Chicago[a]is themost populous cityin theU.S. stateofIllinoisand in theMidwestern United States.With a population of 2,746,388, as of the2020 census,[9]it is thethird-most populous city in the United StatesafterNew York CityandLos Angeles.As theseatofCook County,thesecond-most populous countyin the U.S., Chicago is the center of theChicago metropolitan area,often colloquially called "Chicagoland" and home to 9.6 million residents.
Chicago | |
|---|---|
 Seal | |
| Etymology:Miami-Illinois:shikaakwa('wild onion'or'wild garlic') | |
| Nicknames: | |
| Mottoes: Latin:Urbs in Horto(City in a Garden); I Will | |
 Interactive map of Chicago | |
  Chicago  Chicago | |
| Coordinates:41°52′55″N87°37′40″W/ 41.88194°N 87.62778°W[1] | |
| Country | United States |
| State | Illinois |
| Counties | Cook(majority) andDuPage(minority) |
| Settled | c. 1780 |
| Incorporated(town) | August 12, 1833 |
| Incorporated(city) | March 4, 1837 |
| Founded by | Jean Baptiste Point du Sable |
| Government | |
| • Type | Mayor–council |
| • Body | Chicago City Council |
| •Mayor | Brandon Johnson(D) |
| •City Clerk | Anna Valencia(D) |
| •City Treasurer | Melissa Conyears-Ervin(D) |
| Area | |
| •City | 234.53 sq mi (607.44 km2) |
| • Land | 227.73 sq mi (589.82 km2) |
| • Water | 6.80 sq mi (17.62 km2) |
| Elevation [1](mean) | 597.18 ft (182.02 m) |
| Highest elevation – near Blue Island | 672 ft (205 m) |
| Lowest elevation – at Lake Michigan | 578 ft (176 m) |
| Population | |
| •City | 2,746,388 |
| • Estimate (2022)[3] | 2,665,039 |
| • Rank | |
| • Density | 12,059.84/sq mi (4,656.33/km2) |
| •Urban | 8,671,746 (US:3rd) |
| • Urban density | 3,709.2/sq mi (1,432.1/km2) |
| •Metro | 9,618,502 (US:3rd) |
| Demonym | Chicagoan |
| GDP | |
| • Chicago (MSA) | $832.9 billion (2022) |
| Time zone | UTC−06:00(CST) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC−05:00(CDT) |
| ZIP Codeprefixes | 606xx, 607xx, 608xx |
| Area codes | 312,773,872 |
| FIPScode | 17-14000 |
| GNISfeature ID | 0428803 |
| Website | chicago |
Located on the shore ofLake Michigan,Chicago was incorporated as a city in 1837 near aportagebetween theGreat Lakesand theMississippi River watershed.It grew rapidly in the mid-19th century.[10][11]In 1871, theGreat Chicago Firedestroyed several square miles and left more than 100,000 homeless,[12]but Chicago's population continued to grow.[11]Chicago made noted contributions tourban planningandarchitecture,such as theChicago School,the development of theCity Beautiful movement,and the steel-framedskyscraper.[13][14]
Chicago is an international hub for finance,culture,commerce, industry, education, technology, telecommunications, andtransportation.It has the largest and most diverse financederivativesmarket in the world, generating 20% of all volume incommoditiesand financial futures alone.[15]O'Hare International Airportis routinely ranked among theworld's top six busiest airports by passenger traffic,[16]and the region is also the nation's railroad hub.[17]The Chicago area has one of the highestgross domestic products(GDP) of any urban region in the world, generating $689 billion in 2018.[18]Chicago's economyisdiverse,with no single industry employing more than 14% of the workforce.[15]
Chicago is a major destination fortourism,including visitors to itscultural institutions,and Lake Michiganbeaches.Chicago's culture has contributed much to the visual arts,literature,film,theater,comedy (especiallyimprovisational comedy),food,dance, andmusic(particularlyjazz,blues,soul,hip-hop,gospel,[19]andelectronic dance music,includinghouse music). Chicago is home to theChicago Symphony Orchestraand theLyric Opera of Chicago,while theArt Institute of Chicagoprovides an influential visual arts museum andart school.The Chicago area also hosts theUniversity of Chicago,Northwestern University,and theUniversity of Illinois Chicago,amongother institutions of learning.ProfessionalsportsinChicago includeallmajor professional leagues,including twoMajor League Baseballteams.
Etymology and nicknames
The nameChicagois derived from a French rendering of theindigenousMiami–Illinoiswordshikaakwafor a wild relative of theonion;it is known to botanists asAllium tricoccumand known more commonly as "ramps". The first known reference to the site of the current city of Chicago as "Checagou"was byRobert de LaSallearound 1679 in a memoir.[20]Henri Joutel,in his journal of 1688, noted that the eponymous wild "garlic" grew profusely in the area.[21]According to his diary of late September 1687:
... when we arrived at the said place called "Chicagou" which, according to what we were able to learn of it, has taken this name because of the quantity of garlic which grows in the forests in this region.[21]
The city has hadseveral nicknamesthroughout its history, such as theWindy City,Chi-Town, Second City, and City of the Big Shoulders.[22]
History
Beginnings
In the mid-18th century, the area was inhabited by thePotawatomi,an indigenous tribe who had succeeded theMiami,SaukandMeskwakipeoples in this region.[23]
The first known permanent settler in Chicago was traderJean Baptiste Point du Sable.Du Sable was ofAfricandescent, perhaps born in theFrench colonyofSaint-Domingue(Haiti), and established the settlement in the 1780s. He is commonly known as the "Founder of Chicago."[24][25][26]
In 1795, following the victory of the new United States in theNorthwest Indian War,an area that was to be part of Chicago was turned over to the U.S. for a military post by native tribes in accordance with theTreaty of Greenville.In 1803, theU.S. ArmyconstructedFort Dearborn,which was destroyed during theWar of 1812in theBattle of Fort Dearbornby the Potawatomi before being later rebuilt.[27]
After the War of 1812, theOttawa,Ojibwe,and Potawatomi tribes ceded additional land to the United States in the 1816Treaty of St. Louis.The Potawatomi were forcibly removed from their land after the1833 Treaty of Chicagoand sent west of theMississippi Riveras part of the federal policy ofIndian removal.[28][29][30]
19th century
On August 12, 1833, the Town of Chicago was organized with a population of about 200.[30]Within seven years it grew to more than 6,000 people. On June 15, 1835, the first public land sales began withEdmund Dick Tayloras Receiver of Public Monies. The City of Chicago was incorporated on Saturday, March 4, 1837,[31]and for several decades was the world's fastest-growing city.[32]
As the site of theChicago Portage,[33]the city became an important transportation hub between the eastern and western United States. Chicago's first railway,Galena and Chicago Union Railroad,and theIllinois and Michigan Canalopened in 1848. The canal allowedsteamboatsandsailing shipson theGreat Lakesto connect to the Mississippi River.[34][35][36][37]
A flourishing economy brought residents from rural communities andimmigrantsfrom abroad. Manufacturing and retail and finance sectors became dominant, influencing theAmerican economy.[38]TheChicago Board of Trade(established 1848) listed the first-ever standardized "exchange-traded" forward contracts, which were calledfutures contracts.[39]
In the 1850s, Chicago gained national political prominence as the home of SenatorStephen Douglas,the champion of theKansas–Nebraska Actand the "popular sovereignty" approach to the issue of the spread of slavery.[40]These issues also helped propel another Illinoisan,Abraham Lincoln,to the national stage. Lincoln was nominated in Chicago for U.S. president at the1860 Republican National Convention,which was held in a purpose-built auditorium called theWigwam.He defeated Douglas in the general election, and this set the stage for theAmerican Civil War.
To accommodaterapid population growthand demand for better sanitation, the city improved its infrastructure. In February 1856, Chicago's Common Council approvedChesbrough's plan to build the United States' first comprehensive sewerage system.[41]The projectraised much of central Chicagoto a new grade with the use ofjackscrewsfor raising buildings.[42]While elevating Chicago, and at first improving the city's health, the untreated sewage and industrial waste now flowed into theChicago River,and subsequently intoLake Michigan,polluting the city's primary freshwater source.
The city responded by tunneling two miles (3.2 km) out into Lake Michigan to newly builtwater cribs.In 1900, the problem of sewage contamination was largely resolved when the city completed a major engineering feat. It reversed the flow of the Chicago River so that the water flowed away from Lake Michigan rather than into it. This project began with the construction and improvement of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, and was completed with theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canalthat connects to theIllinois River,which flows into the Mississippi River.[43][44][45]
In 1871, the Great Chicago Fire destroyed an area about 4 miles (6.4 km) long and 1-mile (1.6 km) wide, a large section of the city at the time.[46][47][48]Much of the city, including railroads andstockyards,survived intact,[49]and from the ruins of the previous wooden structures arose more modern constructions of steel and stone. These set a precedent for worldwide construction.[50][51]During its rebuilding period, Chicago constructed the world'sfirst skyscraperin 1885, usingsteel-skeletonconstruction.[52][53]
The city grew significantly in size and population by incorporating many neighboring townships between 1851 and 1920, with the largest annexation happening in 1889, with five townships joining the city, including theHyde Park Township,which now comprises most of theSouth Side of Chicagoand the far southeast of Chicago, and theJefferson Township,which now makes up most ofChicago's Northwest Side.[54]The desire to join the city was driven by municipal services that the city could provide its residents.
Chicago's flourishing economy attracted huge numbers of new immigrants fromEuropeand migrants from theEastern United States.Of the total population in 1900, more than 77% were either foreign-born or born in the United States of foreign parentage.Germans,Irish,Poles,Swedes,andCzechsmade up nearly two-thirds of the foreign-born population (by 1900, whites were 98.1% of the city's population).[55][56]
Labor conflictsfollowed the industrial boom and the rapid expansion of the labor pool, including theHaymarket affairon May 4, 1886, and in 1894 thePullman Strike.Anarchist and socialist groups played prominent roles in creating very large and highly organized labor actions. Concern for social problems among Chicago's immigrant poor ledJane AddamsandEllen Gates Starrto foundHull Housein 1889.[57]Programs that were developed there became a model for the new field ofsocial work.[58]
During the 1870s and 1880s, Chicago attained national stature as the leader in the movement to improve public health. City laws and later, state laws that upgraded standards for the medical profession and fought urban epidemics ofcholera,smallpox,andyellow feverwere both passed and enforced. These laws became templates for public health reform in other cities and states.[59]
The city established many large, well-landscapedmunicipal parks,which also included public sanitation facilities. The chief advocate for improving public health in Chicago wasJohn H. Rauch, M.D.Rauch established a plan for Chicago's park system in 1866. He createdLincoln Parkby closing a cemetery filled with shallow graves, and in 1867, in response to an outbreak of cholera he helped establish a new Chicago Board of Health. Ten years later, he became the secretary and then the president of the first Illinois State Board of Health, which carried out most of its activities in Chicago.[60]
In the 1800s, Chicago became the nation's railroad hub, and by 1910 over 20 railroads operated passenger service out of six different downtown terminals.[61][62]In 1883, Chicago's railway managers needed a general time convention, so they developed the standardized system of North Americantime zones.[63]This system for telling time spread throughout the continent.
