Wikipedia

Cessna O-1 Bird Dog

TheCessna O-1 Bird Dogis aliaisonand observation aircraft that first flew on December 14, 1949, and entered service in 1950 as the L-19 in theKorean War.It went to serve in many branches of the U.S. Armed Forces, was not retired until the 1970s in a number of variants, and also served in theVietnam War.It was also called the OE-1 and OE-2 in Navy service, flying with the Marine Corps, and in the 1960s it was re-designated the O-1. It remains a civilian-flownwarbirdaircraft, and there are examples in aviation museums. It was the first all-metal fixed-wingaircraftordered for and by theUnited States Armyfollowing theArmy Air Forces' separation from it in 1947. The Bird Dog had a lengthy career in the U.S. military as well as in other countries, with over 3400 produced.

O-1 Bird Dog
L-19 / OE
An O-1A Bird Dog
General information
TypeObservation aircraft
National originUnited States
ManufacturerCessna
StatusActive aswarbirdsand with civilian pilots
Primary usersUnited States Army
Number built3,431
History
Manufactured1950-1959
Introduction date1950
First flight14 December 1949
Retired1974 (U.S.)
Developed fromCessna 170
VariantsCessna 308
Developed intoSIAI-Marchetti SM.1019

It was further developed into a turboprop-powered version in the 1970s, theSIAI-Marchetti SM.1019.An experimental variant was theCessna 308,a one-off to explore the possibility of a 4-person liaison version.

Design and development

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Cessna XL-19C Bird Dog

The U.S. Army was searching for an aircraft that could fly over enemy locations to collect information related toartilleryfire target locations and distances, as well as performliaisonduties, and preferably be constructed of all metal, as the fabric-covered liaison aircraft used duringWorld War II(primarilyStinsonandPiperproducts) had short service lives. After the specification for a two-seat liaison and observation monoplane was issued, theCessna Aircraft Companysubmitted theCessna Model 305A,a development of theCessna 170.The Cessna 305A was a single-engine, lightweight, strut-braced, high-wing monoplane with atailwheellanding gear.

The greatest difference from the Cessna 170 was that the 305A had only two seats intandemconfiguration (the largest tandem-seat aircraft Cessna ever produced), with angled side windows to improve ground observation. Other differences included a redesigned rear fuselage, providing a view directly to the rear (a feature later dubbed "Omni-View", carried over to Cessna single-engine aircraft after 1964), and transparent panels in the wings' center-section over the cockpit (similar to those found on theCessna 140and the laterCessna 150Aerobatmodel), which allowed the pilot to look directly overhead. A wider door was fitted to allow a stretcher to be loaded.[citation needed]

The Army held a competition in April 1950 for the contract, with contenders from Cessna, Piper, Taylorcraft, and Temco;Cessna's entry was selected for service.[1]

The U.S. Army awarded a contract to Cessna for 418 of the aircraft, which was designated theL-19A Bird Dog.The prototypeCessna 305(registration N41694) first flew on 14 December 1949, and it now resides in theSpirit of Flight Centerin Erie, Colorado. Deliveries began in December 1950, and the aircraft were soon in use fighting their first war in Korea from 1950 through 1953. An instrument trainer variant was developed in 1953, later versions hadconstant speed propellers,and the final version, theL-19E,had a larger gross weight.

Around 1950,U.S. Air Force(USAF) orders for sixty L-19A aircraft were diverted to theUnited States Marine Corps(USMC), which designated itOE-1under the1922 United States Navy aircraft designation system,took delivery from 1951 to 1953, and deployed the aircraft in Korea.[2][3]In 1959, two L-19E aircraft transferred from the U.S. Army to the USMC were also designated OE-1.[3][4]The USMC issued a requirement for a larger and faster version, prompting Cessna to adaptCessna 180wings and a more powerful 260 hp (190 kW)Continental O-470-2engine to the aircraft, which was designatedOE-2;27 of these improved aircraft were delivered, but the sharp price increase dissuaded the USMC from future orders.[3][4][5]

