Palace of Fontainebleau

Palace of Fontainebleau(/ˈfɒntɪnbloʊ/FON-tin-bloh,USalso/-bluː/-⁠bloo;French:Château de Fontainebleau[ʃɑtod(ə)fɔ̃tɛnblo]), located 55 kilometers (34 miles) southeast of the center ofParis,in the commune ofFontainebleau,is one of the largest French royalchâteaux.It served as a hunting lodge and summer residence for many of theFrench monarchs,includingLouis VII,Francis I,Henry II,Louis-Philippe,Napoleon I,andNapoleon III.Though the monarchs only resided there for a few months of the year, they gradually transformed it into a genuine palace, filled with art and decoration.It became a national museum in 1927 and was designated aUNESCOWorld Heritage Sitein 1981 for its unique architecture and historical importance.

Palace of Fontainebleau
Château de Fontainebleau
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Location	Fontainebleau,Seine-et-Marne,France
Coordinates	48°24′8″N2°42′2″E
UNESCO World Heritage Site
Official name	Palace and Park of Fontainebleau
Type	Cultural
Criteria	ii, vi
Designated	1981(5thsession)
Reference no.	160
UNESCO Region	Europe and North America

History

Name

Fontaine Belle-Eau, the spring which gave its name to Fontainebleau

"Fontainebleau" took its name from the "Fontaine Belle-Eau", a natural fresh water spring located in the English garden not far from the château. The name means "Spring of beautiful water". In the 19th century the spring was rebuilt with an octagonal stone basin, as it appears today.

Hunting Lodge and castle (12th century)

The earliest reference to a royal residence at Fontainebleau dates to 1137 under KingLouis VII the Younger,but it had probably been built earlier, during the reign ofPhilip I of France(1060 to 1108), when theGâtinaisregion was annexed from theDuchy of Burgundy.It became a favorite summer residence and hunting lodge of the kings of France because of the abundant game and many springs in the surrounding forest.

The first chateau was a square "donjon" orkeep,a fortified tower surrounded by a wall. It was three stories high, and occupied an area of about fifty square meters. The lower walls were three meters wide while the upper walls were a meter wide, made of stone, had windows facing north and south and were topped by a wooden palisade. The King resided on the middle level. The original tower, rebuilt to fit the later styles, is still part of the Oval Court.

Louis VIIbuilt a chapel which was consecrated in 1169 byThomas Becket,the English priest in exile in France because of this disagreements with KingHenry II of England.He also sponsored the construction of a monastery of theTrinitarians,amendicant orderof monks, close to the castle

Francis I and The first School of Fontainbleau (1528–1547)

The modest medieval castle remained until the reign ofFrancis I of France(1494–1547). The King commissioned the architectGilles Le Bretonto build a new palace in the Renaissance style. Le Breton created the Cour Ovale, or oval courtyard, He preserved the original medieval keep on one side, but added a monumental new building, the Porte Dorée or Golden Gate, in the Italian Renaissance style, as the main entry of the palace, On the north side he built another building with a Renaissance stairway, the Portique de Serlio, which gave access the royal apartments.

Beginning in about 1528, Francis constructed theGalerie François I,which allowed him to pass directly from his apartments to the chapel of the Trinitarians. He brought the architectSebastiano Serliofrom Italy, and the Florentine painter Giovanni Battista di Jacopo, known asRosso Fiorentino,to decorate the new gallery. Between 1533 and 1539 Rosso Fiorentino filled the gallery with murals glorifying the king, framed instuccoornament in high relief, andlambrissculpted by the furniture makerFrancesco Scibec da Carpi.Another Italian painter,Francesco Primaticciofrom Bologna ( "Primatice" to the French), joined later in the decoration of the gallery. Their elaborate mixture of painting and sculpture became known as the firstSchool of Fontainebleau,which helped launch theFrench Renaissance.The emblem of Francis I, asalamandersurrounded by flames, is found alongside each painting he commissioned in the Grand Gallery.

In about 1540, Francis began another major addition to the château. Using land on the east side of the château purchased from the order of the Trinitarians, he began to build a new square of buildings around a large courtyard. It was enclosed on the north by the wing of the Ministers, on the east by the wing of Ferrare, and on the south by a wing containing the new gallery of Ulysses. The château was surrounded by a new park in the style of theItalian Renaissance garden,with pavilions and the firstgrottoin France.Francesco Primaticciocreated more monumental murals for the gallery of Ulysses.

Henry II and Catherine de' Medici (1547–1570)

The original horseshoe staircase byPhilibert de l'Ormein the Courtyard of Cheval Blanc (1559)

Following the death of Francis I,King Henry IIcontinued to expand the chateau. The King and his wife,Catherine de' Medici,chose the architectsPhilibert de l'OrmeandJean Bullantto do the work. They extended the east wing of the lower court and decorated it with a horseshoe-shaped staircase, which was later enlarged, and became a symbol of the château.

Their major project was the Oval Court, which was designed to be the entrance to the new royal apartments. They transformed theloggiaoriginally planned by Francis I into a Salle des Fêtes, or grand ballroom, with a coffered ceiling. Facing the courtyard of the fountain and the fish pond.

The decoration of the new ballroom featured murals byFrancesco Primaticcio,surrounded by elaborate stucco sculpture. A new generation of artists joined the work, including theManneristspainters Primaticcio andNiccolò dell'Abbate.It was also the birthplace ofFrancis II,Henry II's firstborn son.

Following the death of Henry II in a jousting accident, his widow,Catherine de' Medici,took over the project, which she carried out through the reigns of her three sons, Francis II,Charles IX,andHenry III.She named Primaticcio as the new superintendent of royal public works. He designed the section known today as the wing of the Belle Cheminée, noted for its elaborate chimneys and its two opposing stairways. In 1565, as a security measure due to theWars of Religion,she also had a moat dug around the château to protect it against attack.

Henry IV (1570–1610)

KingHenry IVmade more additions to the château than any king since Francis I. He extended the oval court toward the west by building two pavilions, called Tiber and Luxembourg. Between 1601 and 1606, he remade all the façades around the courtyard, including that of the chapel of Saint-Saturnin, to give the architecture greater harmony. On the east side, he built a new monumental domed gateway, the Porte du Baptistère. Between 1606 and 1609, he built a new courtyard, the Cour des Offices or Quartier Henry IV, to provide a place for the kitchens and residences for court officials. Two new galleries, the Gallery of Diana and the Gallery of Deer, were built to enclose the old garden ofDiana.He also added a largejeu de paume,or indoor tennis court, the largest such court existing in the world.

A secondSchool of Fontainebleaugroup of painters and decorators went to work on the interiors. The architectMartin Fréminetcreated the ornate chapel of the Trinity, while the paintersAmbroise DuboisandToussaint Dubreuilcreated a series of heroic paintings for the salons. A new wing, named for its central building, La Belle Cheminée, was built next to the large fish pond.

Henry IV also devoted great attention to the park and gardens around the chateau. The garden of the Queen or garden of Diana, created by Catherine de' Medici, with the fountain of Diane in the center, was located on the north side of the palace. Henry IV's gardener,Claude Mollet,trained atChâteau d'Anet,created a large parterre of flower beds, decorated with ancient statues and separated by paths into large squares. The fountain of Diana and the grotto were made byTommaso Francini,who may also have designed theMedici Fountainin theLuxembourg GardenforMarie de' Medici.On the south side, Henry created a park, planted with pines, elms and fruit trees, and laid out a grand canal 1200 meters long, sixty years beforeLouis XIVbuilt his own grand canal atVersailles.