In 1893, Chicago hosted theWorld's Columbian Expositionon former marshland at the present location ofJackson Park.The Exposition drew 27.5 million visitors, and is considered the most influentialworld's fairin history.[64][65]TheUniversity of Chicago,formerly at another location, moved to the same South Side location in 1892. The term "midway" for a fair or carnival referred originally to theMidway Plaisance,a strip of park land that still runs through the University of Chicago campus and connects theWashingtonand Jackson Parks.[66][67]
20th and 21st centuries
1900 to 1939
DuringWorld War Iand the 1920s there was a major expansion in industry. The availability of jobs attracted African Americans from theSouthern United States.Between 1910 and 1930, the African American population of Chicago increased dramatically, from 44,103 to 233,903.[68]ThisGreat Migrationhad an immense cultural impact, called theChicago Black Renaissance,part of theNew Negro Movement,in art, literature, and music.[69]Continuing racial tensions and violence, such as theChicago race riot of 1919,also occurred.[70]
The ratification of the 18th amendment to the Constitution in 1919 made the production and sale (including exportation) of alcoholic beverages illegal in the United States. This ushered in the beginning of what is known as the gangster era, a time that roughly spans from 1919 until 1933 whenProhibitionwas repealed. The 1920s sawgangsters,includingAl Capone,Dion O'Banion,Bugs MoranandTony Accardobattle law enforcement and each other on the streets of Chicago during theProhibition era.[71]Chicago was the location of the infamousSt. Valentine's Day Massacrein 1929, when Al Capone sent men to gun down members of a rival gang, North Side, led by Bugs Moran.[72]
From 1920 to 1921, the city was affected by a series of tenantrent strikesin it. Which lead to the formation of the Chicago Tenants Protective association, passage of the Kessenger tenant laws, and of a heat ordinance that legally required flats to be kept above 68 °F during winter months by landlords.[73][74][75][76][77][78]
Chicago was the first American city to have a homosexual-rights organization. The organization, formed in 1924, was called theSociety for Human Rights.It produced the first American publication for homosexuals,Friendship and Freedom.Police and political pressure caused the organization to disband.[79]
The Great Depression brought unprecedented suffering to Chicago, in no small part due to the city's heavy reliance on heavy industry. Notably, industrial areas on the south side and neighborhoods lining both branches of the Chicago River were devastated; by 1933 over 50% of industrial jobs in the city had been lost, and unemployment rates amongst blacks and Mexicans in the city were over 40%. The Republican political machine in Chicago was utterly destroyed by the economic crisis, and every mayor since 1931 has been aDemocrat.[80]
From 1928 to 1933, the city witnessed a tax revolt, and the city was unable to meet payroll or provide relief efforts. The fiscal crisis was resolved by 1933, and at the same time, federal relief funding began to flow into Chicago.[80]Chicago was also a hotbed of labor activism, withUnemployed Councilscontributing heavily in the early depression to create solidarity for the poor and demand relief; these organizations were created by socialist and communist groups. By 1935 theWorkers Alliance of Americabegun organizing the poor, workers, the unemployed. In the spring of 1937 Republic Steel Works witnessed theMemorial Day massacre of 1937in the neighborhood of East Side.
In 1933, Chicago MayorAnton Cermakwas fatally wounded inMiami, Florida,during afailed assassinationattempt on President-electFranklin D. Roosevelt.In 1933 and 1934, the city celebrated its centennial by hosting theCentury of ProgressInternational ExpositionWorld's Fair.[81]The theme of the fair was technological innovation over the century since Chicago's founding.[82]
1940 to 1979
DuringWorld War II,the city of Chicago alone produced more steel than the United Kingdom every year from 1939 – 1945, and more thanNazi Germanyfrom 1943 – 1945.[83]
The Great Migration, which had been on pause due to the Depression, resumed at an even faster pace in thesecond wave,as hundreds of thousands of blacks from the South arrived in the city to work in the steel mills, railroads, and shipping yards.[84]
On December 2, 1942, physicistEnrico Fermiconducted the world's first controllednuclear reactionat the University of Chicago as part of the top-secretManhattan Project.This led to the creation of the atomic bomb by the United States, which it used inWorld War IIin 1945.[85]
MayorRichard J. Daley,a Democrat, was elected in 1955, in the era ofmachine politics.In 1956, the city conducted its last major expansion when it annexed the land under O'Hare airport, including a small portion of DuPage County.[86]
By the 1960s, white residents in several neighborhoods left the city for the suburban areas – in many American cities, a process known aswhite flight– as Blacks continued to move beyond theBlack Belt.[87]While home loan discriminatoryredliningagainst blacks continued, the real estate industry practiced what became known asblockbusting,completely changing the racial composition of whole neighborhoods.[88]Structural changes in industry, such as globalization and job outsourcing, caused heavy job losses for lower-skilled workers. At its peak during the 1960s, some 250,000 workers were employed in the steel industry in Chicago, but the steel crisis of the 1970s and 1980s reduced this number to just 28,000 in 2015. In 1966,Martin Luther King Jr.andAlbert Rabyled theChicago Freedom Movement,which culminated in agreements between Mayor Richard J. Daley and the movement leaders.[89]
Two years later, the city hosted the tumultuous1968 Democratic National Convention,which featured physical confrontations both inside and outside the convention hall, with anti-war protesters, journalists and bystanders being beaten by police.[90]Major construction projects, including the Sears Tower (now known as theWillis Tower,which in 1974 became theworld's tallest building),University of Illinois at Chicago,McCormick Place,andO'Hare International Airport,were undertaken during Richard J. Daley's tenure.[91]In 1979,Jane Byrne,the city's first female mayor, was elected. She was notable for temporarily moving into the crime-riddenCabrini-Greenhousing project and for leading Chicago's school system out of a financial crisis.[92]
1980 to present
In 1983,Harold Washingtonbecame the first black mayor of Chicago. Washington's first term in office directed attention to poor and previously neglected minority neighborhoods. He was re‑elected in 1987 but died of a heart attack soon after.[93]Washington was succeeded by 6th ward alderpersonEugene Sawyer,who was elected by the Chicago City Council and served until a special election.
Richard M. Daley,son of Richard J. Daley, was elected in 1989. His accomplishments included improvements to parks and creating incentives forsustainable development,as well as closingMeigs Fieldin the middle of the night and destroying the runways. After successfully running for re-election five times, and becoming Chicago's longest-serving mayor, Richard M. Daley declined to run for a seventh term.[94][95]
In 1992, a construction accident near theKinzie Street Bridgeproduced a breach connecting the Chicago River to a tunnel below, which was part of anabandoned freight tunnel systemextending throughout the downtownLoopdistrict. Thetunnels filledwith 250 million US gallons (1,000,000 m3) of water, affecting buildings throughout the district and forcing a shutdown of electrical power.[96]The area was shut down for three days and some buildings did not reopen for weeks; losses were estimated at $1.95 billion.[96]
On February 23, 2011,Rahm Emanuel,a formerWhite House Chief of Staffand member of theHouse of Representatives,won the mayoral election.[97]Emanuel was sworn in as mayor on May 16, 2011, and won re-election in 2015.[98]Lori Lightfoot,the city's first African American woman mayor and its first openly LGBTQ mayor, was elected to succeed Emanuel as mayor in 2019.[99]All three city-wide elective offices were held by women (and women of color) for the first time in Chicago history: in addition to Lightfoot, the city clerk wasAnna Valenciaand the city treasurer wasMelissa Conyears-Ervin.[100]
On May 15, 2023,Brandon Johnsonassumed office as the 57th mayor of Chicago.
Geography
Topography
Chicago is located in northeastern Illinois on the southwestern shores of freshwater Lake Michigan. It is the principal city in theChicago Metropolitan Area,situated in both theMidwestern United Statesand theGreat Lakes region.The city rests on acontinental divideat the site of the Chicago Portage, connecting the Mississippi River and the Great Lakeswatersheds.In addition to it lying beside Lake Michigan, two rivers—the Chicago River in downtown and theCalumet Riverin the industrial far South Side—flow either entirely or partially through the city.[101][102]
Chicago's history and economy are closely tied to its proximity to Lake Michigan. While the Chicago River historically handled much of the region's waterborne cargo, today's hugelake freightersuse the city'sLake Calumet Harboron the South Side. The lake also provides another positive effect: moderating Chicago's climate, making waterfront neighborhoods slightly warmer in winter and cooler in summer.[103]
When Chicago was founded in 1837, most of the early building was around the mouth of the Chicago River, as can be seen on a map of the city's original 58 blocks.[104]The overallgradeof the city's central, built-up areas is relatively consistent with the natural flatness of its overall natural geography, generally exhibiting only slight differentiation otherwise. The average land elevation is 579 ft (176.5 m)above sea level.While measurements vary somewhat,[105]the lowest points are along the lake shore at 578 ft (176.2 m), while the highest point, at 672 ft (205 m), is the morainal ridge ofBlue Islandin the city's far south side.[106]
Lake Shore Driveruns adjacent to a large portion of Chicago's waterfront. Some of the parks along the waterfront includeLincoln Park,Grant Park,Burnham Park,andJackson Park.There are 24 publicbeachesacross 26 miles (42 km) of the waterfront.[107]Landfill extends into portions of the lake providing space forNavy Pier,Northerly Island,theMuseum Campus,and large portions of theMcCormick PlaceConvention Center. Most of the city's high-rise commercial and residential buildings are close to the waterfront.