Cessna produced 3,431 aircraft;[6]it was also built under license byFujiinJapan.[7]Initially, 2486 were produced between 1950 thru 1954, and an additional 945 produced through 1958, and 60 more were produced in Japan.[8]

The L-19 received the nameBird Dogas a result of a contest held with Cessna employees to name the aircraft. The winning entry, submitted by Jack A. Swayze, an industrial photographer, was selected by a U.S. Army board.[9]The name was chosen because the role of the army's new aircraft was to find the enemy and orbit overhead until artillery (or attack aircraft) could be brought to bear on the enemy. While flying low and close to the battlefield, the pilot would observe the exploding shells and adjust the fire via his radios, in the manner of a bird dog (gun dog) used by gamehunters.[citation needed]

Operational history

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USMC OE-1s of VMO-6 during the winter of 1951/52 in Korea

Military service

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An Austrian Luftwaffe L-19 shown here in 1997;it was retired the next year

TheUnited States Department of Defense(DOD) ordered 3,200 L-19s that were built between 1950 and 1959, entering both the U.S. Army and Marine Corps inventories. The aircraft were used in various utility roles such as artillery spotting, front-line communications,medevac,and training.

In U.S. service, the L-19 replaced thePiper L–4 GrasshoppersandStinson L–5 Sentinels.[1]

With the adoption of the1962 United States Tri-Service aircraft designation system,the Army L-19 and Marine Corps OE were redesignated as the O-1 Bird Dog, and soon entered theVietnam War.During the early 1960s, the Bird Dog was flown by theRepublic of Vietnam Air Force(RVNAF), U.S. Army, and U.S. Marines in South Vietnam and later by clandestine forward air controllers (e.g.,Ravens) in Laos and Cambodia. Because of its short takeoff and landing (STOL) and low altitude/low airspeed capabilities, the O-1 also later found its way into USAF service as aForward Air Controller(FAC) aircraft for vectoring faster fighter and attack aircraft and supporting combat search-and-rescue operations recovering downed aircrews.

During the Vietnam War, the Bird Dog was used primarily for reconnaissance, target acquisition, artillery adjustment, radio relay, convoy escort, and the forward air control of tactical aircraft, including bombers operating in a tactical role.

Supplementing the O-1, then gradually replacing it, the USAF switched to theCessna O-2 SkymasterandNorth American OV-10 Bronco,while the U.S. Marine Corps took delivery of the OV-10 to replace their aging O-1s. Both were faster twin-engine aircraft, with the OV-10 being aturbopropaircraft. Still, the U.S. Army retained the Bird Dog throughout the war, with up to 11 Reconnaissance Airplane Companies (RACs) deployed to cover all of South Vietnam, theVietnamese Demilitarized Zone(DMZ), and the southern edge of North Vietnam. Its quieter noise footprint, lower speed, tighter maneuverability, short runway ability, and better visibility (even to the rear) kept it highly valued by the ground units it supported and highly feared by enemy units it flew over. The last U.S. Army O-1 Bird Dog was officially retired in 1974.

A U.S. Army L-19 (O-1) of the 21st Reconnaissance Airplane Company (RAC), with a fuel tanker atLZ Baldy,near Hoi An, the Republic of Vietnam, late 1967 or early 1968

During the Vietnam War, 469 O-1 Bird Dogs were lost to all causes. The USAF lost 178, the USMC lost 7, and 284 were lost from the U.S. Army, RVNAF, and clandestine operators. Three Bird Dogs were lost to enemy hand-held surface-to-air missiles (SAMs).[10]

Two O-1 Bird Dogs were loaned to theAustralian Army's161 Reconnaissance Flightoperating out ofNui DatinPhuoc Tuy Province.One was lost to ground fire in May 1968, killing 161's commanding officer. Another Bird Dog was built by this unit's maintenance crew, using aircraft sections salvaged from dumps around Vietnam. It was test-flown and later smuggled back to Australia in pieces, contained in crates marked as "aircraft spares". This aircraft now resides in the Museum of Army Flying at the Army Aviation Center atOakey,Queensland.[11]

As the USAF phased out the O-1 in favor of the O-2 and OV-10, many O-1s in the United States were sold as surplus. During the 1970s and 1980s,Ector Aircraftremanufactured many as theEctor Mountaineerwith their original powerplants and as theEctor Super Mountaineerwith theLycoming O-540-A4B5.