Louis XIII to Louis XVI (17th-18th century)

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  Fountain and garden behind the château (about 1680)
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  Louis XIV hunting near the Palace of Fontainebleau. Painting by Pierre-Denis Martin (1718-1723)
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  Court of Fountains (1755)

KingLouis XIII,who had been born and baptized in the château, continued the works begun by his father. He completed the decoration of the chapel of the Trinity, and assigned the court architectJean Androuet du Cerceauto reconstruct the horseshoe stairway earlier designed by Philibert Delorme on the courtyard that had become known as the Cour de Cheval Blanc. After his death, his widow,Anne of Austria,redecorated the apartments within the Wing of the Queen Mothers (Aile des Reines Mères) next to the Court of the Fountain, designed by Primatrice.

KingLouis XIVspent more days at Fontainebleau than any other monarch; he liked to hunt there every year at the end of summer and the beginning of autumn. He made few changes to the exterior of the château, but did build a new apartment for his companionMadame de Maintenon,furnished it with some major works ofAndré-Charles Boulleand demolished the old apartments of the baths under the Gallery of Francis I to create new apartments for the royal princes, and he made some modifications to the apartments of the King. The architectJules Hardouin-Mansartbuilt a new wing alongside the Gallery of Deer and the Gallery of Diana to provide more living space for the Court. He did make major changes in the park and gardens; he commissionedAndré Le NôtreandLouis Le Vauto redesign the large parterre into aFrench formal garden.He removed the hanging garden which Henry IV had built next to the large fish pond, and instead built a pavilion, designed by Le Vau, on a small island in the center of the pond.

Louis XIV welcomed many foreign guests there, including the former QueenChristina of Sweden,who had just abdicated her crown. While a guest in the château on 10 November 1657, Christina suspected herMaster of the Horseand reputed lover, the MarcheseGian Rinaldo Monaldeschi,of betraying her secrets to her enemies. Her servants chased him through the halls of the château and stabbed him to death. Louis XIV came to see her at the château, did not mention the murder, and allowed her to continue her travels.

On May 19–20, 1717, during theRegencyfollowing the death of Louis XIV, the Russian TsarPeter the Greatwas a guest at Fontainebleau. A hunt for stags was organized for him, and a banquet. Officially the visit was a great success, but in the memoirs published later by members of the delegation, it appears that Peter disliked the French style of hunting, and that he found the château too small, compared with the other royal French residences. The routine of Fontainebleau also did not suit his tastes; he preferred beer to wine (and brought his own supply with him) and he liked to get up early, unlike the French Court.

The renovation projects ofLouis XVwere more ambitious than those of Louis XIV. To create more lodging for his enormous number of courtiers, in 1737–38 the King built a new courtyard, called the Cour de la Conciergerie or the Cour des Princes, to the east of the Gallery of Deer. On the Cour du Cheval Blanc, the wing of the Gallery of Ulysses was torn down and gradually replaced by a new brick and stone building, built in stages in 1738–1741 and 1773–74, extending west toward the Pavilion and grotto of the pines.

Between 1750 and 1754, the King commissioned the architectAnge-Jacques Gabriel,who had designed thePlace de la ConcordeandPetit Trianonto build a new wing along the Cour de la Fontaine and the carp pond. The old Pavilion des Poeles was demolished and replaced by the Gros Pavilion, built of cream-colored stone. Lavish new apartments were created inside this building for the King and the Queen. The new meeting room for theRoyal Councilwas decorated by the leading painters of the day, includingFrançois Boucher,Charles-André van Loo,Jean-Baptiste Marie PierreandAlexis Peyrotte.A magnificent small theater was created on the first floor of the wing of the Belle Cheminée.

KingLouis XVIalso made additions to the château to create more space for his courtiers. A new building was constructed alongside the Gallery of Francis I; it created a large new apartment on the first floor, and a number of small apartments on the ground floor, but also blocked the windows on the north side of the Gallery of Francis I. The apartments of QueenMarie Antoinettewere redone, a Turkish-style salon was created for her in 1777, a room for games in 1786–1787, and aboudoirin thearabesquestyle. Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette made their last visit to Fontainebleau in 1786, on the eve of theFrench Revolution.

The Revolution and the First Empire

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  Napoleon signs his abdication at Fontainebleau on 4 April 1814
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  Napoleon saying farewell to his Old Guard in the Courtyard of Honor (20 April 1814)

During theFrench Revolutionthe château was far from the turbulence of Paris, and did not suffer any significant damage, but all the furniture was later sold at auction. The buildings were occupied by the Central School of the Department ofSeine-et-Marne,until 1803, whenNapoleoninstalled a military school there. He chose Fontainebleau as the site of his historic 1804 meeting withPope Pius VII,who had travelled from Rome tocrown Napoleon emperor.Apartments were refurnished and decorated for the Emperor andEmpressin the newEmpire style.The Cour du Cheval Blanc was renamed the Cour d'Honneur, or Courtyard of Honor. One wing facing the courtyard, the Aile de Ferrare, was torn down and replaced with an ornamental iron fence and gate, making the façade of the palace visible. The gardens of Diane and the gardens of the Pines were replanted and turned into anEnglish landscape gardenby the landscape designerMaximilien Joseph Hurtault.

Napoleon's visits to Fontainebleau were not frequent, because he was occupied so much of the time with military campaigns. Between 1812 and 1814, the château served as a very elegant prison for Pope Pius VII. On 5 November 1810, the chapel of the château was used for the baptism of Napoleon's nephew, the futureNapoleon III,with Napoleon serving as his godfather, and the EmpressMarie-Louiseas his godmother.

Napoleon spent the last days of his reign at Fontainebleau, before abdicating there on 4 April 1814, under pressure from hisMarshals,Ney,Berthier,andLefebvre.On 20 April, after failing in an attempt to commit suicide, he gave an emotional farewell to the soldiers of theOld Guard,assembled in the Court of Honor. Later, during theHundred Days,he stopped there on 20 March 1815.

In his memoirs, written while in exile onSaint Helena,he recalled his time at Fontainebleau; "...the true residence of kings, the house of the centuries. Perhaps it was not a rigorously architectural palace, but it was certainly a place of residence well thought out and perfectly suitable. It was certainly the most comfortable and happily situated palace in Europe."

Restoration and the reign of Louis-Philippe (1815–1848)

Following therestoration of the monarchy,KingsLouis XVIIIandCharles Xeach stayed at Fontainebleau, but neither made any major changes to the palace.Louis-Philippe Iwas more active, both restoring some rooms and redecorating others in the style of his period. The Hall of the Guards and Gallery of Plates were redecorated in a Neo-Renaissance style, while the Hall of Columns, under the ballroom, was remade in a neoclassical style. He added new stained glass windows, made by theRoyal Manufactory of Sèvres.

The Second Empire of Napoleon III

EmperorNapoleon III,who had been baptized at Fontainebleau, resumed the custom of long stays at Fontainebleau, particularly during the summer. Many of the historic rooms, such as the Gallery of Deer, were restored to something like their original appearance, while the private apartments were redecorated to suit the tastes of the Emperor and Empress. Numerous guest apartments were squeezed into unused spaces of the buildings. The old theater of the palace, built in the 18th century, was destroyed by a fire in the wing of the Belle Cheminée 1856. Between 1854 and 1857 the architectHector Lefuelbuilt a new theater in theLouis XVI style,where famous actors from the theatres of Paris performed portions of plays for the guests of the Emperor.

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  Guests of Napoleon III enjoying the carp pond (1862)
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  Napoleon III receiving a delegation from the King ofSiamin the ballroom (1864)

On the ground floor of the Gros Pavilion, the EmpressEugéniebuilt a small but rich museum, containing gifts from the King ofSiamin 1861, and works of art taken during the pillage of theSummer Palacein Beijing. It also featured paintings by contemporary artists, includingFranz Xaver Winterhalter,and the sculptorCharles Henri Joseph Cordier.Close by, in the Louis XV wing, the Emperor established his office, and the Empress made her Salon of Lacquer. These were the last rooms created by the royal residents of Fontainebleau. In 1870, during theFranco-Prussian War,theSecond Empirefell, and the château was closed.