An informal name for the entireChicago metropolitan areais "Chicagoland", which generally means the city and all its suburbs, though different organizations have slightly different definitions.[108][109][110]
Communities
Major sections of the city include the central business district, calledthe Loop,and the North,South,andWest Sides.[111]The three sides of the city are represented on theFlag of Chicagoby three horizontal white stripes.[112]The North Side is the most-densely-populated residential section of the city, and many high-rises are located on this side of the city along the lakefront.[113]The South Side is the largest section of the city, encompassing roughly 60% of the city's land area. The South Side contains most of the facilities of thePort of Chicago.[114]
In the late-1920s, sociologists at the University of Chicago subdivided the city into 77 distinctcommunity areas,which can further be subdivided into over 200 informally definedneighborhoods.[115][116]
Streetscape
Chicago's streets were laid out in astreet gridthat grew from the city's original townsite plot, which was bounded by Lake Michigan on the east, North Avenue on the north, Wood Street on the west, and 22nd Street on the south.[117]Streets following thePublic Land Survey Systemsection lines later became arterial streets in outlying sections. As new additions to the city were platted, city ordinance required them to be laid out with eight streets to the mile in one direction and sixteen in the other direction, about one street per 200 meters in one direction and one street per 100 meters in the other direction. The grid's regularity provided an efficient means of developing new real estate property. A scattering of diagonal streets, many of them originally Native American trails, also cross the city (Elston, Milwaukee, Ogden, Lincoln, etc.). Many additional diagonal streets were recommended in thePlan of Chicago,but only the extension ofOgden Avenuewas ever constructed.[118]
In 2021, Chicago was ranked the fourth-most walkable large city in the United States.[119]Many of the city's residential streets have a wide patch of grass or trees between the street and the sidewalk itself. This helps to keep pedestrians on the sidewalk further away from the street traffic. Chicago'sWestern Avenueis the longest continuous urban street in the world.[120]Other notable streets includeMichigan Avenue,State Street,95th Street,Cicero Avenue,Clark Street,andBelmont Avenue.TheCity Beautiful movementinspired Chicago's boulevards and parkways.[121]
Architecture
The destruction caused by the Great Chicago Fire led to the largest building boom in the history of the nation. In 1885, the firststeel-framed high-rise building,the Home Insurance Building, rose in the city as Chicago ushered in theskyscraper era,[53]which would then be followed by many other cities around the world.[122]Today, Chicago's skyline is among the world's tallest and densest.[123]
Some of the United States' tallest towers are located in Chicago;Willis Tower(formerly Sears Tower) is the second tallest building in theWestern HemisphereafterOne World Trade Center,andTrump International Hotel and Toweris the third tallest in the country.[124]The Loop's historic buildings include theChicago Board of Trade Building,theFine Arts Building,35 East Wacker,and theChicago Building,860-880 Lake Shore Drive ApartmentsbyMies van der Rohe.Many other architects have left their impression on the Chicago skyline such asDaniel Burnham,Louis Sullivan,Charles B. Atwood, John Root, andHelmut Jahn.[125][126]
TheMerchandise Mart,once first on thelist of largest buildings in the world,currently listed as 44th-largest 2013 as September 9, 2013, had its ownzip codeuntil 2008, and stands near the junction of the North and South branches of the Chicago River.[127]Presently, the four tallest buildings in the city are Willis Tower (formerly the Sears Tower, also a building with its own zip code),Trump International Hotel and Tower,theAon Center(previously the Standard Oil Building), and theJohn Hancock Center.Industrial districts,such as some areas on theSouth Side,the areas along theChicago Sanitary and Ship Canal,and theNorthwest Indianaarea are clustered.[128]
Chicago gave its name to the Chicago School and was home to thePrairie School,two movements in architecture.[129]Multiple kinds and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums, and apartment buildings can be found throughout Chicago. Large swaths of the city's residential areas away from the lake are characterized by brickbungalowsbuilt from the early 20th century through the end of World War II. Chicago is also a prominent center of thePolish Cathedral styleofchurch architecture.The Chicago suburb ofOak Parkwas home to famous architectFrank Lloyd Wright,who had designed TheRobie Houselocated near the University of Chicago.[130][131]
A popular tourist activity is to take an architecture boat tour along the Chicago River.[132]
Monuments and public art
Chicago is famous for its outdoorpublic artwith donors establishing funding for such art as far back asBenjamin Ferguson's 1905 trust.[133]A number of Chicago's public art works are by modern figurative artists. Among these areChagall's Four Seasons;theChicago Picasso;Miro's Chicago;Calder'sFlamingo;Oldenburg'sBatcolumn;Moore'sLarge Interior Form, 1953-54,Man Enters the CosmosandNuclear Energy;Dubuffet'sMonument with Standing Beast,Abakanowicz'sAgora;and,Anish Kapoor'sCloud Gatewhich has become an icon of the city. Some events which shaped the city's history have also been memorialized by art works, including theGreat Northern Migration(Saar) and thecentennial of statehood for Illinois.Finally, two fountains near the Loop also function as monumental works of art:Plensa'sCrown Fountainas well asBurnhamand Bennett'sBuckingham Fountain.[134][135]
Climate
The city lies within the typical hot-summerhumid continental climate(Köppen:Dfa), and experiences four distinct seasons.[136][137][138]Summersare hot and humid, with frequentheat waves.The July daily average temperature is 75.4 °F (24.1 °C), with afternoon temperatures peaking at 84.5 °F (29.2 °C). In a normal summer, temperatures reach at least 90 °F (32 °C) on 17 days, with lakefront locations staying cooler when winds blow off the lake.Wintersare relatively cold and snowy.Blizzardsdo occur, such as inwinter 2011.[139]There are many sunny but cold days. The normal winter high from December through March is about 36 °F (2 °C). January and February are the coldest months. Apolar vortex in January 2019nearly broke the city's cold record of −27 °F (−33 °C), which was set on January 20, 1985.[140][141][142]Measurable snowfall can continue through the first or second week of April.[143]
Springandautumnare mild, short seasons, typically with low humidity.Dew pointtemperatures in the summer range from an average of 55.8 °F (13.2 °C) in June to 61.7 °F (16.5 °C) in July.[144]They can reach nearly 80 °F (27 °C), such as during the July 2019 heat wave. The city lies withinUSDAplanthardiness zone6a, transitioning to 5b in the suburbs.[145]
According to theNational Weather Service,Chicago's highest official temperature reading of 105 °F (41 °C) was recorded on July 24, 1934.[146]Midway Airportreached 109 °F (43 °C) one day prior and recorded aheat indexof 125 °F (52 °C) during the1995 heatwave.[147]The lowest official temperature of −27 °F (−33 °C) was recorded onJanuary 20, 1985,at O'Hare Airport.[144][147]Most of the city's rainfall is brought bythunderstorms,averaging 38 a year. The region is prone tosevere thunderstormsduring the spring and summer which can produce large hail, damaging winds, and occasionally tornadoes.[148]
Like other major cities, Chicago experiences anurban heat island,making the city and its suburbs milder than surrounding rural areas, especially at night and in winter. The proximity to Lake Michigan tends to keep the Chicago lakefront somewhat cooler in summer and less brutally cold in winter than inland parts of the city and suburbs away from the lake.[149]Northeast winds from wintertimecyclonesdeparting south of the region sometimes bring the citylake-effect snow.[150]
| Climate data for Chicago (Midway International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b]extremes 1928–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
86 (30) |
92 (33) |
102 (39) |
107 (42) |
109 (43) |
104 (40) |
102 (39) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
72 (22) |
109 (43) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 53.4 (11.9) |
57.9 (14.4) |
72.0 (22.2) |
81.5 (27.5) |
89.2 (31.8) |
93.9 (34.4) |
96.0 (35.6) |
94.2 (34.6) |
90.8 (32.7) |
82.8 (28.2) |
68.0 (20.0) |
57.5 (14.2) |
97.1 (36.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 32.8 (0.4) |
36.8 (2.7) |
47.9 (8.8) |
60.0 (15.6) |
71.5 (21.9) |
81.2 (27.3) |
85.2 (29.6) |
83.1 (28.4) |
76.5 (24.7) |
63.7 (17.6) |
49.6 (9.8) |
37.7 (3.2) |
60.5 (15.8) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 26.2 (−3.2) |
29.9 (−1.2) |
39.9 (4.4) |
50.9 (10.5) |
61.9 (16.6) |
71.9 (22.2) |
76.7 (24.8) |
75.0 (23.9) |
67.8 (19.9) |
55.3 (12.9) |
42.4 (5.8) |
31.5 (−0.3) |
52.4 (11.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 19.5 (−6.9) |
22.9 (−5.1) |
32.0 (0.0) |
41.7 (5.4) |
52.4 (11.3) |
62.7 (17.1) |
68.1 (20.1) |
66.9 (19.4) |
59.2 (15.1) |
46.8 (8.2) |
35.2 (1.8) |
25.3 (−3.7) |
44.4 (6.9) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −3 (−19) |
3.4 (−15.9) |
14.1 (−9.9) |
28.2 (−2.1) |
39.1 (3.9) |
49.3 (9.6) |
58.6 (14.8) |
57.6 (14.2) |
45.0 (7.2) |
31.8 (−0.1) |
19.7 (−6.8) |
5.3 (−14.8) |
−6.5 (−21.4) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −25 (−32) |
−20 (−29) |
−7 (−22) |
10 (−12) |
28 (−2) |
35 (2) |
46 (8) |
43 (6) |
29 (−2) |
20 (−7) |
−3 (−19) |
−20 (−29) |
−25 (−32) |
| Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 2.30 (58) |
2.12 (54) |
2.66 (68) |
4.15 (105) |
4.75 (121) |
4.53 (115) |
4.02 (102) |
4.10 (104) |
3.33 (85) |
3.86 (98) |
2.73 (69) |
2.33 (59) |
40.88 (1,038) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 12.5 (32) |
10.1 (26) |
5.7 (14) |
1.0 (2.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.1 (0.25) |
1.5 (3.8) |
7.9 (20) |
38.8 (99) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 11.5 | 9.4 | 11.1 | 12.0 | 12.4 | 11.1 | 10.0 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 10.8 | 127.0 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 8.9 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.3 | 28.2 |
| Averageultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 4 | 6 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 | 5 |
| Source 1:NOAA[151][144][147],WRCC[152] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV)[153] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Chicago (O'Hare Int'l Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[b]extremes 1871–present[c] | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °F (°C) | 67 (19) |
75 (24) |
88 (31) |
91 (33) |
98 (37) |
104 (40) |
105 (41) |
102 (39) |
101 (38) |
94 (34) |
81 (27) |
71 (22) |
105 (41) |
| Mean maximum °F (°C) | 52.3 (11.3) |
56.8 (13.8) |
71.0 (21.7) |
80.9 (27.2) |
88.0 (31.1) |
93.1 (33.9) |
94.9 (34.9) |
93.2 (34.0) |
89.7 (32.1) |
81.7 (27.6) |
67.0 (19.4) |
56.4 (13.6) |
96.0 (35.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 31.6 (−0.2) |
35.7 (2.1) |
47.0 (8.3) |
59.0 (15.0) |
70.5 (21.4) |
80.4 (26.9) |
84.5 (29.2) |
82.5 (28.1) |
75.5 (24.2) |
62.7 (17.1) |
48.4 (9.1) |
36.6 (2.6) |
59.5 (15.3) |
| Daily mean °F (°C) | 25.2 (−3.8) |
28.8 (−1.8) |
39.0 (3.9) |
49.7 (9.8) |
60.6 (15.9) |
70.6 (21.4) |
75.4 (24.1) |
73.8 (23.2) |
66.3 (19.1) |
54.0 (12.2) |
41.3 (5.2) |
30.5 (−0.8) |
51.3 (10.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 18.8 (−7.3) |
21.8 (−5.7) |
31.0 (−0.6) |
40.3 (4.6) |
50.6 (10.3) |
60.8 (16.0) |
66.4 (19.1) |
65.1 (18.4) |
57.1 (13.9) |
45.4 (7.4) |
34.1 (1.2) |
24.4 (−4.2) |
43.0 (6.1) |
| Mean minimum °F (°C) | −4.5 (−20.3) |
0.5 (−17.5) |
11.8 (−11.2) |
25.6 (−3.6) |
36.7 (2.6) |
46.0 (7.8) |
54.5 (12.5) |
54.3 (12.4) |
41.8 (5.4) |
29.7 (−1.3) |
17.3 (−8.2) |
3.2 (−16.0) |
−8.5 (−22.5) |
| Record low °F (°C) | −27 (−33) |
−21 (−29) |
−12 (−24) |
7 (−14) |
27 (−3) |
35 (2) |
45 (7) |
42 (6) |
29 (−2) |
14 (−10) |
−2 (−19) |
−25 (−32) |
−27 (−33) |
| Averageprecipitationinches (mm) | 1.99 (51) |
1.97 (50) |
2.45 (62) |
3.75 (95) |
4.49 (114) |
4.10 (104) |
3.71 (94) |
4.25 (108) |
3.19 (81) |
3.43 (87) |
2.42 (61) |
2.11 (54) |
37.86 (962) |
| Average snowfall inches (cm) | 11.3 (29) |
10.7 (27) |
5.5 (14) |
1.3 (3.3) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.2 (0.51) |
1.8 (4.6) |
7.6 (19) |
38.4 (98) |
| Average extreme snow depth inches (cm) | 6.3 (16) |
6.3 (16) |
4.0 (10) |
0.6 (1.5) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
1.5 (3.8) |
3.9 (9.9) |
9.8 (25) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.01 in) | 11.0 | 9.4 | 10.8 | 12.3 | 12.5 | 11.1 | 9.7 | 9.4 | 8.5 | 10.5 | 10.0 | 10.6 | 125.8 |
| Average snowy days(≥ 0.1 in) | 8.5 | 6.4 | 4.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 1.6 | 6.1 | 27.8 |
| Averagerelative humidity(%) | 72.2 | 71.6 | 69.7 | 64.9 | 64.1 | 65.6 | 68.5 | 70.7 | 71.1 | 68.6 | 72.5 | 75.5 | 69.6 |
| Averagedew point°F (°C) | 13.6 (−10.2) |
17.6 (−8.0) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
35.8 (2.1) |
45.7 (7.6) |
55.8 (13.2) |
61.7 (16.5) |
61.0 (16.1) |
53.8 (12.1) |
41.7 (5.4) |
31.6 (−0.2) |
20.1 (−6.6) |
38.8 (3.8) |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 135.8 | 136.2 | 187.0 | 215.3 | 281.9 | 311.4 | 318.4 | 283.0 | 226.6 | 193.2 | 113.3 | 106.3 | 2,508.4 |
| Percentpossible sunshine | 46 | 46 | 51 | 54 | 62 | 68 | 69 | 66 | 60 | 56 | 38 | 37 | 56 |
| Source:NOAA(relative humidity, dew point and sun 1961–1990)[144][156][157] | |||||||||||||
| Sunshine data for Chicago | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Mean daily daylight hours | 10.0 | 11.0 | 12.0 | 13.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 12.0 | 11.0 | 10.0 | 9.0 | 12.2 |
| Source: Weather Atlas[158] | |||||||||||||
Time zone
As in the rest of the state of Illinois, Chicago forms part of theCentral Time Zone.The border with theEastern Time Zoneis located a short distance to the east, used in Michigan andcertain parts of Indiana.
Demographics
| Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1840 | 4,470 | — | |
| 1850 | 29,963 | 570.3% | |
| 1860 | 112,172 | 274.4% | |
| 1870 | 298,977 | 166.5% | |
| 1880 | 503,185 | 68.3% | |
| 1890 | 1,099,850 | 118.6% | |
| 1900 | 1,698,575 | 54.4% | |
| 1910 | 2,185,283 | 28.7% | |
| 1920 | 2,701,705 | 23.6% | |
| 1930 | 3,376,438 | 25.0% | |
| 1940 | 3,396,808 | 0.6% | |
| 1950 | 3,620,962 | 6.6% | |
| 1960 | 3,550,404 | −1.9% | |
| 1970 | 3,366,957 | −5.2% | |
| 1980 | 3,005,072 | −10.7% | |
| 1990 | 2,783,726 | −7.4% | |
| 2000 | 2,896,016 | 4.0% | |
| 2010 | 2,695,598 | −6.9% | |
| 2020 | 2,746,388 | 1.9% | |
| 2023 (est.) | 2,664,452 | [159] | −3.0% |
| United States Census Bureau[160] 2010–2020[9] | |||
During its first hundred years, Chicago was one of the fastest-growing cities in the world. When founded in 1833, fewer than 200 people had settled on what was then the American frontier. By the time of its first census, seven years later, the population had reached over 4,000. In the forty years from 1850 to 1890, the city's population grew from slightly under 30,000 to over 1 million. At the end of the 19th century, Chicago was the 5th-most populous city in the world,[161]and the largest of the cities that did not exist at the dawn of the century. Within sixty years of the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, the population went from about 300,000 to over 3 million,[162]and reached its highest ever recorded population of 3.6 million for the 1950 census.
From the last two decades of the 19th century, Chicago was the destination of waves of immigrants from Ireland, Southern, Central and Eastern Europe, includingItalians,Jews,Russians,Poles,Greeks,Lithuanians,Bulgarians,Albanians,Romanians,Turks,Croatians,Serbs,Bosnians,MontenegrinsandCzechs.[163][164]To these ethnic groups, the basis of the city's industrialworking class,were added an additional influx ofAfrican Americansfrom theAmerican South—with Chicago's black population doubling between 1910 and 1920 and doubling again between 1920 and 1930.[163]Chicago has asignificant Bosnian population,many of whom arrived in the 1990s and 2000s.[165]
In the 1920s and 1930s, the great majority of African Americans moving to Chicago settled in a so‑called "Black Belt"on the city'sSouth Side.[163]A large number of blacks also settled on theWest Side.By 1930, two-thirds of Chicago's black population lived in sections of the city which were 90% black in racial composition.[163]Around that time, a lesser known fact about African Americans on theNorth Sideis that the block of 4600 Winthrop Avenue inUptownwas the only block African Americans could live or open establishments.[166][167]Chicago's South Side emerged as United States second-largest urban black concentration, following New York'sHarlem.In 1990, Chicago's South Side and the adjoining south suburbs constituted the largest black majority region in the entire United States.[163]Since the 1980s, Chicago has had a massive exodus of African Americans (primarily from the South and West sides) to its suburbs or outside its metropolitan area.[168]The above average crime and cost of living were leading reasons for the fast declining African American population in Chicago.[169][170][171]
Most of Chicago's foreign-born population were born inMexico,PolandorIndia.[172]
Chicago's population declined in the latter half of the 20th century, from over 3.6 million in 1950 down to under 2.7 million by 2010. By the time of the official census count in 1990, it was overtaken byLos Angelesas the United States' second largest city.[173]
The city has seen a rise in population for the 2000 census and after a decrease in 2010, it rose again for the 2020 census.[174]
According to U.S. census estimates as of July 2019[update],Chicago's largest racial or ethnic group is non-Hispanic White at 32.8% of the population, Blacks at 30.1% and the Hispanic population at 29.0% of the population.[175][176][177][178]
| Racial composition | 2020[179] | 2010[180] | 1990[178] | 1970[178] | 1940[178] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| White(non-Hispanic) | 31.4% | 31.7% | 37.9% | 59.0%[d] | 91.2% |
| Hispanic or Latino | 29.8% | 28.9% | 19.6% | 7.4%[d] | 0.5% |
| Black or African American(non-Hispanic) | 28.7% | 32.3% | 39.1% | 32.7% | 8.2% |
| Asian(non-Hispanic) | 6.9% | 5.4% | 3.7% | 0.9% | 0.1% |
| Two or more races(non-Hispanic) | 2.6% | 1.3% | n/a | n/a | n/a |
| Race or Ethnicity |
Race Alone | Total[e] | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| White | 35.9% | 45.6% | ||
| Black or African American | 29.2% | 30.8% | ||
| Hispanic or Latino[f] | — | 29.8% | ||
| Asian | 7.0% | 8.0% | ||
| Native American | 1.3% | 2.6% | ||
| Mixed | 10.8% | — | ||
| Other | 15.8% | — | ||
Chicago has the third-largestLGBTpopulation in the United States. In 2018, the Chicago Department of Health, estimated 7.5% of the adult population, approximately 146,000 Chicagoans, were LGBTQ.[183]In 2015, roughly 4% of the population identified as LGBT.[184][185]Since the 2013 legalization ofsame-sex marriage in Illinois,over 10,000 same-sex couples have wed inCook County,a majority of them in Chicago.[186][187]
Chicago became a "de jure"sanctuary cityin 2012 when MayorRahm Emanueland the City Council passed the Welcoming City Ordinance.[188]
According to the U.S. Census Bureau'sAmerican Community Surveydata estimates for 2022, the median income for a household in the city was $70,386,and the per capita income was $45,449. Male full-time workers had a median income of $68,870 versus $60,987 for females.[189]About 17.2% of the population lived below the poverty line.[190]In 2018, Chicago ranked seventh globally for the highest number of ultra-high-net-worth residents with roughly 3,300 residents worth more than $30 million.[191]
According to the 2022 American Community Survey, the specific ancestral groups having 10,000 or more persons in Chicago were:[192][193][194]
- Mexican (586,906)
- German (200,726)
- Irish (184,983)
- Polish (129,468)
- Italian (100,915)
- Puerto Rican (101,625)
- English (87,282)
- Chinese (67,951)
- Indian (48,535)
- Filipino (39,048)
- French (25,629)
- Russian (24,707)
- Swedish (21,795)
- Arab (19,432)
- West Indian (18,636)
- Guatemalan (18,205)
- Scottish (17,121)
- Korean (16,224)
- Ecuadorian (15,935)
- Nigerian (15,064)
- Greek (14,946)
- Norwegian (13,391)
- Colombian (13,785)
- Ukrainian (12,956)
- Vietnamese (12,280)
- Cuban (11,765)
- Czech (11,313)
- Romanian (11,237)
- Lithuanian (11,235)
- Dutch (11,196)
Persons who did not report or classify an ancestry were 548,790.