In United States Service, it was mostly replaced by the O-2 Skymaster and OV-10 Bronco, although it lingered in many roles due to unique advantages.[8]

Civil Air Patrol service

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In the early 1970s, as theO-2 SkymasterandOV-10 Broncoreplaced the O-1 in frontline USAF service, several former USAF O-1s were turned over to the USAF's civilian auxiliary, theCivil Air Patrol(CAP), for duties such as aerial search in support of domestic search and rescue (SAR) operations. However, since very few CAP pilots had prior training and experience as professional military aviators and/or significant experience with tailwheel aircraft, many CAP O-1 aircraft were damaged in ground loops and other takeoff, landing, or taxiing mishaps.

To reduce both risk and repair costs, the USAF directed CAP that all O-1 aircraft in CAP service be eventually replaced for safety reasons by single-engine tricycle-gear civilian Cessnas common to general aviation, primarilyCessna 172andCessna 182aircraft. The only O-1 remaining in the CAP inventory is a permanent static display aircraft on a pylon in front of CAP Headquarters atMaxwell Air Force Base,Alabama.

Civilian use

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A civilian L-19 used to launch gliders (shown in 2021)
Cockpit of O-1A Bird Dog (2011)

Many former USAF and former CAP O-1 and L-19 aircraft were sold to private owners as recreational aircraft, and others went togliderclubs in the U.S. as a reliable and robust vehicle to tow gliders into the air. As with most aircraft used for glider towing, the aircraft has also been outfitted with mirrors mounted to the struts. Others went to museums, where they are usually displayed in their military combat markings.

In Canada, theRoyal Canadian Air Cadetsuse former CAF L-19 aircraft equipped with a towing rig to tow theirSchweizer 2-33A[12]gliders for the Air Cadet gliding program.[13]These particular L-19 variants are used in the Atlantic, Eastern, and Pacific regions. They have been modified for noise reduction using a smaller-diameter, four-blade Hoffman composite propeller in all regions except the Pacific Region and exhaust modification. The fuel delivery system has also been modified from the original design, placing the fuel selector valve closer to the pilot. The L-19/O-1 is a popular warbird with private pilots.

In the U.S., the Franconia Soaring Association in Franconia, N.H., uses an O-1, tail number N4796G, to tow its gliders, including Schweizer SGS 1-26 gliders and Grob G103 Twin Astir and Pilatus B4-PC11 sailplanes, as of July 2012.[14]

As of June 2009, more than 330 were registered with the USFederal Aviation Administration.Others are owned and operated outside the U.S. by individuals and flying organizations.

Notable flights

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Major Bung of theRepublic of Vietnam Air Forcelands his O-1 aboard USSMidwayduringOperation Frequent Wind,1975

American television personality and actorEd McMahonwas a Marine Corps aviator who piloted an OE during the Korean War, flying 85 combat missions and earning sixAir Medalsin 1953.[15]

Captain Sidney Harrison, U.S. Army, a decorated veteran of World War II and theKorean War,crashed his Cessna O-1 on a flight from Wichita, Kansas, to Buckley Air Force Base, Colorado, in 1952. The wreckage is still in the woods above Palmer Lake, Colorado, and can be reached by an 11.1-mile (17.9 km) hike.[16]

CaptainHilliard A. Wilbanks,USAF,posthumouslyreceived theMedal of Honorfor sacrificing his life on February 24, 1967, while supporting anARVN Ranger BattalionatDi Linh,nearDa Lat,South Vietnam.After knowing their ambush had been compromised and fighter support would soon come, the Viet Cong charged into the Rangers. Trying to slow them down, Wilbanks shot the rest of his phosphorus rockets at the enemy. After he ran out of rockets, he made strafing passes, firing hisM16 riflefrom the side window of the plane. After the third pass, he was wounded and crashed, and died while being evacuated by helicopter.[citation needed]