Third Republic to the present day

During the Franco-Prussian War, the palace was occupied by thePrussian Armyon 17 September 1870, and briefly used as an army headquarters byFrederick Charlesof Prussia from March 1871. Following the war, two of the buildings became the home of theSchool of Applied Artillery,which had been forced to leaveAlsacewhen the province wasannexed by Germany.It was occasionally used as a residence by the presidents of theThird Republic,and to welcome state guests including KingAlexander I of Serbia(1891), KingGeorge I of Greece(1892)Leopold II of Belgium(1895) and KingAlfonso XIII of Spain(1913). It also received a visit by the last survivor of its royal residents, the EmpressEugénie,on 26 June 1920.

The façades the major buildings received their first protection by classification as historic monuments on 20 August 1913. In 1923, followingWorld War I,it became home of theÉcoles d'Art Américaines,schools of art and music, which still exist today. In 1927 it became a national museum. Between the wars the upper floors of the wing of the Belle Cheminée, burned in 1856, were rebuilt by a grant from theRockefeller Foundation.

During World War II, it was occupied by the Germans on 16 June 1940, and occupied until 10 November, and again from 15 May to the end of October 1941. Following the war, part of the château became a headquarters of theWestern Unionand laterNATO'sAllied Forces Central Europe/Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe,until 1966.

The general restoration of the château took place between 1964 and 1968 under PresidentCharles de Gaulleand his Minister of Culture,Andre Malraux.It was classified as aUNESCO World Heritage Sitein 1981. In 2006, theMinistry of Culturepurchased the royal stables, and began their restoration.

Beginning in 2007, restoration began of the theater of the château, created by Napoleon III during the Second Empire. The project was funded by thegovernment of Abu-Dhabi,and in exchange the theater was renamed for SheikhKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.It was inaugurated on 30 April 2014.

On 1 March 2015, theChinese Museumof the château was robbed by professional thieves. They broke in at about six in the morning, and, despite alarms and video cameras, in seven minutes stole about fifteen of the most valuable objects in the collection, including the replica of the crown of Siam given by the Siamese government to Napoleon III, a Tibetanmandala,and an enamelchimerafrom the reign of theQianlong Emperor(1736–1795).

Architecture

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  Keep or tower of the Medieval château on the Oval Courtyard (12th century)
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  Fine Fireplace Wing, built byPrimaticcioforCatherine de Medici(1565-1570)
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  Royal residence ofHenry IVon the Oval Courtyard (1601-1606)
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  "Golden Gate" portal to the oval courtyard (left) and Saturnin Chapel (right), rebuilt with new façade by Henry IV
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  Stag's Callery and Diana's gallery, enclosed the Garden of Diana, between 1601 and 1606
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  Oval Courtyard and the Portal of the Baptistry (1601-1606)
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  The enlarged Horseshoe stairway (1602)
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  State Pavilion, designed byAnge-Jacques Gabriel(1750-1754), contained the updated apartments of the King and Queen and the Royal Council Chamber (1750-1754)
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  View from the South across the Carp Pond. The State Pavilion (1750-1754) is to the left; the Courtyard of the Fountain is in the center, the Oval Courtyard (1601-1606) and early palace buildings are to the right

Palace Interior

Gallery of Francis I

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  Gallery ofFrancis I,connecting the King's apartments with the chapel, was first decorated between 1533 and 1539. It introduced theItalian Renaissancestyle to France.
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  "The Enlightenment of Francis I byFrancesco Primaticcio
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  "The Royal Elephant" (center) - "The abduction of Europa by Jupiter" (left), "The Abduction of Phylira by Saturn" (right) byRosso Fiorentino
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  The emblem of Francis I, a salamander surrounded by flames, is found above each painting

The Gallery ofFrancis Iis one of the first and finest examples of Renaissance decoration in France. It was begun in 1528 as a passageway between the apartments of the King with the oval courtyard and the great chapel of the Trinitarian monastery, but in 1531 Francis I made it a part of his royal apartments, and between 1533 and 1539 it was decorated by artists and craftsmen from Italy, under the direction of the painterRosso Fiorentino,or Primaticcio, in the new Renaissance style. The lower walls of the passage were the work of the master Italian furniture makerFrancesco Scibec da Carpi;they are decorated with the coat of arms of France and thesalamander,the emblem of the King. The upper walls are covered by frescoes framed in richly sculpted stucco. The frescoes depicted mythological scenes to illustrate the virtues of the King.

On the side of gallery with windows, the frescoes representIgnorance Driven Out;The Unity of the State;Cliobis and Biton;Danae;The Death ofAdonis;The Loss of Perpetual Youth;andThe Battle of the Centaurs and the Lapithes.

On the side of the gallery facing the windows, the frescoes represent:A Sacrifice;The Royal Elephant;The Burning of Catane;The Nymph of Fontainebleau(painted in 1860–61 by J. Alaux to cover a former entry to the gallery);The Sinking of Ajax;The Education of AchillesandThe Frustration of Venus.

Ballroom (1552)

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  The Ballroom was created by King Henry II beginning in 1552
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  Musician's Gallery and the coffered ceiling of the ballroom
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  Fireplace in the ballroom, flanked by statues ofsatyrs

The ballroom was originally begun as an open passageway, or loggia, by Francis I. In about 1552 King Henry II closed it with high windows and an ornate coffered ceiling, and transformed it into a room for celebrations and balls. The 'H', the initial of the King, is prominent in the decor, as well as figures of the crescent moon, the symbol of Henry's mistressDiane de Poitiers.In the 19th century KingLouis Philippeadded the elaborate wooden floor, which copies the original designs in the coffers of the ceiling.

At the eastern end is a monumental fireplace, which flanked with two statues ofSatyrscopied by Primaticcio from Roman originals. (The current statues are later copies). Above the eastern end of the room is a gallery where the musicians played during balls. The decor was restored many times over the years.

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  Hunter kills a boar in the forest of Orléans
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  Fresco by Nicolo dell'Abate from designs by Primaticcio
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  Fresco from design by Primaticcio
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  Fresco from design by Primaticcio

The frescoes on the walls and pillars were painted beginning in 1552 byNicolo dell'Abate,following drawings by Primaticcio. On the garden side of the ballroom, they represent:The Harvest;Vulcanforging weapons for Love at the request ofVenus;Phaetonbegging the sun to let him drive his chariot;andJupiter and Mercury at the home of Philemon and Baucis.The floor, which mirrors the design of the ceiling, was crafted byLouis-Philippein the first half of the 19th century.

The frescoes on the side of the Oval Courtyard represent:The feast ofBacchus;Apolloand theMusesonMount Parnassus;The Three Graces dancing before the gods;andThe wedding feast ofThetisandPeleus.

Some of the fresco themes are more contemporary. A fresco above the fireplace depicts Sébastien de Rabutin, a huissier of the Court of Henry II, who in 1548 killed a wolf during a hunt in the forest of Orléans. Henry II commissioned the painting to commemorate the event.

Chapel of Saint Saturnin

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  Ceiling of the Chapel with emblem of Henry II
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  Dome over the chapel

Behind the ballroom is St. Saturnin's Chapel. The lower chapel was originally built in the 12th century, but was completely rebuilt under Francis I with a richly coffered ceiling and dome. It was largely completed in 1546. The emblem of Henry II, the salamander, marks the keystones.

