Wikipedia

Chained library

Achained libraryis alibrarywhere the books are attached to theirbookcaseby a chain, which is sufficiently long enough to allow the books to be taken from their shelves and read, but not removed from the library itself. The practice was usual forreference libraries(that is, the vast majority of libraries) from theMiddle Agesto around the 18th century. This would prevent theft of the library's materials.[1]Since the chaining process was also expensive, it was not used on all books, only the more valuable books such as reference works or large books in a collection were chained.[2]Librarians in the Middle Ages often invoked curses as well to keep books from being stolen. Once such curse written into the books was,

Chained Library,Chelsea Old Church.Unique in London churches, a medieval library, containing a "Vinegar Bible"of 1717. These were a gift of SirHans Sloane.

Steal not this book my honest friend
For fear the gallows should be your end,
And when you die the Lord will say
And where's the book you stole away?[3]

It is standard for chained libraries to have the chain fitted to the corner or cover of a book. This is because if the chain were to be placed on the spine the book would suffer greater wear from the stress of moving it on and off the shelf. Because of the location of the chain attached to the book (via a ringlet) the books are housed with their spine facingawayfrom the reader, with only the pages' fore-edges visible. This is so that each book can be removed and opened without needing to be turned around, hence avoiding tangling its chain. To remove the book from the chain, the librarian would use a key.[4][5]

Chained library inHereford Cathedral

The earliest example in England of a library to be endowed for use outside an institution such as a school or college was theFrancis Trigge Chained LibraryinGrantham,Lincolnshire,established in 1598. The library still exists and can justifiably claim to be the forerunner of laterpublic librarysystems.[citation needed]Marsh's Libraryin Dublin, built 1701, is another non-institutional library which is still housed in its original building. Here it was not the books that were chained, but rather the readers were locked into cages to prevent rare volumes from 'wandering'. There is also an example of a chained library in theRoyal Grammar School, Guildford,as well as atBolton School.Hereford Cathedralhas the largest surviving chained library. While chaining books was a popular practice throughout Europe, it was not used in all libraries. The practice of chaining library books became less popular as printing increased and books became less expensive.[4]Wimborne Minsterin Dorset, England is yet another example of a chained library. It is one of the first in England and the second (demoted to third after Wells Cathedral chained library re-chained a number of their books) largest.[6]It dates from 1868 and has 150 titles wrapped in lambs skin.[7]Another interesting example of a chained library is Florence's sixteenth-century Laurentian Library, designed by Michelangelo for Lorenzo de' Medici.[8]

Hereford Cathedral, in Hereford, England, has one of two chained libraries that still have chained books on its shelves.[9]The books in this library date mostly from the 12th century and are therefore handwritten as they predate the printing press.[7]The book pages were said to be made of cowhide, wood, leaves, clay, cloth, bark, metal, and unbleached animal skin, and was[clarification needed]written in the language of the people.[clarification needed]Under-privileged scholars settled for columns of text bounded between boards and papyrus. Papyrus was cheaper but could easily be destroyed and written over.[10]

In the Middle Ages, books were expensive and for the privileged, but they were highly valued. Books were the prime target for thieves and impoverished students to steal and sell. As a result, books were chained to shelves to preserve information.[10]

Recent interest in saving and preservation

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Recently, there has been increased interest in reconstructing chained libraries. Worldwide, only five chained libraries have survived with their original furniture, chains, and books.[1]This includes the library built in the Church ofSaint Walpurga,located in the small town ofZutphenin the Netherlands.[1]This library was built in 1564.[1]The library is now part of a museum that allows visitors to tour and view the library's original books, furniture, and chains.[1]Another chained library is theMalatestiana LibraryinCesenanearBolognain Italy, dating back to theItalian Renaissance.A lot of work has gone into rebuilding and preserving these great libraries.[4]

For example, many workers, over a decade, and massive monetary donations were spent to restore theMappa Mundiand Chained Library museum located inHereford, England.[4]Built over 900 years ago, the library fell into disrepair and faced destruction.[4]The oldest chained book found in the library is theHereford Gospels.[11]Written in the eighth century, it is one of 229 chained books located in this great library.[11]The Hereford library is the largest surviving chained library with its chains and books intact.[11]The library is now open to the public as a tourist attraction and museum.[4]