On 29 April 1975, the day before thefall of Saigonduring the Vietnam War, Republic of Vietnam Air Force Major Bung-Ly loaded his wife and five children into a two-seat Cessna O-1 Bird Dog and took off fromCon SonIsland. After evading enemy ground fire, Major Bung-Ly headed out to sea and spotted the aircraft carrierMidway.With only an hour of fuel remaining, he dropped a note[17]asking that the deck be cleared so he could land.[18]As there was no other way to make room,Midway's commanding officer, Captain (later Rear Admiral)Lawrence Chambers,ordered US$10 million worth of South VietnameseBell UH-1 Iroquois( "Huey" ) helicopters to be pushed overboard into theSouth China Sea.The Bird Dog that Major Bung-Ly landed aboardMidwayis now on display at theNational Naval Aviation MuseumatNaval Air Station Pensacola,Florida.[19]A similar aircraft was restored in the markings of the aircraft flown by Major Bung-Ly for an exhibit at theUSSMidwayMuseuminSan Diego, California.[20]

Variants

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An O-1A Bird Dog on display at theSteven F. Udvar-Hazy Centerin Chantilly, Virginia
USAF O-1F on display at theRAAF Museum
O-1G Bird Dog (305D)
A US O-1F taking off in 1968
L-19A (Cessna 305A)
Initial production version forUnited States Armywith 213 hp (159 kW)Continental O-470-11, redesignated O-1A in 1962.[21]2,486 built
L-19-IT
L-19A converted to instrument trained. 66 converted.[22]
TL-19A
L-19As converted to dual control trainers, redesignated TO-1A in 1962.[22]
XL-19B
L-19A with a 210 shp (160 kW)Boeing XT-50-BO-1turbopropengine, one built.[23]
XL-19C
L-19A with a 210 shp (160 kW)Continental CAE XT51-T-1turboprop engine, two built.[23]
TL-19D (Cessna 305B)
Instrument trainer with dual controls and powered by 210 hp (160 kW) Continental O-470-15, redesignated TO-1D in 1962. 310 built.[23]
L-19E (Cessna 305C)
Improved version with strengthened airframe and powered by Continental O-470-15, became O-1E in 1962.[24]469 built
L-19L (Cessna 182D)
Military variant of theCessna 182Dfor theCanadian Army.Four built, all nearly identical to the civilian 182D.[25]
OE-1
60 L-19As and two L-19Es delivered to USMC, redesignated O-1B in 1962.[2][3][4]
OE-2 (Cessna 321)
Redesigned version for USMC with Cessna 180 wings, 260 hp (190 kW) Continental O-470-2 and modified fuselage, became O-1C in 1962, 27 built.[3][4][5]
O-1A
L-19A redesignated in 1962[22]
TO-1A
Redesignation of TL-19A[26]
O-1B
OE-1 redesignated in 1962.
O-1C
OE-2 redesignated in 1962
O-1D
A number of TO-1Ds converted for forward air controller duties with theUSAF.
TO-1D
TL-19D redesignated in 1962.[23]
O-1E
L-19E redesignated in 1962.[23]
O-1F (Cessna 305E)
Forward Air Controller conversions of the O-1D for the USAF
O-1G (Cessna 305D)
Forward Air Controller conversions of the O-1A for the USAF
CO-119
SIAI-Marchetti SM.1019
Turboprop variant for the Italian Army
Cessna 325
Agricultural variant of the Model 305 with spraybars and a hopper in an enclosed rear cockpit, four built