In 1554, under Henry II, the architectPhilibert de l'Ormebuilt a new organ loft, supported by two tall marble columns.

Stained glass windows made in Sèvres, designed byLouis'daughterMarie,an artist, were installed in the 19th century during the Louis Philippe period.

The King's Staircase

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  Paintings and sculpture in the King's Stairway
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  King's Staircase (1748-1749)
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  Decoration of the King's Staircase

The stairway of the King was installed in 1748 and 1749, in the space occupied during the reign of Francis I by the bedroom ofAnne de Pisseleu,the Duchess of Étampes, a favorite of the King. It was designed by the architectAnge-Jacques Gabriel,who used many decorative elements from the earlier room, which had originally been decorated by Primaticcio. The upper portion of the walls is divided into panels, oval and rectangular, with scenes representing the love life ofAlexander the Great.The paintings are framed by large statues of women by Primaticcio. The eastern wall of the room was destroyed during the reconstruction, and was replaced during the reign of Louis Philippe in the 19th century with paintings byAbel de Pujol.

The Queen's bedchamber

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  The bedchamber of the Queen
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  Center of the bedroom ceiling, carved by Guillaume Noyers (1644)
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  The Queen's bed, used by the Empresses Joséphine and Marie-Louise

All of the queens and empresses of France, fromMarie de' Medicito theEmpress Eugènie,slept in the bedchamber of the Queen. The ornate ceiling over the bed was made in 1644 by the furniture-maker Guillaume Noyers for the Dowager QueenAnne of Austria,the mother of Louis XIV, and bears her initials. The room was redecorated byMarie Leszczynska,the Queen of Louis XV in 1746–1747. The ceiling of the alcove, the decoration around the windows and the wood panelling were made by Jacques Vererckt and Antoine Magnonais in therocaillestyle of the day. The decoration of the fireplace dates to the same period.

The doors have anarabesquedesign, and were made forMarie Antoinette,as were the sculpted panels over the doors, installed in 1787. The bed was also made specially for Marie Antoinette, but did not arrive until 1797, after the Revolution and her execution. As a result it escaped the sales of the château furnishings which took place immediately after the Revolution. It was used instead by Napoleon's wives, theEmpress JoséphineandMarie-Louise of Austria.

The walls received their ornamental textile covering, with a design of flowers and birds, in 1805. It was restored in 1968–1986 using the original fabric as a model. The furniture in the room all dates to theFirst Empire.The balustrade around the bed was originally made for the throne room of theTuileries Palacein 1804. The armchairs with a sphinx pattern, the consoles and screen and the two chests of drawers were placed in the room in 1806.

Boudoir of Marie-Antoinette (1786)

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  Boudoir of Queen Marie Antoinette (1786)
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  Doorway sculpture by Sauvage with initials of Marie Antoinette (1787)
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  Ceiling of angels painted by Bourgeois and Touze (1786)
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  Decorative panel in the Queens's boudoir

The boudoir next to the queen's bedroom was created for QueenMarie Antoinettein 1786, and permitted the queen to have a measure of privacy. The room is the best surviving example of the decorative style just before the French Revolution, inspired by ancient Roman models, with delicately painted arabesques, cameos, vases, antique figures and garlands of flowers against a silver background, framed by gilded and sculpted woodwork.

The room was made for the Queen by the same team of artists and craftsmen who also made the game room; the design was by the architect Pierre Rousseau (1751–1829). The wood panelling was sculpted by Laplace, and painted by Michel-Hubert Bourgeois and Louis-François Touzé. Eight figures of the Muses were made in plaster by Roland; the ornate mantle of the fireplace was made by Jacques-François Dropsy, and decorated with glided bronze works by Claude-Jean Pitoin. The mahogany parquet floor, decorated with the emblems of the Queen, was made byBernard Molitor,and finished in 1787. The painted ceiling, byJean-Simon Berthélemy,showsAurorawith a group of angels.

The furnishings were designed for the room byJean-Henri Riesener,using the finest materials available; mother of pearl, gilded bronze, brass, satin and ebony. Some of the original furnishings remain, including the cylindrical desk and the table, which were made between 1784 and 1789. The two armchairs are copies of the originals made byGeorges Jacobwhich are now in theGulbenkian Museumin Lisbon, while the footstool is the original.

Games Room of Marie-Antoinette and Grand Salon of the Empress Eugenie (1786)

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  Arabesque decoration of theFirst French Empire
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  Ceiling of the Grand Salon, "" The Muses being crowned by Minerva "byJean-Simon Berthélemy(1786)
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  Sevres vases
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  Arabseque wall panel (18th century)

The Games Room was created for Marie Antoinette in 1786, and is a notable example of the Arabesque style popular in the First French Empire in the 18th century. The walls are filled with large wall panels, with grisaille and monochrome depictions twining plants, women in flowing robes, dancers, mermaids, torches and vases. The same designs appear in gilding on the mahogany doors.

The room is now furnished in theEmpire style.The chairs followed the rules of protocol, with armchairs for the Emperor and Empress, chairs for princesses, and folding chair and stools covered with green velvet trimmed with gold for the guests.

The Queen's Small Salon or the White Salon (1835)

The White Salon was created in 1835 as a salon for QueenMarie-Amelie,the wife of KingLouis Philippeto replace the Queen's Study of Marie de Medici. Just one element of the 17th century salon, remains; paintings by Amboise Dubois depicting the legend of Tancred and Clorinda. It is one of the best examples of the 19th century style of Louis-Philippe, which blended together earlier styles; it combinedwainscottingfrom the reign of Louis XV of France, along with aLouis XVI stylefireplace, anEmpire stylechimney, and armchairs by Jacob-Freres andJacob Desmalterand other prominent designers of the early 19th century.

Bed chamber of the Kings of France and Throne Room of Napoleon

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  Bed Chamber of the Kings of France and Throne Room of Napoleon
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  Decor from throne room of Louis XV (1752-54)
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  Ceiling decoration from throne room of Louis XV (1752-54)

In 1808 Napoleon decided to install his throne in the former bedroom of the kings of France from Henry IV to Louis XVI, on the place where the royal bed had been. Under theAncien régime,the King's bed was a symbol of royal authority in France and was saluted by courtierswho passed by it. Napoleon wanted to show the continuity of his Empire with the past monarchies of France.The majority of the carved wood ceiling, the lower part of the wood panelling, and the doors date to the reign of Louis XIII. The ceiling directly over the throne was made at the end of the reign of Louis XIV. Louis XV created a new chimney, sculpted wooden medallions near the fireplace, the designs over the doors, and the fine carved woodwork facing the throne (1752–54). He also had the ceiling painted white and gilded and decorated with mosaics, to match the ceiling of the bedroom of the Queen.

Napoleon added the standards with his initial and the Imperial eagle. The decoration around the throne was originally designed in 1804 byJacob-Desmalterfor theChâteau de Saint-Cloud,and the throne itself, made in 1804, came from the Tuileries Palace.

The chimney was originally decorated with a portrait of Louis XIII painted byPhilippe de Champaigne,which was burned in 1793 during theFrench Revolution.Napoleon replaced it with a portrait of himself, byRobert Lefèvre.In 1834, KingLouis-Philippetook down Napoleon's picture and replaced with another of Louis XIII, from a painter of the school of Champaigne.

Council Chamber

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  The Council Chamber
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  Council Chamber decoration (1751-54)
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  A ceiling painting byFrancois Boucher(1751-1754)

The Council Chamber, where French Kings and later the Emperors Napoleon I and Napoleon III met their closest advisors, was close to the Throne Room. It was originally the office of Francis I, and was decorated with painted wooden panels with illustrations by Primaticcio depicting the virtues and the heroes of antiquity. The room was enlarged under Louis XIV, and the decorator,Claude Audran,followed the same theme.