The chained library inWimborne MinsterinDorsetis the second-largest chained library in the UK. The first donation came from Revd William Stone. These were theological books, used mainly by the clergy and therefore were not chained. When another local donor, Roger Gillingham, gave another 90 books in 1695, he insisted that the books be chained up, but also that the Library should be opened, free, for the people of the town, providing they were 'shopkeepers or the better class of person'.[12]

Surviving examples

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The chained books in St Peter's Church,Wootton Wawen,Warwickshire
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  • InTerry Pratchett'sDiscworldseries of comic fantasy novels, the library of the magical Unseen University also has a number of chained books—however, in this case, the purpose of the chains is to prevent the more vicious magical books from escaping or attacking passers-by.
  • David Williamshas written a mystery,Murder in Advent,that features a chained library.[24]
  • In the filmHarry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone,the Restricted section of the library features chained books.
  • In the season six finale ofGame of Thrones,Samwell Tarly is granted access to the Citadel Library where many of the books are chained.
  • In the filmDoctor Strange,the library of Kamar-Taj is home to countless ancient books, but some books are forbidden and on chains and watched over by the librarian, Wong.[25]
  • Charlie Lovetthas written a fiction book,The Lost Book of the Grail,that features a chained library.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^abcdeWeston, J. (10 May 2013). "The Last of the Great Chained Libraries".
  2. ^Byrne, D. "Chained libraries". History Today, May 1987, 37, pp. 5–6.
  3. ^Callas, Jennie E. (26 February 2010)."A Review of" The Library: An Illustrated History "".Internet Reference Services Quarterly.15(1): 69–70.doi:10.1080/10875300903535149.ISSN1087-5301.S2CID61069680.
  4. ^abcdefLopez, B. "New Chained Library of Hereford Cathedral Takes Royal Prize". American Libraries, 1997, p. 22.
  5. ^"Chained Library".www.herefordcathedral.org.Retrieved28 October2022.
  6. ^Ltd, Triple W Software."Chained Library – Wimborne Minster".www.wimborneminster.org.uk.Retrieved26 September2015.
  7. ^abMeier, Allison (8 May 2014)."Reading in Restraint: The Last Chained Libraries".Atlas Obscura.Retrieved27 October2022.
  8. ^Murray, Stuart P (2009).The Library An Illustrated History.New York, New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 82.ISBN9781510733329.
  9. ^Allison. "Reading in Restraint: The Last Chained Libraries".Atlas Obscura.9.
  10. ^abLyons, Martyn (2011).A Living History.Los Angeles. pp. 35–46.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  11. ^abcHereford Cathedral. "The Chained Library". 2009. Received from"The chained library".herefordcathedral.org.Archived fromthe originalon 14 February 2013.Retrieved1 April2013.
  12. ^Wimborne Minster. "Chained library".2014.
  13. ^"Local, Special and School Archival Collections".Bolton School.Retrieved30 September2019.
  14. ^"The Francis Trigge Chained Library".Atlas Obscura.Retrieved28 October2022.
  15. ^"Chetham's Library | Library of the Parish Church of Gorton".Chetham's Library.Retrieved30 September2019.
  16. ^"chainbooks".www.wringtonsomerset.org.uk.Retrieved30 September2019.
  17. ^"Chained books".stjohns-glastonbury.org.Archived fromthe originalon 15 August 2017.Retrieved29 September2019.
  18. ^"The Trigge Library - DiscoverStWulframs.co.uk".www.discoverstwulframs.org.uk.Retrieved28 October2022.
  19. ^"Chained Library".Hereford Cathedral.Retrieved28 October2022.
  20. ^"Biblioteca Malatestiana".Atlas Obscura.Retrieved28 October2022.
  21. ^"Royal Grammar School | Guildford".Retrieved28 October2022.
  22. ^"Librije Chained Library".Atlas Obscura.Retrieved28 October2022.
  23. ^"Chained Library - Wimborne Minster and the Wimborne Villages".www.wimborneminster.org.uk.Retrieved28 October2022.
  24. ^Heald, Tim (6 October 2013)."David Williams obituary".The Independent.Archived fromthe originalon 21 October 2010.Retrieved10 November2010.
  25. ^BBC, Culture."The ancient library where the books are under lock and key".
  26. ^Lovett, Charles C. (2017).The lost book of the Grail: or a visitor's guide to Barchester Cathedral.New York.ISBN978-0-399-56251-8.OCLC969973341.{{cite book}}:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Bibliography

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