Chess title

"Chess master" redirects here. For the Ubisoft application, seeChessmaster.For the Chinese novel by Ah Cheng, seeThe Chess Master.

Achess titleis atitleregulated by achessgoverning body and bestowed upon players based on their performance and rank. Such titles are usually granted for life. The international chess governing bodyFIDEgrants several titles, the most prestigious of which isGrandmaster;many national chess federations also grant titles such as "National Master".More broadly, the term "master" can refer to any highly skilled chess player.

GrandmasterGarry Kasparov(2007)

Over-the-board chess

In general, achess masteris a player of such skill that they can usually beat most amateurs. Among chess players, the term is often abbreviated tomaster.

The establishment of the world chess body,Fédération Internationale des Échecs(FIDE), saw the creation of titles superior to the "national master" titles. In 1950, FIDE created the titles "Grandmaster"and"International Master",the requirements for which were increasingly formalized over the years. In 1978, FIDE created the lesser title of"FIDE Master".

Early use of the master title

From the beginning of recorded chess, to the establishment of the first chess organizations, the termmasterwas applied informally, being simply a matter of popular acclaim. Strong players demonstrated their strength in play, and gained the informal reputation of being chess masters.

As chess became more widespread in the latter half of the 19th century, the term began to be given out by organizations. One of the most prestigious events of the time was theDSB Congress,first organised by theDeutscher Schachbund (German Chess Federation)in 1876. The DSB's standard for the title of Master was theMeisterdrittel,i.e. to win at least one third of the games in the premiere tournament at a DSB Congress. The winner of theHauptturnieror "reserve" event was entitled to compete in the premiere event in the next congress, with a chance to achieve theMeisterdrittel.

FIDE titles

Main article:FIDE titles

• Grandmaster(GM) is the highest title a chess player can attain. The usual way for a player to qualify for the Grandmaster title is by achieving a FIDE rating of 2500 at one time and three favorable results in tournaments (called norms) involving other Grandmasters, including some from countries other than the applicant's.
• International Master(IM). Requires a minimum rating of 2400 and three norms, while the requirements of achieving a norm are lowered compared to the GM title.
• FIDE Master(FM). Requires a minimum rating of 2300. No norms are required.
• Candidate Master(CM). Requires a minimum rating of 2200. No norms are required.

The titles listed above are open to men and women. Separate women-only titles are available:

• Woman Grand Master(WGM) Requires a minimum rating of 2300 and three norms.
• Woman International Master(WIM) Requires a minimum rating of 2200 and three norms, while the requirements of achieving a norm are lowered compared to the WGM title.
• Woman FIDE Master(WFM) Requires a minimum rating of 2100. No norms are required.
• Woman Candidate Master(WCM) Requires a minimum rating of 2000. No norms are required.

Beginning withNona Gaprindashviliin 1978, 42women have also earned the GM title.

For every above title, there are alternative ways of attaining it by performing at or near the top of certain high-level tournaments. For example, the GM title is awarded to the person winning the World Junior Championship.

FIDE also awards titles for "lower-band" players, regardless of gender, through theFIDE Online Arena:

• Arena Grandmaster(AGM). Requires a minimum online FIDE rating of 2000.
• Arena International Master(AIM). Requires a minimum online FIDE rating of 1700.
• Arena FIDE Master(AFM). Requires a minimum online FIDE rating of 1400.
• Arena Candidate Master(ACM). Requires a minimum online FIDE rating of 1100.

There are no norms required for any of the arena titles, however the player must maintain a FIDE online rating of at least the minimum required for at least 150 bullet games, 100 blitz games or 50 rapid games consecutively.

FIDE also awards titles forarbitersand trainers.

National titles

Somenational chess federationsaward titles such as "National Master" (NM). National chess federations are free to set whatever standards they want for such titles, which are not recognized byFIDE.Standards for "Master" titles in different countries vary, but are usually based on criteria such as achieving a certain rating (typically about 2200Elo), achieving the required number of tournament performances ( "norms" ) at a certain level, or featuring prominently in the country's national championship. In some cases, it may extend to honorary titles awarded to (for example) prominent chess administrators, business patrons or politicians. Since the introduction of theFIDE Master(FM) title in 1978, some federations such as those of Ireland and Germany have ceased awarding National Master titles, apparently regarding them as obsolete.

Soviet Union

In the Soviet Union, the Master title was conferred by the federal government and was connected to the title ofMaster of Sport.The first chess player to receive the title wasPeter Romanovskyin 1934. Only players who featured prominently in theSoviet Chess Championshipwere considered for the title, and fewer than 100 awards were made altogether. The majority of these players also qualified for the FIDEInternational MasterorGrandmastertitle.