The room was extensively redecorated between 1751 and 1754 by the architectAnge-Jacques Gabriel,with arcades and wooded panels illustrating the Virtues, and allegories of the seasons and the elements, painted byJean-Baptiste Marie PierreandCarle van Loo,the latter painted his scenes in blue monochrome, while Pierre used pink monochrome.The painterAlexis Peyrotteadded another series of medallions on the upper walls depicting floral themes, the sciences and arts.

The five paintings on the vaulted ceiling were the work ofFrançois Boucher,and illustrate the Four Seasons and the sun beginning his journey and chasing away the night.A half-rotonda on the garden side of the room was added by Louis XV in 1773, with a painted ceiling byLouis-Jean-François Lagrenéedepicting Glory surrounded by his children.

The room was used as a council chamber by Napoleon I, and the furnishings are from that time. The armchairs at the table for the ministers are by Marcion (1806) and the folding chairs for advisors were designed by Jacob-Desmalter (1808).

Apartment of Napoleon

In 1804 Napoleon decided that he wanted his own apartments within the palace, separate from the old royal apartments. He took over a suite of six rooms which had been created in 1786 for Louis XVI, next to the Gallery of Francis I, and had them redecorated in the Empire style. The old apartment included a dressing room (cabinet de toilette), study, library, and bath.

Emperor's bedchamber

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  Bedroom of the Emperor Napoleon (1808–1814)
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  The bed of the Emperor
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  Wall panelling carved by Laplace for Louis XV, painted for Napoleon I with emblems of the Emperor

Beginning in 1808, Napoleon had his bedchamber relocated the former dressing room of the King. From this room, using a door hidden behind the drapery to the right of the bed, Napoleon could go directly to his private library or to the offices on the ground floor.

Much of the original decor was unchanged from the time of Louis XVI; the fireplaces, the carved wooden panels sculpted by Pierre-Joseph LaPlace and the sculpture over the door by Sauvage remained as they were. The walls were painted with Imperial emblems in gold on white by Frederic-Simon Moench. The bed, made especially for the Emperor, was the summit of the Empire style; it was crowned with an imperial eagle and decorated with allegorical sculptures representing Glory, Justice, and Abundance.The Emperor had a special carpet made by Sallandrouze in the shape of the cross of theLegion of Honor;the branches of the cross alternate with symbols of military and civilian attributes.The chairs near the fireplace were specially designed, with one side higher than the other, to contain the heat from the fire while allowing the occupants to see the decorations of the fireplace.

The painting on the ceiling of the room was added later, after the downfall of Napoleon, byLouis XVIII.Painted byJean-Baptiste Regnault,it is an allegory representingThe clemency of the King halting justice in its course.

Other rooms in the Emperor's apartment

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  The Study, With a camp bed, where Napoleon could work late at night
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  Bathroom of the Emperor, with cotton-skirted bathtub and foot basin
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  The table where Napoleon signed his abdication at Fontainebleau on 4 April 1814, before his exile toElba

The small bedchamber often served as Napoleon's work room. In 1811 he added the camp bed, similar to the bed he used on his military campaigns. He could rest briefly, then take a back stairway to continue working in the library or map room on the floor below.

Theprivate salonorstudyof the Emperor was simply furnished and decorated. It was in this room, on the small table on display, that the Emperor signed his abdication in 1814.

The small and simplebathroomof the Emperor had a tinned copper bathtub surrounded by a simple cotton skirt, where he could soak in hot water. It also had a varnished metal tub where he could soak his feet.

Apartment of the Pope and the Queen-Mothers

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  Antechamber of the Bedroom of the Queen Mother
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  Tapestry in the antechamber of the bedroom of the Queen Mother (Mid-17th century)
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  Tapestries in the bedroom of the Queen Mother
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  Bedroom of the Queen-MotherAnne of Austria(Mid-17th century)

The apartment of the Pope, located on the first floor of the wing of the Queen Mothers and of the Gros Pavillon, takes its name from the 1804 visit of Pope Pius VII, who stayed there on his way to Paris tocrown Napoleonthe Emperor of France. He stayed there again, involuntarily, under the close supervision of Napoleon from 1812 to 1814.

It was originally designed to be the bedroom of Henry II, but after his assassination, it became instead the apartment of his widow, the Queen MothersMarie de' MediciandAnne of Austria.It was also the home ofLouis, Grand Dauphin,the oldest son of Louis XIV. In the 18th century it was used by the daughters of Louis XV, and then by the Count of Provence, the brother of Louis XVI. During the First Empire it was used byLouis Bonaparte,the brother of Napoleon, and his wife QueenHortense de Beauharnais,the daughter of the Empress Joséphine. During the reign of Louis-Philippe, it was used by his eldest son,Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans.During theSecond Empire,it was occupied byStéphanie de Beauharnais,the adopted niece of Napoleon I. It was restored in 1859–1861, and used thereafter for guests of high rank.It was originally two apartments, which were divided or joined over the years depending upon its occupants.

Other notable guests in the apartment includedJames II,the deposed King of England. and the Russian czarPeter the Great(1717).

The Salon de Reception was the antechamber to the bedroom of Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII and mother of Louis XIV. It features a gilded and sculpted ceiling divided into seven compartments, representing the sun and the known planets, along with smaller compartments for military trophies; it was created in 1558 by Ambroise Perret for the bedroom of Henry II in the Pavilion des Poeles, a section of the château that was later destroyed. Anne had it moved to the room and decorated with her own emblems, including a pelican. The wood paneling in the room is probably from the same period.

The decor of the bedroom dates largely to the 1650s; it includes grotesque paintings in compartments on the ceiling, attributed toCharles Errard;richly carved wood paneling featuring oak leaves andputti;and paintings over the doors of Anne of Austria costumed asMinervaandMaria Theresa of Spaincostumed as Abundance, both painted by Gilbert de Sève. The bedroom was modified in the 18th century by the addition of a new fireplace (about 1700) and sculptured borders of cascades of flowers around the mirrors added in 1784. During the Second Empire, painted panels imitating the style of the 17th century were added above the mirrors and between the mirrors and the doors.

Chapel of the Trinity (17th century)

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  Trinity Chapel
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  The royal tribune or gallery
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  The Altar
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  Ornament over the chapel gallery with the coats of arms of France and of the Medici Family

The Chapel of the Trinity was begun at the end of the reign of Francis I to replace the old chapel of the convent of the Trinitarians. It was finished under Henry II, but was without decoration until 1608, when the painterMartin Freminetwas commissioned to design frescoes for the ceiling and walls. The sculptor Barthèlemy Tremblay created the vaults of the ceiling out of stucco and sculpture.The paintings of Freminet in the central vaults depict the redemption of Man, from the appearance of God toNoahat the launching of theArk(Over the tribune) to theAnnunciation.They surrounded these with smaller paintings depicting the ancestors of theVirgin Mary,the kings ofJudah,the Patriarchs announcing the coming of Christ, and the Virtues. Between 1613 and 1619 Freminet and Tremblay added paintings in stucco frames between the windows on the sides of the chapel, depicting the life of Christ.Freminet died in 1619 and work did not resume until 1628.

The Trinity chapel, likeSainte-Chapellein Paris other royal chapels, had an upper section or tribune, where the King and his family sat, with a separate entrance; and a lower part, where the rest of the Court was placed. Beginning in 1628, the side chapels were decorated with iron gates and carved wood panelling, and the Florentine sculptorFrancesco Bordonibegan work on the marble altar. The figure to the left depictsCharlemagne,with the features of Henry II, while the figure on the right depictsLouis IX,or Saint Louis, with the features ofLouis XIII,his patron. Bordoni also designed the multicolored marble pavement before the altar and the on the walls of the nave.The painting of the Holy Trinity over the altar, byJean Dubois the Elder,was added in 1642.In the mid-17th century the craftsman Anthony Girault made the sculpted wooden doors of the nave. while the Jean Gobert made the doors of the tribune where the royal family worshipped.

