Central Kalapuya language

Central Kalapuyanwas aKalapuyanlanguage indigenous to the central and southernWillamette ValleyinOregonin theUnited States.It was spoken by various bands of theKalapuyapeoples who inhabited the valley up through the middle of the 19th century. The language is closely related toNorthern Kalapuya,spoken in theTualatinandYamhillvalleys. Dialects of Central Kalapuya that have been identified include:

• Ahantchuyuk dialect, spoken in the northeastern Willamette Valley along thePuddingandMolallarivers
• Santiam dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along the lowerSantiam River
• Luckiamute dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley along theLuckiamute River
• Chepenafa dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley alongMarys River
• Chemapho dialect, spoken in the central Willamette Valley alongMuddy Creek
• Chelamela dialect, spoken in the southwestern Willamette Valley along theLong Tom River
• Tsankupi dialect, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along theCalapooia River
• Winefelly-Mohawk dialects, spoken in the southeastern Willamette Valley along theMcKenzie,Mohawk,andCoast Fork Willametterivers

Central Kalapuya
Native to	United States
Region	NorthwestOregon
Extinct	c. 1954 with the death of John B. Hudson
Language family	Kalapuyan Central Kalapuya
Language codes
ISO 639-3	kyl
Glottolog	kala1400

Phonology

The phonology of the Santiam dialect, as described by Jacobs (1945) and analyzed by Banks (2007), is listed below.Banks notes that Jacobs' analysis does not rigorously account for allophonic variation, and that, according to Jacobs, there may have been some interchangeability between the velar and uvular series.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Alveolar			Palatal	Velar		Uvular		Glottal
			plain	sibilant	lateral		plain	lab.	plain	lab.	plain	lab.
Plosive/ Affricate	plain	p	t	ts		tʃ	k	kʷ	q	qʷ	ʔ
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	tsʰ		tʃʰ	kʰ	kʷʰ	qʰ	qʷʰ
	ejective	pʼ	tʼ	tsʼ		tʃʼ	kʼ	kʷʼ	qʼ	qʷʼ
Nasal		m	n				ŋ
Fricative		ɸ		s	ɬ	ʃ	x		χ		h	hʷ
Approximant					l	j		w

The nasals[m]and[n]likely had syllabic forms:[m̩]and[n̩].Jacobs possibly notes that the plosives also have voiced allophones, as[b],[d],[ɡ],[ɡʷ],[ɢ],and[ɢʷ].Banks also notes that /h/, /hʷ/, /dz/, /dʒ/, and /ɸʷ/ may have been allophones.

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Open-mid	æ~ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Santiam Kalapuya had three diphthongs: [ai], [au], and [ui]. Vowel length may have been phonemic, /ɔ/ may have been an allophone of /u/.

External links

• The Verbal Morphology of Santiam Kalapuya(Northwest Journal of Linguistics)