United States

TheUSCFcurrently gives a national title for achieving a 2200 rating (master):

Title	Rating
Senior Master	2400
Life Master	2300
Master	2200
Candidate Master	2000
1st Category	1800
2nd Category	1600
3rd Category	1400
4th Category	1200

Expert

USCF rating categories

Category	Rating range
Senior Master	Over 2400
National Master	Over 2200
Expert	2000–2199
Class A	1800–1999
Class B	1600–1799
Class C	1400–1599
Class D	1200–1399
Class E	1000–1199
Class F	800–999
Class G	600–799
Class H	450–599
Class I	200–449
Class J	under 200

Chess expert is a title given by theUnited States Chess Federation(USCF). It is awarded tochessplayersratedfrom 2000 to 2199. Players rated above that are masters, while players below that are class players. Approximately 50,000 chess players have USCF ratings, of which approximately 2,500 are rated 2000 or better. Thus, chess experts are in the top 5% of all USCF tournament chess players. Since 2008, USCF has also awarded Candidate Master titles to players that achieve five performance-based'norms'in tournaments and also hold a rating above 2000. Like the title of Master, Candidate Master titles are awarded for life.

The title of chess expert is not awarded for life. Every time a tournament chess player plays a game, their rating goes up or down depending on the game's outcome and on how strong their opponent is. If the rating of a chess expert falls below 2000, they are not a chess expert any more (though they retain the title of Candidate Master, if it was earned according to the criteria above). This is in contrast to international titles awarded byFIDE,which are awarded for life. In European countries the term "expert" is not used. Instead, players of that level are called "Candidate Masters",although the FIDE Candidate Master title generally requires a higher rating (2200 FIDE).

It is possible (and common), however, for players in the United States to have a rating that places them in the 'expert' category while still retaining the title of 'Life Master' or 'National Master'. The title of 'master' is awarded to anyone meeting the criteria laid down by the USCF, including having once been rated over 2200. Like the FIDE titles ofFIDE Master,International Master,andGrandmaster,the title of 'Master' is awarded for life. Players with a rating below 2200, but who have earned the title of 'National Master' or 'Life Master', are, according to the USCF, still referred to as 'masters'.

The first USCF rating list was published in December 1950. On that list, experts were players rated from 2100 to 2300 and masters were players rated from 2300 to 2500. However, within a few years, it was discovered that the ratings were rapidly deflating. As a result, the classifications were dropped by 100 points so that since then experts were rated between 2000 and 2200. In 1960, the USCF adopted the newElo rating systemreplacing the originalHarknessSystem. There have been continuous adjustments to that system ever since, with the primary purpose of stabilizing the rating system against the forces of inflation and deflation, so that a chess expert today will be approximately the same strength as a chess expert was twenty or forty years ago.

This information stated here also applies in Canada,under the auspices of the Canadian Federation of Chess (CFC), with one difference being that Class E encompasses all players rated under 1200. Similar class distinctions may apply in other national chess federations as well.

Master

TheUnited States Chess Federation(USCF) awards the Title of National Master to anyone who achieves a USCFratingof 2200, and the title of Senior Master to anyone who achieves a USCF rating of 2400 along with certain performance-based'norms'during tournament play.The USCF also awards the Life Master title to anyone who holds a 2200 rating for a total of 300 or more games in his or her lifetime.

In the United States, the title of "National Master" is awarded for life, regardless of whether the rating of a National Master subsequently goes below 2200.In August 2002, this position was codified (after being recognized as the existing status quo) by the USCF Policy Board with the passage of a motion stating "Any USCF member who has had a regular post tournament rating of 2200 or higher (published or not) has demonstrated a significant level of chess ability and is recognized by being automatically awarded the lifetime title of National Master."

Life Master

Life Master is achesstitle awarded by theUnited States Chess Federation(USCF). To be awarded this title, one must hold amaster'sratingof over 2200 for at least 300 USCF-rated tournament chess games.

During the 1990s, the USCF also awarded a "Life Master" title on the basis of a different and more complex system that was similar to the FIDE 'norm system' of awarding titles. This method of attaining Life Master became officially recognized by the USCF on January 1, 1996. The "class norm" system was later discontinued, and players who had or were subsequently granted the title on the 300-game basis were renamed "Original Life Masters." In practice, the distinction is rarely made. Original Life Masters had to play 300 games as a Master without going below 2200 in their rating or the count would start over again.