In 1741, the royal tribune was enlarged, while ornate balconies of wrought iron were added between the royal tribune and the simpler balconies used by the musicians and those who chanted the mass. In 1779, under Louis XVI, the frescoes of Freminet illustrating the life of Christ, which had deteriorated with time, were replaced by new paintings on the same theme. The paintings were done in the same style by about a dozen painters from theRoyal Academy of Painting and Sculpture.

On 5 September 1725, the chapel was the setting for the wedding of Louis XV andMarie Leszczyńska.Napoleon IIIwas baptized there on 4 November 1810, andFerdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans,the son of KingLouis-Philippe,was married there toDuchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerinon 30 May 1837.

Under Napoleon, the oldtabernacleof the chapel, which had been removed during the Revolution, was replaced by a new one designed by the architectMaximilien Joseph Hurtault.Beginning in 1824, the chapel underwent a program of major renovation and restoration that lasted for six years. The twelve paintings of the life of Christ were removed, as well as the gates to the side chapels. During the Second Empire, the wood panelling of side chapels was replaced. The restoration was not completed until the second half of the 20th century, when the twelve paintings, which had been scattered to different museums, were brought together again and restored in their stucco frames.Between 1772 and 1774, a small organ made byFrançois-Henri Cilquotwas installed on the left side of the chapel, near the altar.

Room of the Guards (begun 1570s, redone in 19th century)

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  Vase in the Room of the Guards (1832)
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  The Room of the Guards
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  Fireplace in the Room of the Guards (1836)

A room for the guards was always located next to the royal bedchambers. The Salle des Gardes was built during the reign ofCharles IX.Some traces of the original decor remain from the 1570s, including the vaulted ceiling and a frieze of military trophies attributed to Ruggiero d'Ruggieri. In the 19th century Louis Philippe turned the room into a salon and redecorated it with a new parquet floor of exotic woods echoing the design of the ceiling, and a monumental fireplace (1836), which incorporates pieces of ornament from demolished rooms from 15th and early 16th century. The bust of Henry IV, attributed to Mathieu Jacquet, is from that period, as are the two figures on either side of the fireplace. The sculpted frame around the bust, by Pierre Bontemps, was originally in the bedchamber ofHenry II.The decorations added by Louis Philippe include a large vase decorated with Renaissance themes, made by theSèvres porcelain manufactoryin 1832. During the reign ofNapoleon III,the hall was used as a dining room.

Gallery of Diana

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  The Gallery of Diana (17th and 19th century)
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  Scenes from life of the Goddess Diana (1605)

The Gallery of Diana, an eighty-meter (242.4 feet) long corridor now lined with bookcases, was created by Henry IV at the beginning of the 17th century as a place for the Queen to promenade. The paintings on the vaulted ceiling, painted beginning in 1605 byAmbroise Duboisand his workshop, represented scenes from the myth ofDiana,goddess of the Hunt.At the beginning of the 19th century, the gallery was in ruins. In 1810 Napoleon decided to turn it into a gallery devoted to the achievements of his Empire. A few of the paintings still in good condition were removed and put in the Gallery of Plates. The architect Hurtault designed a new plan for the gallery, inspired by theGrande Galerieof the Louvre, featuring paintings on the ceiling illustrating the great events of Napoleon's reign. By 1814 the corridor had been rebuilt and the decorative painted frames painted by Moench andRedouté,but the cycle of paintings on the Empire had not been started, when Napoleon fell from power.

Once the monarchy was restored, King Louis XVIII had the gallery completed in a neoclassical style. A new series of the goddess Diana was done byMerry-Joseph BlondelandAbel de Pujol,using the painted frames prepared for Napoleon's cycle.Paintings were also added along the corridor, illustrating the history of the French monarchy, painted in theTroubadorstyle of the 1820s and 1830s, painted by a team of the leading academic painters. Beginning in 1853, under Napoleon III, the corridor was turned into a library and most of the paintings were removed, with the exception of a large portrait of Henry IV on horseback byJean-Baptiste Mauzaisse.The large globe near the entrance of the gallery, placed there in 1861, came from the office of Napoleon in theTuileries Palace.

Chinese Museum

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  The Chinese Museum created by the Empress Eugenie (1867)
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  Panels and vases in the Chinese Museum
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  Panel and vase from theQing dynasty

Main article:Chinese Museum (Fontainebleau)

The Chinese Museum, on the ground floor of theGros Pavillonclose to the pond, was among the last rooms decorated within the château while it was still an imperial residence. In 1867, the Empress Eugénie had the rooms remade to display her personal collection of Asian art, which included gifts given to the Emperor by a delegation sent by the King ofSiamin 1861, and other objects taken during the destruction and looting of theOld Summer PalacenearBeijingby a jointBritish-French military expedition to Chinain 1860.

The objects displayed in the antechamber include two royalpalanquinsgiven by the King of Siam, one designed for a king and the other (with curtains) for a queen. Inside the two salons of the museum, some of the walls are covered with lacquered wood panels in black and gold, taken from 17th century Chinese screens, along with specially designed cases to display antique porcelain vases. Other objects on display include a Tibetanstupacontaining a Buddha taken from the Summer Palace in China; and aroyal Siamese crowngiven to Napoleon III. The salons are lavishly decorated with both Asian and European furnishings and art objects, including silk-covered furnishings and Second Empire sculptures byCharles CordierandPierre Alexandre Schoenewerk.The room also served as a place for games and entertainment; an old bagatelle game and a mechanical piano from that period are on display.

In addition to the Chinese Museum, the Empress created a small office in 1868, the Salon of Lacquerware, which also decorated with lacquered panels and Asian art objects, on the ground floor of the Louis XV wing, not far from the office of the Emperor. This was the last room decorated before the fall of the Empire, and the eventual transformation of the château into a museum.

Theatre

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  Theater stage (1854)
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  The Emperor's box
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  Chandelier of the theater

Concerts, plays and other theatrical productions were a regular part of court life at Fontainebleau. Prior to the reign of Louis XV these took place in different rooms of the palace, but during his reign a theatre was built in the Belle-Cheminée wing. It was rebuilt by the architect Gabriel, but was destroyed by a fire in 1856. It had already been judged too small for the court of Napoleon III, and a new theatre had been begun in 1854 at the far eastern end of the wing of Louis XIV. It was designed by architectHector Lefuelin theLouis XVI style,and was inspired by theRoyal Opera of Versaillesand theThéâtre de la Reineat thePetit Trianon.The new theatre, with four hundred seats arranged in a parterre, two balconies and boxes in a horseshoe shape, was finished in 1856. It has the original stage machinery, and many of the original sets, including many transferred from the old theatre before the fire of 1856.

The theatre was closed after the end of the Second Empire and was rarely used. A restoration began in 2007, funded with ten million Euros by thegovernment of Abu-Dhabi.In exchange, the theatre was renamed for SheikhKhalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan.It was inaugurated on 30 April 2014. The theatre can be visited, but it no longer can be used for plays because some working parts of the theater, including the stage, were not included in the restoration. As of April 2024 there is little to be seen in the theatre, except the royal box and empty stage.