Operators

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The Australian Army's sole L-19A was 51-4883Bunny 2,acquired and operated unofficially in Vietnam, is displayed at the Australian Army Aviation Museum, Oakey (2007)
This L-19E was used by the Royal Canadian Air Cadets in the Atlantic region of Canada, with four-blade propeller and exhaust modifications visible
ROCMC OE-1 in the Museum ofRepublic of China Marine Corps
Forward Air Controller O-1E "Bird Dog" in reconnaissance near Special Forces camp in Vietnam
A Bird-Dog preserved atIncheon, South Korea
Cockpit of an O-1 at aviation museum

These are mostly historical (not current) list of operators:

Australia
  • Australian Army– 161 Recce Flight operated 2 aircraft during theVietnam War.One was shot down on 23 May 1968, killing the flight's commanding officer, Major George Constable. The aircraft was replaced and continued in service until 161 withdrew from Vietnam. A second plane, Bunny 2, was assembled from pieces scrounged by unit members, flown then disassembled and smuggled back to Australia as "spare parts" where it was assembled and flown.
Austria
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
Chile
France
Indonesia
Iraq
Italy
Japan
Kingdom of Laos
Malta
North Korea
Norway
Pakistan
Philippines
South Korea
South Vietnam
Spain
Saudi Arabia
Taiwan
Thailand
Turkey
United States
Vietnam

Specifications (O-1E)

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3-view line drawing of the Cessna O-1C Bird Dog

Data fromJane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63[45]

General characteristics

  • Crew:one/two
  • Length:25 ft 10 in (7.87 m)
  • Wingspan:36 ft 0 in (10.97 m)
  • Height:7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)
  • Wing area:174 sq ft (16.2 m2)[46]
  • Empty weight:1,614 lb (732 kg)
  • Max takeoff weight:2,430 lb (1,102 kg)
  • Fuel capacity:41 US gal (34 imp gal; 160 L)
  • Powerplant:1 ×Continental O-470-11air-cooledflat-six,213 hp (159 kW)

Performance

  • Maximum speed:115 mph (185 km/h, 100 kn)
  • Cruise speed:104 mph (167 km/h, 90 kn) at 5,000 ft (1,500 m)
  • Range:530 mi (850 km, 460 nmi)
  • Service ceiling:18,500 ft (5,600 m)
  • Absolute ceiling:24,800 ft (7,600 m)
  • Rate of climb:1,150 ft/min (5.8 m/s)
  • Take-off distance to 50 ft (15 m):560 ft (170 m)
  • Landing distance from 50 ft (15 m):600 ft (180 m)