Religion
Religion in Chicago (2014)[195][196]
According to a 2014 study by thePew Research Center,Christianityis the most prevalently practiced religion in Chicago (71%),[196]with the city being the fourth-most religious metropolis in the United States afterDallas,AtlantaandHouston.[196]Roman CatholicismandProtestantismare the largest branches (34% and 35% respectively), followed byEastern OrthodoxyandJehovah's Witnesseswith 1% each.[195]Chicago also has a sizable non-Christian population. Non-Christian groups includeIrreligious(22%),Judaism(3%),Islam(2%),Buddhism(1%) andHinduism(1%).[195]
Chicago is the headquarters of several religious denominations, including theEvangelical Covenant Churchand theEvangelical Lutheran Church in America.It is the seat of severaldioceses.TheFourth Presbyterian Churchis one of the largestPresbyteriancongregations in the United States based on memberships.[197]Since the 20th century Chicago has also been the headquarters of theAssyrian Church of the East.[198]In 2014 theCatholic Churchwas the largest individual Christian denomination (34%), with theRoman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicagobeing the largest Catholic jurisdiction.Evangelical Protestantismform the largest theological Protestant branch (16%), followed byMainline Protestants(11%), and historicallyBlack churches(8%). Among denominational Protestant branches,Baptistsformed the largest group in Chicago (10%); followed by Nondenominational (5%);Lutherans(4%); andPentecostals(3%).[195]
Non-Christian faiths accounted for 7% of the religious population in 2014.Judaismhas at least 261,000 adherents which is 3% of the population, making it the second largest religion.[199][195]A 2020 study estimated the total Jewish population of the Chicago metropolitan area, both religious and irreligious, at 319,500.[200]
The first twoParliament of the World's Religionsin 1893 and 1993 were held in Chicago.[201]Many international religious leaders have visited Chicago, includingMother Teresa,theDalai Lama[202]andPope John Paul IIin 1979.[203]
Economy
Chicago has the third-largestgross metropolitan productin the United States—about $670.5 billion according to September 2017 estimates.[204]The city has also been rated as having the most balanced economy in the United States, due to its high level of diversification.[205]The Chicago metropolitan area has the third-largest science and engineering work force of any metropolitan area in the nation.[206]Chicago was the base of commercial operations for industrialistsJohn Crerar,John Whitfield Bunn,Richard Teller Crane,Marshall Field,John Farwell,Julius Rosenwald,and many other commercial visionaries who laid the foundation for Midwestern and global industry.
Chicago is a major world financial center, with the second-largest central business district in the United States, followingMidtown Manhattan.[207]The city is the seat of theFederal Reserve Bank of Chicago,the Bank's Seventh District. The city has major financial andfutures exchanges,including theChicago Stock Exchange,theChicago Board Options Exchange(CBOE), and theChicago Mercantile Exchange(the "Merc" ), which is owned, along with theChicago Board of Trade(CBOT), by Chicago'sCME Group.In 2017, Chicago exchanges traded 4.7 billion in derivatives.[citation needed]Chase Bankhas its commercial and retail banking headquarters in Chicago'sChase Tower.[208]Academically, Chicago has been influential through theChicago school of economics,which fielded 12Nobel Prizewinners.
The city and its surrounding metropolitan area contain the third-largest labor pool in the United States with about 4.63 million workers.[209]Illinois is home to 66Fortune1000companies, including those in Chicago.[210]The city of Chicago also hosts 12FortuneGlobal 500 companies and 17Financial Times500 companies. The city claims threeDow 30companies:aerospacegiantBoeing,which moved its headquarters fromSeattleto the Chicago Loop in 2001;[211]McDonald's;andWalgreens Boots Alliance.[212]For six consecutive years from 2013 through 2018, Chicago was ranked the nation's top metropolitan area for corporate relocations.[213]However, threeFortune500companies left Chicago in 2022, leaving the city with 35, still second to New York City.[214]
Manufacturing, printing, publishing, and food processing also play major roles in the city's economy. Several medical products and services companies are headquartered in the Chicago area, includingBaxter International,Boeing,Abbott Laboratories,and the Healthcare division ofGeneral Electric.Prominent food companies based in Chicago include the world headquarters ofConagra,Ferrara Candy Company,Kraft Heinz,McDonald's,Mondelez International,andQuaker Oats.[215]Chicago has been a hub of theretailsector since its early development, withMontgomery Ward,Sears,andMarshall Field's.Today the Chicago metropolitan area is the headquarters of several retailers, includingWalgreens,Sears,Ace Hardware,Claire's,ULTA Beauty,andCrate & Barrel.[216]
Late in the 19th century, Chicago was part of thebicycle craze,with the Western Wheel Company, which introducedstampingto the production process and significantly reduced costs,[217]while early in the 20th century, the city was part of the automobile revolution, hosting theBrass Era carbuilder Bugmobile, which was founded there in 1907.[218]Chicago was also the site of theSchwinn Bicycle Company.
Chicago is a major world convention destination. The city's main convention center is McCormick Place. With its four interconnected buildings, it is the largest convention center in the nation and third-largest in the world.[219]Chicago also ranks third in the U.S. (behindLas VegasandOrlando) in number of conventions hosted annually.[220]
Chicago's minimum wage for non-tipped employees is one of the highest in the nation and reached $15 in 2021.[221][222]
Culture and contemporary life
The city's waterfront location and nightlife attracts residents and tourists alike. Over a third of the city population is concentrated in the lakefront neighborhoods fromRogers Parkin the north toSouth Shorein the south.[223]The city has many upscale dining establishments as well as many ethnic restaurant districts. These districts include theMexican Americanneighborhoods, such asPilsenalong 18th street, andLa Villitaalong 26th Street; thePuerto Ricanenclave ofPaseo Boricuain theHumboldt Parkneighborhood;Greektown,along SouthHalsted Street,immediately west of downtown;[224]Little Italy,along Taylor Street;ChinatowninArmour Square;Polish PatchesinWest Town;Little SeoulinAlbany Parkaround Lawrence Avenue;Little VietnamnearBroadwayin Uptown; and theDesiarea, alongDevon AvenueinWest Ridge.[225]
Downtown is the center of Chicago's financial, cultural, governmental, and commercial institutions and the site of Grant Park and many of the city's skyscrapers. Many of the city's financial institutions, such as the CBOT and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, are located within a section of downtown called "The Loop", which is an eight-block by five-block area of city streets that is encircled by elevated rail tracks. The term "The Loop" is largely used by locals to refer to the entire downtown area as well. The central area includes theNear North Side,theNear South Side,and theNear West Side,as well as the Loop. These areas contribute famousskyscrapers,abundant restaurants,shopping,museums,Soldier Field,convention facilities,parkland,andbeaches.[citation needed]
Lincoln Park contains theLincoln Park Zooand theLincoln Park Conservatory.TheRiver North Gallery Districtfeatures the nation's largest concentration of contemporary art galleries outside of New York City.[citation needed]Lake Viewis home toBoystown,the city's largeLGBTnightlife and culture center. TheChicago Pride Parade,held the last Sunday in June, is one of the world's largest with over a million people in attendance.[226] NorthHalsted Streetis the main thoroughfare of Boystown.[227]
The South Side neighborhood ofHyde Parkis the home of former U.S. PresidentBarack Obama.It also contains the University of Chicago, ranked one of the world's top ten universities,[228]and theMuseum of Science and Industry.The 6-mile (9.7 km) longBurnham Parkstretches along the waterfront of the South Side. Two of the city's largest parks are also located on this side of the city: Jackson Park, bordering the waterfront, hosted the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893, and is the site of the aforementioned museum; and slightly west sitsWashington Park.The two parks themselves are connected by a wide strip of parkland called theMidway Plaisance,running adjacent to the University of Chicago. The South Side hosts one of the city's largest parades, the annual African AmericanBud Billiken Parade and Picnic,which travels throughBronzevilleto Washington Park.Ford Motor Companyhas anautomobile assembly planton the South Side inHegewisch,and most of the facilities of the Port of Chicago are also on the South Side.[citation needed]
The West Side holds theGarfield Park Conservatory,one of the largest collections of tropical plants in any U.S. city. Prominent Latino cultural attractions found here includeHumboldt Park'sInstitute of Puerto Rican Arts and Cultureand the annual Puerto Rican People's Parade, as well as theNational Museum of Mexican ArtandSt. Adalbert's ChurchinPilsen.The Near West Side holds theUniversity of Illinois at Chicagoand was once home toOprah Winfrey'sHarpo Studios,the site of which has been rebuilt as the global headquarters of McDonald's.[citation needed]
The city's distinctive accent, made famous by its use in classic films likeThe Blues Brothersand television programs like theSaturday Night Liveskit "Bill Swerski's Superfans",is an advanced form ofInland Northern American English.This dialect can also be found in other cities bordering the Great Lakes such asCleveland,Milwaukee,Detroit,andRochester, New York,and most prominently features a rearrangement of certain vowel sounds, such as theshort 'a'sound as in "cat", which can sound more like "kyet" to outsiders. The accent remains well associated with the city.[229]
Entertainment and the arts
Renowned Chicago theater companies include theGoodman Theatrein the Loop; theSteppenwolf Theatre CompanyandVictory Gardens Theaterin Lincoln Park; and theChicago Shakespeare Theaterat Navy Pier.Broadway In Chicagooffers Broadway-style entertainment at five theaters: theNederlander Theatre,CIBC Theatre,Cadillac Palace Theatre,Auditorium BuildingofRoosevelt University,andBroadway Playhouse at Water Tower Place.Polish languageproductions forChicago's large Polish speaking populationcan be seen at the historicGateway TheatreinJefferson Park.Since 1968, theJoseph Jefferson Awardsare given annually to acknowledge excellence in theater in the Chicago area. Chicago's theater community spawned modernimprovisational theater,and includes the prominent groupsThe Second CityandI.O.(formerly ImprovOlympic).[citation needed]
TheChicago Symphony Orchestra(CSO) performs atSymphony Center,and is recognized as one of the best orchestras in the world.[230]Also performing regularly atSymphony Centeris theChicago Sinfonietta,a more diverse and multicultural counterpart to the CSO. In the summer, many outdoor concerts are given in Grant Park andMillennium Park.Ravinia Festival,located 25 miles (40 km) north of Chicago, is the summer home of the CSO, and is a favorite destination for many Chicagoans. TheCivic Opera Houseis home to theLyric Opera of Chicago.[231]TheLithuanian Opera Company of Chicagowas founded byLithuanian Chicagoansin 1956,[232]and presents operas inLithuanian.