Park and gardens

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  Château and gardens in about 1650
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  Statue of the Tiber in the round basin, a copy of an ancient Roman statue now in the Louvre
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  The canal, round basin, parterre and behind, the château

The gardens of Fontainebleau illustrate three centuries of French landscape gardening. When Francis I began building the château, he surrounded it with formal gardens. In the 16th centuryCatherine de' Medicicreated aFrench Renaissance garden,inspired by theItalian Renaissance garden,filled with statuary.Henry IVgreatly expanded the gardens. Between 1606 and 1609, Henry built a grand canal that extended for 1200 meters in length, similar to one at the nearby château of Fleury-en-Bière.Louis XIVcommissionedAndré Le Nôtreto create a distinctly classicalFrench formal gardenat the end of the 18th century. During the First Empire of Napoleon I, the royal landscape architect,Maximilien Joseph Hurtault,created anEnglish landscape gardenwith winding paths and picturesque groves of trees.

On the other side of the château, on the site of the garden of Francis I, Henry IV created a large formal garden, orparterre.Between 1660 and 1664 the chief gardener of Louis XIV,André Le Nôtre,andLouis Le Vaurebuilt the parterre on a grander scale, filling it with geometric designs and paths bordered with boxwood hedges and filled with colorful flowerbeds. They also added a basin called Les Cascades, surrounded by waterfalls, at the head of the canal. Le Nôtre planted shade trees along the length of the canal, and also laid out a wide path, lined withelmtrees, parallel to the canal.

The fountains of Louis XIV were removed after his reign. In the 19th century the cascades were decorated with works of classical sculpture. A large ornamental fountain was installed in the central basin in 1817. A bronze replica of an ancient Roman statue, "The Tiber", was placed in the round basin in 1988. It replaced an earlier statue from the 16th century which earlier had decorated the basin. Two statues of sphinxes by Mathieu Lespagnandel, from 1664, are placed near the balustrade of the grand canal.

Garden of Diana

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  Garden of Diana, in front of the King's apartments
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  Fountain of Diana (17th century)

The Garden of Diana, the goddess of the hunt, was created during the reign of Henry IV; it was the private garden of the King and Queen, and was visible from the windows of their rooms. The fountain of Diana was originally in the center of garden, which at that time was enclosed by another wing, containing offices and later, under, Louis XIV, an orangerie. That building, and another, the former chancellery, were demolished in the 19th century, doubling the size of the garden.

From the 17th until the end of the 18th century, the garden was in the Italian and then the French formal style, divided by straight paths into rectangular flower beds, centered on the fountains and decorated with statues, ornamental plants and citrus trees in pots. It was transformed during the reign of Napoleon I into a landscape garden in the English style, with winding paths and trees grouped into picturesque landscapes, and it was enlarged during the reign of Louis-Philippe. It was opened to the public during theThird Republic.

The fountain in the center was made byTommaso Francini,the master Italian fountain-maker, whose work included theMedici Fountainin theJardin du Luxembourgin Paris. The bronze statue of Diana, the goddess of the hunt, with a young deer, was made by the Keller brothers in 1684 for another royal residence, atMarly.It is a copy of an antique Roman statue,Diana of Versailles,which was given byPope Paul IVto King Henry IV, and which is now in theLouvre.The original statue of the fountain, made byBarthelemy Prieurin 1602, can be seen in the Gallery of the Deer inside the palace. The sculptures of hunting dogs and deer around the fountain were made byPierre Biard l'Aîné.

Carp pond and the pavilion

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  Fountain Court and the carp pond
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  The pavilion, first built by Louis XIV, then modified by Napoleon
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  Carp Pond facing the château

The large pond next to the palace, with a surface of four hectares, was first stocked with carp during the reign of Henry IV, and was used for boating parties by members of the Court, and as a source of fish for the table and for amusement.Descriptions of the palace in the 17th century tell of guests feeding the carp, some of which reached enormous size, and were said to be a hundred years old. The small octagonal house on an island in the center of the lake, Pavillon de l'Ètang, was added during the reign of Louis XIV, then rebuilt under Napoleon I, and is decorated with his initial.

English garden

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  Statue of aNaiadfacing the Belle-Eau fountain.
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  Fountain and grotto of the pine garden of Francis I (16th c.)

The garden was originally created by Francis I as the Pine Garden. At the far corner of the English garden close to the palace is the only remaining element of the original gardens of Francis I; the first Renaissance-style grotto to be built in a French garden, decorated with four statues of Atlas.

Under Napoleon's landscape architect,Maximilien Joseph Hurtault,this part of the garden was developed into anEnglish park,with winding paths and exotic trees, including planting ofcatalpa,tulip trees,sophoraandcypresstrees from Louisiana, and introduction of a picturesque stream and antique boulders. The garden features two 17th century bronze copies of ancient Roman originals, theBorghese Gladiatorand theDying Gaul.

A path leads from the garden through a curtain of trees to the Belle-Eau Fountain or "Fontaine Belle-Eau" ( "Spring of beautiful water" ), a natural spring which in the 17th century gave its name to the palace and gardens. The fountain was rebuilt with an octagonal basin in 1891 and a classical statue ofHera,or the "Naiadof Belle-Eau, was added close by. In the 1980s, to bring more contemporary art into the gardens, a group of statues of mythical figures entirely unrelated to the château's history was placed close around the fountain.

Art and decoration – the School of Fontainebleau

Main article:School of Fontainebleau

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  Painting byRosso Fiorentinoin the Gallery of Francis I (1533–1539)
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  Detail of stucco and woodwork in the Gallery of Francis I, byFrancesco Scibec da Carpi(died c.1557)
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  Diana the Huntress,School of Fontainebleau (1550–1560)

During the lateFrench Renaissance,the decoration of the Palace of Fontainebleau engaged some of the finest artists and craftsmen from Italy and France. The style of painting and decoration they created became known as theSchool of Fontainebleau,and covered a period from about 1530 until about 1610. It helped form the French version ofNorthern Mannerism.

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  Apollo,Pan,and aputtoblowing a horn, from a series of eight compositions afterFrancesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39).
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  Giorgio Ghisiafter Francesco Primaticcio, Three Muses and a Gesturing Putto, 1560s
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  Three Muses and a putto above with a lyre, from a series of eight compositions after Francesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39) at Fontainebleau MET
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  Three Muses and a Putto with a Cymbals
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  Hercules, Bacchus, Pan, and Saturn(?), from a series of eight compositions after Francesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39) at Fontainebleau
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  Pluto, Neptune, Minerva, and Apollo, from a series of eight compositions after Francesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39) at Fontainebleau MET DP821340
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  Venus and Cupid, two other goddesses and a putto, from a series of eight compositions after Francesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39) at Fontainebleau MET DP821341.jpg
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  Ceres Seated on Clouds with Two Goddesses and Two Putti, from a series of eight compositions after Francesco Primaticcio's designs for the ceiling of the Ulysses Gallery (destroyed 1738–39) at Fontainebleau
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  Ulysses and His Companions Fighting the Cicones Before the City of Ismaros, Study for a Destroyed Fresco in the Galerie d'Ulysee, Château de Fontainebleau

In 1531, the Florentine artistRosso Fiorentino,having lost most of his possessions at theSack of Romein 1527, was invited byFrancis Ito work on the interior of the palace. In 1532 he was joined by another Italian artist,Francesco Primaticcio(fromBologna). Rosso died in France in 1540. On the advice of Primaticcio,Niccolò dell'Abbate(fromModena) was invited to France in 1552 by François's sonHenry II.Other notable artists included:

• Juste de Juste(c.1505–1559), Franco-Italian sculptor and etcher
• Luca Penni(c.1500/1504–1556), Italian painter
• Francesco Scibec da Carpi(died c.1557), Italian furniture maker
• Benvenuto Cellini(1500–1570), Italian sculptor, goldsmith, silversmith

The works of this "first school of Fontainebleau" are characterized by the extensive use ofstucco(moldings and picture frames) andfrescos,and an elaborate (and often mysterious) system ofallegoriesandmythologicaliconography. Renaissance decorative motifs such asgrotesques,strapworkandputtiare common, as well as a certain degree of eroticism. The figures are elegant and show the influence of the techniques of the ItalianMannerismofMichelangelo,Raphaeland especiallyParmigianino.Primaticcio was also directed to make copies of antiqueRoman statuesfor the king, thus spreading the influence of classical statuary. Many of the works of Rosso, Primaticcio andNiccolò dell'Abbatehave not survived as parts of the château were remodelled at various dates. The paintings of the group were reproduced inprints,mostlyetchings,which were apparently produced initially at Fontainebleau itself, and later in Paris. These disseminated the style through France and beyond, and also record several paintings that have not survived.

