A pair of his shin guards is... part of the Hall of Fame's collection...."
  10. ^"MLB Rules"(PDF).(2011 ed.)
  11. ^"The Official Site of Major League Baseball: Official Rules".mlb.com.Retrieved13 July2012.
  12. ^Neel, Eric (2011-04-11)."Could One of These Guys be Your Team's Next Manager?".ESPN.RetrievedMarch 11,2012.
  13. ^Graff, Jesse (10 October 2017)."Everything We Know about Baseball Manicures and Nail Polish".Mel Magazine.Retrieved2022-07-08.
  14. ^"Top 10 Left-Handed Catchers for 2006 –The Hardball Times".Hardballtimes.com. 2006-04-06.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  15. ^"Encyclopedia of Baseball Catchers– Left-Handed Throwing Catchers ".Members.tripod.com.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  16. ^"Where are the lefty catchers?".Myespn.go.com. Archived fromthe originalon 2009-08-26.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  17. ^"Left-handed catchers".The New York Times.2009-08-16.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  18. ^Baseball Explained,by Phillip Mahony. McFarland Books, 2014. Seewww.baseballexplained.comArchivedAugust 13, 2014, at theWayback Machine
  19. ^Imber, Gil."MLB Rules Committee Approves HP Collision Ban".Close Call Sports/Umpire Ejection Fantasy League.Retrieved12 December2013.
  20. ^Bernie Bytes: Molina needs helpSt. Louis Post-Dispatch(September 24, 2010)
  21. ^"Tim McCarver Show – About Tim McCarver Baseball Career".Timmccarver.com.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  22. ^"Niekro finally flutters into Hall of Fame Braves knuckleballer's 15-year wait ends as he is only inducte".Baltimore Sun.1997-01-07.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  23. ^"Daily News America – Breaking national news, video, and photos".New York Daily News.2013-09-11.Retrieved2013-09-21.[dead link]
  24. ^Knox Bardeen (2009-07-17)."Greg Maddux Inducted Into Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame".Aolnews.com. Archived fromthe originalon 2013-09-25.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  25. ^"Doug Mirabelli Arrives in Police Car to Catch Tim Wakefield's First Pitch (Video) | Boston Red Sox".NESN. 2012-05-15.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  26. ^"George Kottaras catching on with Tim Wakefield".Boston Herald.March 20, 2009.RetrievedFebruary 18,2021.
  27. ^Kennedy, Brendan (September 4, 2016)."Blue Jays' Josh Thole and R.A. Dickey are brothers in arms".Toronto Star.RetrievedJune 6,2019.
  28. ^"Dale Murphy » – Biographies of famous people: Famous People biography Biography – World Famous Biographies- Biographies of famous people: Famous People biography".Profiles.incredible-people.com. 1956-03-12. Archived fromthe originalon 2007-08-19.Retrieved2013-09-21.
  29. ^Ginn,et al.,2005)
  30. ^"An Introduction and Overview of Catchers Gear".www.catchershome.com.2 October 2017.
  31. ^"Catchers in the Hall of Fame".CatchersHome.com.2017-10-24.Retrieved2017-11-05.
  • Ginn TA, Smith AM, Snyder JR, Koman LA, Smith BP, Rushing J (2005). "Vascular changes of the hand in professional baseball players with emphasis on digital ischemia in catchers".Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery.87(7): 1464–9.doi:10.2106/JBJS.D.02047.PMID15995112.
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