TheJoffrey BalletandChicago Festival Balletperform in various venues, including theHarris TheaterinMillennium Park.Chicago has several other contemporary and jazz dance troupes, such as theHubbard Street Dance ChicagoandChicago Dance Crash.[citation needed]
Other live-music genre which are part of the city's cultural heritage includeChicago blues,Chicago soul,jazz,andgospel.The city is the birthplace ofhouse music(a popular form of electronic dance music) andindustrial music,and is the site of an influentialhip hop scene.In the 1980s and 90s, the city was the global center for house and industrial music, two forms of music created in Chicago, as well as being popular foralternative rock,punk,andnew wave.The city has been a center forraveculture, since the 1980s. A flourishing independent rock music culture brought forth Chicagoindie.Annual festivalsfeature various acts, such asLollapaloozaand thePitchfork Music Festival.[citation needed]Lollapalooza originated in Chicago in 1991 and at first travelled to many cities, but as of 2005 its home has been Chicago.[233]A 2007 report on the Chicago music industry by theUniversity of Chicago Cultural Policy Centerranked Chicago third among metropolitan U.S. areas in "size of music industry" and fourth among all U.S. cities in "number of concerts and performances".[234]
Chicago has a distinctivefine arttradition. For much of the twentieth century, it nurtured a strong style of figurativesurrealism,as in the works ofIvan AlbrightandEd Paschke.In 1968 and 1969, members of theChicago Imagists,such asRoger Brown,Leon Golub,Robert Lostutter,Jim Nutt,andBarbara Rossiproduced bizarre representational paintings.Henry Dargeris one of the most celebrated figures ofoutsider art.[235]
Tourism
In 2014[update],Chicago attracted 50.17 million domestic leisure travelers, 11.09 million domestic business travelers and 1.308 million overseas visitors.[236]These visitors contributed more thanUS$13.7billion to Chicago's economy.[236]Upscale shopping along the Magnificent Mile and State Street, thousands of restaurants, as well as Chicago's eminent architecture, continue to draw tourists. The city is the United States' third-largestconventiondestination. A 2017 study byWalk Scoreranked Chicago the sixth-most walkable of fifty largest cities in the United States.[237]Most conventions are held at McCormick Place, just south ofSoldier Field.Navy Pier, located just east ofStreeterville,is 3,000 ft (910 m) long and houses retail stores, restaurants, museums, exhibition halls and auditoriums. Chicago was the first city in the world to ever erect a Ferris wheel. The Willis Tower (formerly named Sears Tower) is a popular destination for tourists.[238]
Museums
Among the city's museums are theAdler Planetarium & Astronomy Museum,theField Museum of Natural History,and theShedd Aquarium.TheMuseum Campusjoins the southern section of Grant Park, which includes the renowned Art Institute of Chicago. Buckingham Fountain anchors the downtown park along the lakefront. The University of Chicago'sInstitute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, West Asia & North Africahas an extensive collection ofancient EgyptianandNear Easternarchaeological artifacts. Other museums and galleries in Chicago include theChicago History Museum,theDriehaus Museum,theDuSable Museum of African American History,theMuseum of Contemporary Art,thePeggy Notebaert Nature Museum,thePolish Museum of America,theMuseum of Broadcast Communications,theChicago Architecture Foundation,and theMuseum of Science and Industry.[239][240][241]
Cuisine
Chicago lays claim to a large number of regional specialties that reflect the city's ethnic and working-class roots. Included among these are its nationally renowneddeep-dish pizza;this style is said to have originated atPizzeria Uno.[242]The Chicago-style thin crust is also popular in the city.[243]Certain Chicago pizza favorites includeLou Malnati'sandGiordano's.[244]
TheChicago-style hot dog,typically an all-beef hot dog, is loaded with an array of toppings that often includes pickle relish,yellow mustard,pickledsport peppers,tomatowedges,dill picklespear and topped off withcelery salton apoppy seedbun.[245]Enthusiasts of the Chicago-style hot dog frown upon the use ofketchupas a garnish, but may prefer to addgiardiniera.[246][247][248]
A distinctly Chicago sandwich, theItalian beefsandwich is thinly sliced beef simmered inau jusand served on an Italian roll with sweet peppers or spicy giardiniera. A popular modification is the Combo—an Italian beef sandwich with the addition of an Italian sausage. TheMaxwell Street Polishis a grilled or deep-friedkielbasa—on a hot dog roll, topped with grilled onions, yellow mustard, and hot sport peppers.[249]
Chicken Vesuviois roasted bone-in chicken cooked in oil and garlic next to garlicky oven-roasted potato wedges and a sprinkling of green peas. ThePuerto Rican-influencedjibaritois a sandwich made with flattened, fried green plantains instead of bread. Themother-in-lawis atamaletopped with chili and served on a hot dog bun.[250]The tradition of serving theGreekdishsaganakiwhile aflame has its origins in Chicago's Greek community.[251]The appetizer, which consists of a square of fried cheese, is doused withMetaxaandflambéedtable-side.[252]Chicago-style barbecuefeatures hardwood smokedrib tipsandhot linkswhich were traditionally cooked in an aquarium smoker, a Chicago invention.[253]Annual festivalsfeature various Chicago signature dishes, such asTaste of Chicagoand the Chicago Food Truck Festival.[254]
One of the world's most decorated restaurants and a recipient of threeMichelinstars,Alineais located in Chicago. Well-known chefs who have had restaurants in Chicago include:Charlie Trotter,Rick Tramonto,Grant Achatz,andRick Bayless.In 2003,Robb Reportnamed Chicago the country's "most exceptional dining destination".[255]
Literature
Chicago literature finds its roots in the city's tradition of lucid, direct journalism, lending to a strong tradition ofsocial realism.In theEncyclopedia of Chicago,Northwestern UniversityProfessor Bill Savage describes Chicago fiction as prose which tries to "capture the essence of the city, its spaces and its people." The challenge for early writers was that Chicago was a frontier outpost that transformed into a global metropolis in the span of two generations. Narrative fiction of that time, much of it in the style of "high-flown romance" and "genteel realism", needed a new approach to describe the urban social, political, and economic conditions of Chicago.[256]Nonetheless, Chicagoans worked hard to create a literary tradition that would stand the test of time,[257]and create a "city of feeling" out of concrete, steel, vast lake, and open prairie.[258]Much notable Chicago fiction focuses on the city itself, with social criticism keeping exultation in check.
At least three short periods in thehistory of Chicagohave had a lasting influence onAmerican literature.[259]These include from the time of the Great Chicago Fire to about 1900, what became known as the Chicago Literary Renaissance in the 1910s and early 1920s, and the period of theGreat Depressionthrough the 1940s.
What would become the influentialPoetrymagazine was founded in 1912 byHarriet Monroe,who was working as anartcriticfor theChicago Tribune.The magazine discovered such poets asGwendolyn Brooks,James Merrill,andJohn Ashbery.[260]T. S. Eliot's first professionally published poem, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock",was first published byPoetry.Contributors have includedEzra Pound,William Butler Yeats,William Carlos Williams,Langston Hughes,andCarl Sandburg,among others. The magazine was instrumental in launching theImagistandObjectivistpoetic movements. From the 1950s through 1970s, American poetry continued to evolve in Chicago.[261]In the 1980s, a modern form of poetry performance began in Chicago, thepoetry slam.[262]
Sports
The city has twoMajor League Baseball(MLB) teams: theChicago Cubsof the National League play in Wrigley Field on the North Side; and theChicago White Soxof the American League play in Guaranteed Rate Field on the South Side. The two teams have faced each other in a World Series only once, in 1906.[263]
The Cubs are the oldest Major League Baseball team to have never changed their city;[264]they have played in Chicago since 1871.[265]They had the dubious honor of having the longest championship drought in American professional sports, failing to win a World Series between 1908 and 2016. The White Sox have played on the South Side continuously since 1901. They have won three World Series titles (1906, 1917, 2005) and six American League pennants, including the first in 1901.
TheChicago Bears,one of the last two remaining charter members of theNational Football League(NFL), have won nineNFL Championships,including the 1985Super Bowl XX.The Bears play their home games at Soldier Field.
TheChicago Bullsof theNational Basketball Association(NBA) is one of the most recognized basketball teams in the world.[266]During the 1990s, withMichael Jordanleading them, the Bulls won six NBA championships in eight seasons.[267][268]
TheChicago Blackhawksof theNational Hockey League(NHL) began play in 1926, and are one of the "Original Six"teams of the NHL. The Blackhawks have won sixStanley Cups,including in 2010, 2013, and2015.Both the Bulls and the Blackhawks play at theUnited Center.[269]
| Club | League | Sport | Venue | Attendance | Founded | Championships |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chicago Bears | NFL | Football | Soldier Field | 61,142 | 1919 | 9Championships(1Super Bowl) |
| Chicago Cubs | MLB | Baseball | Wrigley Field | 41,649 | 1870 | 3World Series |
| Chicago White Sox | MLB | Baseball | Guaranteed Rate Field | 40,615 | 1900 | 3World Series |
| Chicago Blackhawks | NHL | Ice hockey | United Center | 21,653 | 1926 | 6Stanley Cups |
| Chicago Bulls | NBA | Basketball | 20,776 | 1966 | 6NBA Championships | |
| Chicago Fire | MLS | Soccer | Soldier Field | 17,383 | 1997 | 1MLS Cup,1Supporters Shield |
| Chicago Sky | WNBA | Basketball | Wintrust Arena | 10,387 | 2006 | 1WNBA Championships |
| Chicago Red Stars | NWSL | Soccer | SeatGeek Stadium | 5,863 | 2013 | 1WPSL Elitechampionship |
Chicago Fire FCis a member ofMajor League Soccer(MLS) and plays at Soldier Field. The Fire have won one league title and fourU.S. Open Cups,since their founding in 1997. In 1994, the United States hosted a successfulFIFA World Cupwith games played at Soldier Field.[270]
TheChicago Red Starsare a team in theNational Women's Soccer League(NWSL). They previously played inWomen's Professional Soccer(WPS), of which they were a founding member, before joining the NWSL in 2013. They play atSeatGeek StadiuminBridgeview, Illinois.