From 1584 to 1594, during theWars of Religionwork inside the palace was abandoned. Upon his ascension to the throne,Henry IVundertook a renovation of the Fontainebleau buildings using a group of artists: the Flemish bornAmbroise Dubois(from Antwerp) and the ParisiansToussaint DubreuilandMartin Fréminet.They are sometimes referred to as the "second school of Fontainebleau". Their late mannerist works, many of which have been lost, continued in the use of elongated and undulating forms and crowded compositions. Many of their subjects include mythological scenes and scenes from works of fiction by the ItalianTorquato Tassoand the ancient Greek novelistHeliodorus of Emesa.

The important artists of the second school (from 1594) were:

• Ambroise Dubois(c.1542–1614) (Flemishborn)
• Toussaint Dubreuil(c.1561–1602)
• Martin Fréminet(1567–1619)

Themannerist styleof theFontainebleauschool influenced French artists (with whom the Italians worked) such as the painterJean Cousin the Elder,the sculptorsJean GoujonandGermain Pilon,and, to a lesser degree, the painter and portraitistFrançois Clouetthe son ofJean Clouet.The Fontainebleau style combined allegorical paintings in moulded plasterwork where the framing was treated as if it were leather or paper, slashed and rolled into scrolls and combined witharabesquesandgrotesques.Fontainebleau ideals of female beauty are Mannerist: a small neat head on a long neck, exaggeratedly long torso and limbs, small high breasts—almost a return toLate Gothicbeauties. The new works at Fontainebleau were recorded in refined and detailedengravingsthat circulated among connoisseurs and artists. Through the engravings by the "School of Fontainebleau"this new style was transmitted to other northern European centers,Antwerpespecially, Germany, and eventually London.

While Louis XIV spent more time at Fontainebleau than any other monarch, he made most of his modifications to gardens, rather than the interiors and decor. In the 18th century, interiors underwent major changes in style. Between 1750 and 1754, the architectAnge-Jacques Gabrielbuilt a new residential wing and new apartments for Louis XV and the Queen. The most famous artists of the period, includingFrançois Boucher,Charles-André van Loo,Alexis PeyrotteandJean-Baptiste Marie Pierrewere commissioned to paint works for the Council Chamber. Louis XVI continued the decoration work, particularly in the Turkish cabinet (1777) and the game room and boudoir of the Queen (1786–1787), in an arabesque style up to the eve of the Revolution. Fontainebleau offers many of the best examples of interior design at the end of the Ancien régime.

Napoleon I wished to continue the traditional grandeur of the monarchy, and had the palace completely refurnished. He created a new suite of rooms with the symbols and style of the Empire, and transformed the former king's bedroom into his throne room. It is the only throne room in France which is still in its original state with its original furniture. The rooms Napoleon used at Fontainebleau are among the best existing examples of theEmpire style.

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  1542 Cellini statue which would have flanked the Nymphe de Fontainebleau
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  The Nymph of Fontainebleau, byBenevenuto Cellini,now in the Louvre (1542)
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  1542 Cellini statue which would have flanked the Nymphe de Fontainebleau

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  Painting byRosso Fiorentinoin the Gallery of Francis I (1533–1539)
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  Allegory of painting and sculpture,byAmbroise Dubois(1543–1614)
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  Panel in the Gallery of Francis I. (Mid-16th century).
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  Portrait ofGabrielle d'Estréesand her sister, the Duchess of Villars,c.1594
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  Master of the school of Fontainebleau,Lady at her Toilet(1585–1595) (Musée des Beaux-Arts de Dijon)
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  The ceiling of the ballroom, designed byPhilibert de l'Orme,with the symbols ofHenri IIand his mistressDiane de Poitiers:"HD" cyphers, three interlaced crescent moons, and Henri II's main cypher: a crowned H above a crescent moon
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  Decorative carved panel in the Gallery of Francis I, with his emblem, the salamander (mid 16th century).
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  The ceiling of the throne room of Napoleon I. The ceiling was originally made for Louis XIII in the 17th century, when this was his bedroom.
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  Ceiling panel in the hall of Saint Louis, built by Louis XV (18th century)
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  Decoration over the door in the boudoir ofMarie Antoinette,with her initials, (late 18th century).
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  The bed of Marie Antoinette, ordered for her just before the French Revolution. It was used by the Empresses Josephine and Marie-Louise.

Museum of Napoleon I

Cradle of the King of Rome in the Museum of Napoleon I

The Museum of Napoleon I was created in 1986 in the wing on the right side of the Court of Honor, where the apartments of the princes of the First Empire had been located. It includes a gallery of portraits of members of Napoleon's family, medals and decorations, several costumes worn during Napoleon's coronation as Emperor, and a gold leaf from the crown he wore during the coronation; a large collection of porcelain and decorative objectives from the Imperial dining table, and a cradle, toys, and other souvenirs from the Emperor's son, theKing of Rome.It also has a collection of souvenirs from his military campaigns, including a recreation of his tent and its furnishings and practical items which he took with him on his campaigns.

See also

• Treaty of Fontainebleau
• Chasselas de Thomery
• List of tourist attractions in Paris

References

Bibliography

• Allain, Yves-Marie (2006).L'art des jardins en Europe(in French). Paris: Citadelles & Mazenod.ISBN2-85088-087-6.
• Carlier, Yves (2010).Histoire du château de Fontainebleau(in French). Paris: Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot.ISBN978-2-75580-022-7.
• Dan, Pierre (1642).Le Trésor des merveilles de la Maison Royale de Fontainebleau.Paris: S. Cramoisy.OCLC457360433;copyat INHA.
• Hebert, Jean François; Sarmant, Thierry (2022).Fontainebleau- Mille ans d'histoire de France(in French). Texto.ISBN979-10-210-4609-2.
• Morel, Pierre (1967).Aspects de la France - Fontainebleau.Artaud.
• Pérouse de Montclos, Jean-Marie (2009).Le château de Fontainebleau(in French). Paris: Nouvelles Éditions Scala.ISBN9782359880045.
• Salmon, Xavier (2023).Fountainbleau - True abode of kings, Palace of the ages.Paris: Reunion des Musees Nationaux.ISBN978-2-7118-7201-5.
• Salmon, Xavier (2011).Fontainebleau- Vrai demeure des rois, maison des siècles(in French). Versailles: Artlys.ISBN978-2-85495-442-5.
• Séguin, Philippe (1990).Louis Napoléon Le Grand(in French). Paris: Bernard Grasset.ISBN2-246-42951-X.

External links

• Official website
• World Heritage profile(in English)
• Fontainebleau Castle(in English)
• Documentary film about the Palace of Fontainebleau:Fontainebleau: A Rendezvous at the Castle(in English)
• Discover the Palace of Fontainebleau on Eurochannel
• High-resolution 360° Panoramas of thePalace of Fontainebleau | Art Atlas
• Virtual tour of the Palace of Fontainebleauprovided byGoogle Arts & Culture