Charybdis(/kəˈrɪbdɪs/;Ancient Greek:Χάρυβδις,romanized:Khárybdis,Attic Greek:[kʰárybdis];Latin:Charybdis,Classical Latin:[kʰäˈrʏbd̪ɪs̠]) is asea monsterinGreek mythology.Charybdis, along with the sea monsterScylla,appears as a challenge to epic characters such asOdysseus,Jason,andAeneas.Scholarship locates her in theStrait of Messina.
The idiom "between Scylla and Charybdis"has come to mean being forced to choose between two similarly dangerous situations.
Description
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The sea monster Charybdis was believed to live under a small rock on one side of a narrow channel. Opposite her wasScylla,another sea monster, who lived inside a much larger rock.[1]The sides of the strait were within an arrow-shot of each other, and sailors attempting to avoid one of them would come in reach of the other. To be "between Scylla and Charybdis"therefore means to be presented with two opposite dangers, the task being to find a route that avoids both. Three times a day, Charybdis swallowed a huge amount of water, before belching it back out again, creating large whirlpools capable of dragging a ship underwater. In some variations of the story, Charybdis was simply a largewhirlpoolinstead of a sea monster.
Through the descriptions of Greek mythical chroniclers and Greek historians such asThucydides,modern scholars generally agree that Charybdis was said to have been located in theStrait of Messina,off thecoastofSicilyand opposite a rock on the mainland identified with Scylla.[2]A whirlpool does exist there, caused by currents meeting, but it is dangerous only to small craft in extreme conditions.[3]
Family
editAnother myth makes Charybdis the daughter ofPoseidonandGaia[4][5]and living as a loyal servant to her father.
Mythology
editOrigin
editCharybdis aided her father Poseidon in his feud with her paternal uncle Zeus and, as such, helped him engulf lands and islands in water. Zeus, angry over the land she stole from him, sent her to the bottom of the sea with a thunderbolt; from the sea bed, she drank the water from the sea thrice a day, creating whirlpools.[6][7]She lingered on a rock with Scylla facing her directly on another rock, making a strait.
In some myths, Charybdis was a voracious woman who stole oxen fromHeracles,and was hurled by the thunderbolt of Zeus into the sea, where she retained her voracious nature.[5]
TheOdyssey
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Odysseusfaced both Charybdis and Scylla while rowing through a narrow channel. He ordered his men to avoid Charybdis, thus forcing them to pass near Scylla, which resulted in the deaths of six of his men. Later, stranded on a raft, Odysseus was swept back through the strait and passed near Charybdis. His raft was sucked into her maw, but he survived by clinging to a fig tree growing on a rock over her lair. On the next outflow of water, when his raft was expelled, Odysseus recovered it and paddled away safely.[8]
Jason and the Argonauts
editTheArgonautswere able to avoid both dangers becauseHeraordered theNereidThetisto guide them through the perilous passage.[9]
TheAeneid
editIn theAeneid,the Trojans are warned byHelenusof Scylla and Charybdis, and are advised to avoid them by sailing around Pachynus point (Cape Passero) rather than riskthe strait.[10]Later, however, they find themselves passingEtna,and have to row for their lives to escape Charybdis.[11]
Aesop
editAristotlementions in hisMeteorologicathatAesoponceteased a ferrymanby telling him a myth concerning Charybdis. With one gulp of the sea, she brought the mountains to view; islands appeared after the next. The third is yet to come and will dry the sea altogether, thus depriving the ferryman of his livelihood.[12]
See also
editNotes
edit- ^Homer,Odyssey12.104
- ^Thucydides,History of the Peloponnesian War4.24.5
- ^Andrews, Tamra (2000).Dictionary of Nature Myths: Legends of the Earth, Sea, and Sky.Oxford University Press. p. 171.ISBN978-0-19-513677-7.Retrieved 25 May 2016.
- ^Scholiaston Homer'sOdyssey
- ^abServius,Commentary onVirgil'sAeneid3.420
- ^"Charybdis".www.greekmythology.com.Retrieved5 October2016.
- ^"Charybdis (Kharybdis) – Whirlpool Monster of Greek Mythology".www.theoi.com.Retrieved5 October2016.
- ^Homer,Odyssey12.201–59 & 430–50
- ^Apollonius Rhodius,Argonautica4.821–960
- ^Gutenberg Project:The AeneidE. F. Taylor translation (1907)Bk 3, 487-504
- ^Gutenberg Project:The AeneidE. F. Taylor translation (1907)Bk 3, 636-648
- ^Gert-Jan van Dijk,Ainoi, logoi, mythoi: fables in archaic, classical, and Hellenistic Greek literature,Brill NL 1997;pp. 351–53
References
edit- Apollonius Rhodius,Argonauticatranslated by Robert Cooper Seaton (1853-1915), R. C. Loeb Classical Library Volume 001. London, William Heinemann Ltd, 1912.Online version at the Topos Text Project.
- Apollonius Rhodius,Argonautica.George W. Mooney. London. Longmans, Green. 1912.Greek text available at the Perseus Digital Library.
- Homer,The Odysseywith an English Translation by A.T. Murray, PH.D. in two volumes. Cambridge, MA., Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919.ISBN978-0674995611.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.Greek text available from the same website.
- Maurus Servius Honoratus,In Vergilii carmina comentarii. Servii Grammatici qui feruntur in Vergilii carmina commentarii;recensuerunt Georgius Thilo et Hermannus Hagen. Georgius Thilo. Leipzig. B. G. Teubner. 1881.Online version at the Perseus Digital Library.
Further reading
editExternal links
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Media related toCharybdisat Wikimedia Commons- Chisholm, Hugh,ed. (1911)..Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 519.