TheChicago Skyis a professional basketball team playing in theWomen's National Basketball Association(WNBA). They play home games at theWintrust Arena.The team was founded before the 2006 WNBA season began.[271]
TheChicago Marathonhas been held each year since 1977 except for 1987, when a half marathon was run in its place. The Chicago Marathon is one of sixWorld Marathon Majors.[272]
Five area colleges play inDivision Iconferences: two from major conferences—theDePaul Blue Demons(Big East Conference) and theNorthwestern Wildcats(Big Ten Conference)—and three from other D1 conferences—theChicago State Cougars(Northeast Conference); theLoyola Ramblers(Atlantic 10 Conference); and theUIC Flames(Missouri Valley Conference).[273]
Chicago has also entered intoesportswith the creation of theOpTic Chicago,a professionalCall of Dutyteam that participates within theCDL.[274]
Parks and greenspace
When Chicago was incorporated in 1837, it chose the mottoUrbs in Horto,aLatinphrase which means "City in a Garden". Today, theChicago Park Districtconsists of more than 570 parks with over 8,000 acres (3,200 ha) ofmunicipal parkland.There are 31 sandbeaches,a plethora of museums, two world-class conservatories, and 50 nature areas.[275]Lincoln Park, the largest of the city's parks, covers 1,200 acres (490 ha) and has over 20 million visitors each year, making it third in the number of visitors afterCentral ParkinNew York City,and theNational Mall and Memorial ParksinWashington, D.C.[276]
There is a historicboulevard system,[277]a network of wide, tree-linedboulevardswhich connect a number of Chicagoparks.[278]The boulevards and the parks were authorized by the Illinois legislature in 1869.[279]A number ofChicago neighborhoodsemerged along these roadways in the 19th century.[278]The building of the boulevard system continued intermittently until 1942. It includes nineteen boulevards, eight parks, and sixsquares,along twenty-six miles of interconnected streets.[280]TheChicago Park Boulevard System Historic Districtwas listed on theNational Register of Historic Placesin 2018.[281][282]
With berths for more than 6,000 boats, the Chicago Park District operates the nation's largest municipal harbor system.[283]In addition to ongoing beautification and renewal projects for the existing parks, a number of new parks have been added in recent years, such as thePing Tom Memorial Parkin Chinatown,DuSable Parkon the Near North Side, and most notably, Millennium Park, which is in the northwestern corner of one of Chicago's oldest parks, Grant Park in the Chicago Loop.[citation needed]
The wealth of greenspace afforded by Chicago's parks is further augmented by theCook County Forest Preserves,a network of open spaces containing forest,prairie,wetland,streams, and lakes that are set aside as natural areas which lie along the city's outskirts,[284]including both theChicago Botanic GardeninGlencoeand theBrookfield ZooinBrookfield.[285]Washington Park is also one of the city's biggest parks; covering nearly 400 acres (160 ha). The park is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places listings in South Side Chicago.[286]
Law and government
Government
The government of the City of Chicago is divided into executive andlegislativebranches. Themayor of Chicagois the chief executive, elected by general election for a term of four years, with no term limits. The current mayor isBrandon Johnson.The mayor appoints commissioners and other officials who oversee the various departments. As well as the mayor, Chicago's clerk and treasurer are also elected citywide. TheCity Councilis the legislative branch and is made up of 50 alderpersons, one elected from eachwardin the city.[287]The council takes official action through the passage ofordinancesand resolutions and approves the city budget.[288]
TheChicago Police Departmentprovides law enforcement and theChicago Fire Departmentprovides fire suppression and emergency medical services for the city and its residents. Civil and criminal law cases are heard in theCook County Circuit Courtof the State of Illinois court system, or in theNorthern District of Illinois,in the federal system. In the state court, the public prosecutor is the Illinoisstate's attorney;in the Federal court it is the United Statesattorney.
Politics
| Year | Democratic | Republican | Others |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 82.5%944,735 | 15.8%181,234 | 1.6%18,772 |
| 2016 | 82.9%912,945 | 12.3%135,320 | 4.8%53,262 |
During much of the last half of the 19th century, Chicago's politics were dominated by a growingDemocratic Partyorganization. During the 1880s and 1890s, Chicago had a powerful radical tradition with large and highly organizedsocialist,anarchistandlabor organizations.[290]For much of the 20th century, Chicago has been among the largest and most reliable Democratic strongholds in the United States; with Chicago's Democratic vote the state of Illinois has been "solid blue"inpresidential electionssince 1992. Even before then, it was not unheard of for Republican presidential candidates to win handily in downstate Illinois, only to lose statewide due to large Democratic margins in Chicago. The citizens of Chicago have not elected aRepublicanmayor since 1927, whenWilliam Thompsonwas voted into office. The strength of the party in the city is partly a consequence of Illinois state politics, where the Republicans have come to represent rural and farm concerns while the Democrats support urban issues such as Chicago's public school funding.[citation needed]
Chicago contains less than 25% of the state's population, but it is split between eight of Illinois' 17districtsin theUnited States House of Representatives.All eight of the city's representatives are Democrats; only two Republicans have represented a significant portion of the city since 1973, for one term each:Robert P. Hanrahanfrom 1973 to 1975, andMichael Patrick Flanaganfrom 1995 to 1997.[citation needed]
Machine politicspersisted in Chicago after the decline of similar machines in other large U.S. cities.[291]During much of that time, the city administration found opposition mainly from a liberal "independent" faction of the Democratic Party. The independents finally gained control of city government in 1983 with the election ofHarold Washington(in office 1983–1987). From 1989 until May 16, 2011, Chicago was under the leadership of its longest-serving mayor,Richard M. Daley,the son of Richard J. Daley. Because of the dominance of the Democratic Party in Chicago, the Democraticprimaryvote held in the spring is generally more significant than the general elections in November for U.S. House and Illinois State seats. The aldermanic, mayoral, and other city offices are filled through nonpartisan elections with runoffs as needed.[292]
The city is home of former United States PresidentBarack Obamaand First LadyMichelle Obama;Barack Obama was formerly a state legislator representing Chicago and later a U.S. senator. The Obamas' residence is located near the University of Chicago inKenwoodon the city's south side.[293]
Crime
Chicago's crime rate in 2020 was 3,926 per 100,000 people.[294]Chicago experienced major rises inviolent crimein the 1920s, in the late 1960s, and in the 2020s.[295][296]Chicago's biggestcriminal justicechallenges have changed little over the last 50 years, and statistically reside with homicide,armed robbery,gang violence, andaggravated battery.Chicago has a higher murder rate than the larger cities of New York and Los Angeles. However, while it has a large absolute number of crimes due to its size, Chicago is not among the top-25 most violent cities in the United States.[297][298]
Murder rates in Chicago vary greatly depending on the neighborhood in question.[299]The neighborhoods ofEnglewoodon the South Side, andAustinon the West side, for example, have homicide rates that are ten times higher than other parts of the city.[300]Chicago has an estimated population of over 100,000 active gang members from nearly 60 factions.[301][302]According to reports in 2013, "most of Chicago's violent crime comes from gangs trying to maintain control of drug-selling territories,"[303]and is specifically related to the activities of theSinaloa Cartel,which is active in several American cities.[304]Violent crime rates vary significantly by area of the city, with more economically developed areas having low rates, but other sections have much higher rates of crime.[303]In 2013, the violent crime rate was 910 per 100,000 people;[305]the murder rate was 10.4 per 100,000 – while high crime districts saw 38.9 murders, low crime districts saw 2.5 murders per 100,000.[306]
Chicago has a long history of publiccorruptionthat regularly draws the attention of federal law enforcement and federal prosecutors.[307]From 2012 to 2019, 33 Chicago alderpersons were convicted on corruption charges, roughly one third of those elected in the time period. A report from the Office of the Legislative Inspector General noted that over half of Chicago's elected alderpersons took illegal campaign contributions in 2013.[308]Most corruption cases in Chicago are prosecuted by theU.S. Attorney's office, as legaljurisdictionmakes most offenses punishable as a federal crime.[309]
Education
Schools and libraries
Chicago Public Schools(CPS) is the governing body of theschool districtthat contains over 600 public elementary and high schools citywide, including several selective-admission magnet schools. There are eleven selective enrollment high schools in the Chicago Public Schools, designed to meet the needs of Chicago's most academically advanced students. These schools offer a rigorous curriculum with mainly honors andAdvanced Placement(AP) courses.[310]Walter Payton College Prep High Schoolis ranked number one in the city of Chicago and the state of Illinois.[311]
Chicago high school rankings are determined by the average test scores on state achievement tests.[312]The district, with an enrollment exceeding 400,545 students (2013–2014 20th Day Enrollment), is the third-largest in the U.S.[313]On September 10, 2012, teachers for the Chicago Teachers Union went on strike for the first time since 1987 over pay, resources, and other issues.[314]According to data compiled in 2014, Chicago's "choice system", where students who test or apply and may attend one of a number of public high schools (there are about 130), sorts students of different achievement levels into different schools (high performing, middle performing, and low performing schools).[315]
Chicago has a network ofLutheran schools,[316]and several private schools are run by other denominations and faiths, such as theIda Crown Jewish AcademyinWest Ridge.TheRoman Catholic Archdiocese of ChicagooperatesCatholic schools,that includeJesuit preparatory schoolsand others. A number of private schools are completely secular. There are also the privateChicago Academy for the Arts,a high school focused on six different categories of the arts and the publicChicago High School for the Arts,a high school focused on five categories (visual arts, theatre, musical theatre, dance, and music) of the arts.[317]
TheChicago Public Librarysystem operates three regional libraries and 77 neighborhood branches, including the central library.[318]
Colleges and universities
Since the 1850s, Chicago has been a world center of higher education and research with several universities. These institutions consistently rank among the top "National Universities" in the United States, as determined byU.S. News & World Report.[319]Highly regarded universities in Chicago and the surrounding area are the University of Chicago; Northwestern University;Illinois Institute of Technology;Loyola University Chicago;DePaul University;Columbia College Chicagoand the University of Illinois at Chicago. Other notable schools include:Chicago State University;theSchool of the Art Institute of Chicago;East–West University;National Louis University;North Park University;Northeastern Illinois University;Robert Morris University Illinois;Roosevelt University;Saint Xavier University;Rush University;andShimer College.[320]
William Rainey Harper,the first president of the University of Chicago, was instrumental in the creation of thejunior collegeconcept, establishing nearbyJoliet Junior Collegeas the first in the nation in 1901.[321]His legacy continues with the multiplecommunity collegesin the Chicago proper, including the sevenCity Colleges of Chicago:Richard J. Daley College,Kennedy–King College,Malcolm X College,Olive–Harvey College,Truman College,Harold Washington College,andWilbur Wright College,in addition to the privately heldMacCormac College.[citation needed]
Chicago also has a high concentration of post-baccalaureate institutions, graduate schools, seminaries, and theological schools, such as theAdler School of Professional Psychology,The Chicago School of Professional Psychology,theErikson Institute,The Institute for Clinical Social Work,theLutheran School of Theology at Chicago,theCatholic Theological Union,theMoody Bible Institute,and theUniversity of Chicago Divinity School.[citation needed]
Media
Television
The Chicago metropolitan area is a major media hub and the third-largest media market in the United States, after New York City and Los Angeles.[322]Each of the big fourU.S. television networks,CBS,ABC,NBCandFox,directly owns and operates ahigh-definition televisionstation in Chicago (WBBM2,WLS7,WMAQ5 andWFLD32, respectively). FormerCWaffiliateWGN-TV9, which was owned from its inception byTribune Broadcasting(now owned by theNexstar Media Groupsince 2019), is carried with some programming differences, as "WGN America"oncable and satellite TVnationwide and in parts of theCaribbean.WGN America eventually becameNewsNationin 2021.