As the name of this title implies, this title is held for life, regardless of any subsequent decrease in rating. Thus, it is possible to have a player with a USCF rating of 2100 (or below) who is a Life Master, although this is uncommon for 'Original Life Masters' (since such a rating floor can only be dropped by the USCF itself), who have a floor rating of 2200.

Canada

TheChess Federation of Canadaawards the title of National Master to players who achieve a national rating of 2200, and three tournament performances ( "norms" ) of 2300 or more. It also awards National Woman Master and National Candidate Master titles at 2000 rating, with three norms of 2100 or more.

England

TheEnglish Chess Federationawards the title of National Master to players who achieve anECF ratingof 2200, standardplay. The player must maintain an average listed rating at, or above, the minimum rating for a period of 12 months, with a total game count of 30 games or more in the 12-month qualifying period. It also awards a number of lesser titles.

Ireland

Up until 1991, the Irish Chess Federation awarded the title of Irish National Master to 15 players. The title has since fallen into disuse.

Australia

The title of Australian Master was introduced in 1959, and was awarded by theAustralian Chess Federationusing a points based system, in which players were required to score 100 points from performances in major tournaments such as theAustralian Chess Championshipand state championships.According to Australian chess player and arbiterShaun Press,the requirements were changed to a rating-based system some time during the 1980s, but the title was not held in high regard and is no longer awarded.

New Zealand

TheNew Zealand Chess Federationawards the title of National Master using a points-based system, based on performances in theNew Zealand Chess Championshipand a few other tournaments. 100 points are required for the title of National Master, and 40 points for the title of Candidate Master.As of 31 January 2013, 22 players hold the National Master title, the majority of whom also have FIDE titles.

Dominican Republic

TheDominican Chess Federationawards the title of National Master, based on performances in theDominican Chess Championship.As of 11 April 2023, 7 players hold the National Master title, the majority of whom also have FIDE titles.

Chess compositions

See also:List of grandmasters for chess composition

Just as in over-the-board play, inproblem chessthe titlesInternational Grandmaster,International MasterandFIDE Masterare awarded by FIDE via thePCCC(Permanent Commission for Chess Composition) for especially distinguished problem and study composers and solvers. (Unlike in over-the-board chess, however, there are no women-only equivalents to these titles in problem chess.)

Composers

For composition, the title of Grandmaster for chess composition was established in 1959, withAndré Cheron,Arnoldo Ellerman,Alexander Gerbstmann,Jan Hartong,andCyril Kippingbeing the first honorary recipients. In subsequent years, qualification for the IM title, as well as for the GM title (first awarded in 1972 toGenrikh Kasparyan,Lev Loshinsky,Comins Mansfield,andEeltje Visserman) and the FM title (first awarded 1990) has been determined on the basis of the number of problems or studies a composer had selected for publication in theFIDE Albums.These albums are collections of the best problems and studies composed in a particular three-year period, as selected by FIDE-appointed judges. Each problem published in an album is worth 1 point; each study is worth 1⅔; joint compositions are worth the same divided by the number of composers. For the FIDE Master title, a composer must accumulate 12 points; for the International Master title, 25 points are needed; and for the Grandmaster title, a composer must have 70 points.

Solvers

For solvers, the GM (International Solving Grandmaster) and IM titles were both first awarded in 1982; the FM title followed in 1997. GM and IM titles can only be gained by participating in the officialWorld Chess Solving Championship(WCSC):to become a GM, a solver must score at least 90 percent of the winner's points and on each occasion finish in at least tenth place three times within ten successive WCSCs. For the IM title they must score at least 80 percent of the winner's points and each time finish in at least fifteenth place twice within five successive WCSCs; alternatively, winning a single WCSC or scoring as many points as the winner in a single WCSC will earn the IM title. For the FM title, the solver must score at least 75 percent of the winner's points and each time finish within the top 40 percent of participants in any two PCCC-approved solving competitions.

Judges

The titleInternational Judge of Chess Compositionsis given to individuals considered capable of judging composing tournaments at the highest level.

Correspondence chess

TheInternational Correspondence Chess Federation (ICCF)awards the titles International Master, Senior International Master andInternational Correspondence Chess Grandmaster—these are equivalent to similar titles awarded by FIDE for over-the-board chess. The ICCF also runs the World Correspondence Chess Championships. Because these events can last a long time, they may overlap: for instance, in February 2005Joop van Oosteromwas declared winner of the eighteenth Championship (which began in June 2003), though the winner of the seventeenth Championship (which began in March 2002) had not yet been determined.

See also

• FIDE titles
• International Correspondence Chess Federation § Titles