See also

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Related development

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

References

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Notes

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  1. ^ab"Cessna L-19 Bird Dog: A soldier's best friend".www.aopa.org.6 January 2011.Retrieved5 December2023.
  2. ^abBaugher, Joe (6 May 2023)."US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (130265 to 135773)".joebaugher.com.Retrieved20 May2023.
  3. ^abcdeSwanborough & Bowers 1976,p. 419.
  4. ^abcdBaugher, Joe (10 March 2023)."US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (140053 to 145061)".joebaugher.com.Retrieved20 May2023.
  5. ^abBaugher, Joe (21 April 2023)."US Navy and US Marine Corps BuNos, Third Series (145062 to 150138)".joebaugher.com.Retrieved20 May2023.
  6. ^Darling 1993,p. 551.
  7. ^Darling 1993,p. 554.
  8. ^ab"Tinker History: Cessna L-19 Bird Dog aircraft profile".Tinker Air Force Base.4 December 2017.Retrieved30 November2023.
  9. ^Thompson, Minard "Naming the Bird DogArchived2016-03-04 at theWayback Machine".International Bird Dog Association (Retrieved 13 August 2015)
  10. ^Page 46: Hobson, Chris.Vietnam Air Losses, USAF, NAVY, and Marine Corps Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia 1961-1973.Hinckley UK: Midland Press, 2001.ISBN1-85780-115-6.
  11. ^"Bunny II".www.161recceflt.org.au.Archivedfrom the original on 13 March 2018.Retrieved5 May2018.
  12. ^"Gliding program."Archived8 December 2006 at theWayback MachineAir Cadets.Retrieved: 7 June 2012.
  13. ^"Gliding: gliders."Archived13 July 2006 at theWayback MachineAir Cadets.Retrieved: 7 June 2012.
  14. ^"Blast".Blast.Archived fromthe originalon 14 March 2013.Retrieved5 May2018.
  15. ^Military.com "Famous Veteran: Ed McMahonArchived2015-08-22 at theWayback Machine"Paragraph 3. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  16. ^""Harrison Crash Site via Ice Cave"".Archivedfrom the original on 19 January 2019.Retrieved8 July2019.
  17. ^"Permission to land"Archived2016-04-28 at theWayback Machine,Letters of Note
  18. ^Heilbrunn, Sharon."USS Midway Air Boss Remembers Heroic Bird Dog Airplane Rescue."Archived2011-04-12 at theWayback Machinekpbs.org,25 April 2010.
  19. ^Watter, Steve."Clear the Decks."Archived2008-05-06 at theWayback MachineFocus on the Family,2004. Retrieved: 9 July 2008.
  20. ^"Hangar deck exhibits".USS Midway Museum.Retrieved24 April2022.
  21. ^Harding 1990, pp. 77, 80
  22. ^abcHarding 1990, p. 77
  23. ^abcdeHarding 1990, p. 78
  24. ^Harding 1990, pp. 78, 80
  25. ^Phillips, Edward H:Wings of Cessna, Model 120 to the Citation III,Flying Books, 1986.ISBN0-911139-05-2
  26. ^Adcock 1988, p. 7
  27. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 169.
  28. ^abcdDarling 1993,p. 564.
  29. ^abWheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 171.
  30. ^"The Air Cadet Story, Part 4".Air Cadet League of Canada. Archived fromthe originalon 7 January 2016.Retrieved30 December2015.
  31. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 174.
  32. ^Sipos, Milos; Cooper, Tom (2020).Wings of Iraq, Volume 1: The Iraqi Air Force, 1931-1970.Warwick, UK: Helion & Company Publishing. p. 42.ISBN978-1-913118-74-7.
  33. ^abWheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 178.
  34. ^Nalty, Neufeld and Watson,An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam(1982), pp. 46–49.
  35. ^Brooks, Robin. "Island Air Arm".Air Pictorial,Vol. 57, No. 6. June 1995. pp. 268–269.
  36. ^"Cessna L-19 Bird Dog".Aeroflight.9 April 2016.
  37. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 181.
  38. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 182.
  39. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 179.
  40. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 190.
  41. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 185.
  42. ^WheelerFlight International15 August 1974, p. 186.
  43. ^abcWorld Air Forces – Historical Listings Thailand (THL),archived fromthe originalon 25 January 2012,retrieved30 August2012
  44. ^Darling 1993,p. 563.
  45. ^Taylor 1962, pp. 192–193
  46. ^Harding 1990, p. 80.

Bibliography

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  • Adcock, Al.0-1 Bird Dog. (Aircraft Number 87).Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc., 1988.ISBN0-89747-206-3.
  • Bernard C. Nalty, Jacob Neufeld and George M. Watson,An Illustrated Guide to the Air War over Vietnam,Salamander Books Ltd, London 1982.ISBN978-0668053464
  • Darling, Kev (5–18 November 1993). "Cessna's Prolific Bird Dog".Aviation News.Vol. 22, no. 12. pp. 550–556.
  • Green, William and Gerald Pollinger.The Aircraft of the World.London: Macdonald, 1955.
  • Harding, Stephen.U.S. Army Aircraft Since 1947.Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1990.ISBN1-85310-102-8.
  • Robbins, Christopher.The Ravens: The Men Who Flew in the Secret War in Laos.New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987.ISBN978-0-517-56612-1.
  • Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter M. (1976).United States Navy Aircraft since 1911(2nd ed.). Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press.ISBN0-87021-968-5..
  • Taylor, John W. R.Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1962–63.London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company Ltd, 1962.
  • Wheeler, Barry C."World Air Forces 1974".Flight International,15 August 1974, Vol. 106, No. 3414. pp. 167–190.
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