Chicago has also been the home of several prominent talk shows, includingThe Oprah Winfrey Show,Steve Harvey Show,The Rosie Show,The Jerry Springer Show,The Phil Donahue Show,The Jenny Jones Show,and more. The city also has onePBSmember station (its second:WYCC20, removed its affiliation with PBS in 2017[323]):WTTW11, producer of shows such asSneak Previews,The Frugal Gourmet,Lamb Chop's Play-AlongandThe McLaughlin Group.As of 2018[update],Windy City Liveis Chicago's only daytime talk show, which is hosted by Val Warner andRyan Chiaveriniat ABC7 Studios with a live weekday audience. Since 1999,Judge Mathisalso films his syndicated arbitration-based realitycourt showat theNBC Tower.Beginning in January 2019,Newsybegan producing 12 of its 14 hours of live news programming per day from its new facility in Chicago.[citation needed]
Television stations
Most of Chicago's television stations are owned and operated by the big television network companies. They are:
- WBBM-TV(2), owned and operated byCBS.
- WMAQ-TV(5), owned and operated byNBC.
- WLS-TV(7), owned and operated byABC.
- WGN-TV(9), aCWstation owned and operated by network majority ownerNexstar Media Group.
- WTTW(11), aPBSmember station owned by Window to the World Communications, Inc.
- WCIU-TV(26), an independent station (with a secondaryMeTVaffiliation) owned byWeigel Broadcasting.
- WFLD(32), owned and operated byFox.
- WWTO-TV(35), owned and operated by TBN, licensed inNaperville.
- WCPX-TV(38), owned and operated byIon Television.
- WSNS-TV(44), owned and operated byTelemundo.
- WPWR-TV(50), owned and operated byMyNetworkTV(Fox), licensed toGary, Indiana.
- WYIN(56), a PBS member station owned by Northwest Indiana Public Broadcasting, Inc., licensed in Gary, Indiana.
- WTVK(59), an independent station owned by Venture Technologies Group, licensed inOswego, Illinois.
- WXFT-DT(60), owned and operated byUnimas.
- WJYS(62), an independent station owned by Millennial Telecommunications, Inc., licensed toHammond, Indiana.
- WGBO-DT(66), owned and operated byUnivision.
Newspapers
Two major daily newspapers are published in Chicago: theChicago Tribuneand theChicago Sun-Times,with the Tribune having the larger circulation. There are also several regional and special-interest newspapers and magazines, such asChicago,theDziennik Związkowy(Polish Daily News),Draugas(the Lithuanian daily newspaper), theChicago Reader,theSouthtownStar,theChicago Defender,theDaily Herald,Newcity,[324][325]StreetWiseand theWindy City Times.The entertainment and cultural magazineTime Out ChicagoandGRABmagazine are also published in the city, as well as local music magazineChicago Innerview.In addition, Chicago is the home of satirical national news outlet,The Onion,as well as its sister pop-culture publication,The A.V. Club.[326]
Movies and filming
Radio
Chicago has five50,000 watt AM radio stations:theAudacy-ownedWBBMandWSCR;theTribune Broadcasting-ownedWGN;theCumulus Media-ownedWLS;and theESPN Radio-ownedWMVP.Chicago is also home to a number of national radio shows, includingBeyond the BeltwaywithBruce DuMonton Sunday evenings.[citation needed]
Chicago Public Radioproduces nationally aired programs such asPRI'sThis American LifeandNPR'sWait Wait...Don't Tell Me!.[citation needed]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Chicago is a major transportation hub in the United States. It is an important component in global distribution, as it is the third-largest inter-modal port in the world afterHong KongandSingapore.[327]
The city of Chicago has a higher than average percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 26.5 percent of Chicago households were without a car, and increased slightly to 27.5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Chicago averaged 1.12 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.[328]
Parking
Due to Chicago'sWheel Tax,[329]residents of Chicago who own a vehicle are required to purchase a Chicago City Vehicle Sticker.[330]In established Residential Parking Zones, only local residents can purchase Zone-specific parking stickers for themselves and guests.[331][332]
Chicago since 2009 has relinquished rights to itspublicstreet parking.[333]In 2008, as Chicago struggled to close a growing budget deficit, the city agreed to a 75-year, $1.16 billion deal to lease itsparking metersystem to an operating company created byMorgan Stanley,calledChicago Parking Meters LLC.Daley said the "agreement is very good news for the taxpayers of Chicago because it will provide more than $1 billion in net proceeds that can be used during this very difficult economy."[334]
The rights of the parking ticket lease end in 2081, and since 2022 have already recouped over $1.5 billion in revenue forChicago Parking Meters LLCinvestors.[335]
Expressways
Seven mainline and four auxiliaryinterstate highways(55,57,65(only in Indiana),80(also inIndiana),88,90(also inIndiana),94(also inIndiana),190,290,294,and355) run through Chicago and its suburbs. Segments that link to the city center are named after influential politicians, with three of them named after former U.S. Presidents (Eisenhower, Kennedy, and Reagan) and one named after two-time Democratic candidateAdlai Stevenson.
TheKennedyandDan RyanExpressways are the busiest state maintained routes in the entire state of Illinois.[336]
Transit systems
TheRegional Transportation Authority(RTA) coordinates the operation of the three service boards: CTA, Metra, and Pace.
- TheChicago Transit Authority(CTA) handles public transportation in the City of Chicago and a few adjacent suburbs outside of the Chicago city limits. The CTA operates an extensive network of buses and arapid transitelevated and subway system known asthe Chicago "L" or just the "L"(short for "elevated" ), with lines designated by colors. These rapid transit lines also serve bothMidwayand O'Hare Airports. The CTA's rail lines consist of theRed,Blue,Green,Orange,Brown,Purple,Pink,andYellowlines. Both the Red and Blue lines offer 24‑hour service which makes Chicago one of a handful of cities around the world (and one of two in the United States, the other being New York City) to offer rail service 24 hours a day, every day of the year, within the city's limits.
- Metra,the nation's second-most used passenger regional rail network, operates an 11-linecommuter railservice in Chicago and throughout the Chicago suburbs. TheMetra Electric Lineshares its trackage with Northern Indiana Commuter Transportation District'sSouth Shore Line,which provides commuter service betweenSouth Bendand Chicago.
- Paceprovides bus andparatransitservice in over 200 surrounding suburbs with some extensions into the city as well. A 2005 study found that one quarter of commuters used public transit.[337]
Greyhound Linesprovides inter-city bus service to and from the city at theChicago Bus Station,and Chicago is also the hub for the Midwest network ofMegabus (North America).
Passenger rail
Amtraklong distance andcommuter railservices originate fromUnion Station.[338]Chicago is one of the largest hubs of passenger rail service in the nation.[339]The services terminate in the San Francisco area, Washington, D.C., New York City, New Orleans,Portland,Seattle,Milwaukee,Quincy,St. Louis,Carbondale,Boston,Grand Rapids,Port Huron,Pontiac,Los Angeles, andSan Antonio.Future service will terminate atMoline.An attempt was made in the early 20th century to link Chicago with New York City via theChicago – New York Electric Air Line Railroad.Parts of this were built, but it was never completed.
Bicycle and scooter sharing systems
In July 2013, thebicycle-sharing systemDivvywas launched with 750 bikes and 75 docking stations[340]It is operated byLyftfor theChicago Department of Transportation.[341]As of July 2019, Divvy operated 5800 bicycles at 608 stations, covering almost all of the city, excludingPullman,Rosedale,Beverly,Belmont CraginandEdison Park.[342]
In May 2019, The City of Chicago announced its Chicago's Electric Shared Scooter Pilot Program, scheduled to run from June 15 to October 15.[343]The program started on June 15 with 10 different scooter companies, including scooter sharing market leadersBird,Jump,LimeandLyft.[344]Each company was allowed to bring 250electric scooters,although both Bird and Lime claimed that they experienced a higher demand for their scooters.[345]The program ended on October 15, with nearly 800,000 rides taken.[346]
Freight rail
Chicago is the largest hub in the railroad industry.[347]All fiveClass I railroadsmeet in Chicago. As of 2002[update],severe freight train congestion caused trains to take as long to get through the Chicago region as it took to get there from the West Coast of the country (about 2 days).[348]According to U.S. Department of Transportation, the volume of imported and exported goods transported via rail to, from, or through Chicago is forecast to increase nearly 150 percent between 2010 and 2040.[349]CREATE, theChicago Region Environmental and Transportation Efficiency Program,comprises about 70 programs, including crossovers, overpasses and underpasses, that intend to significantly improve the speed of freight movements in the Chicago area.[350]
Airports
Chicago is served byO'Hare International Airport,the world's busiest airport measured by airline operations,[351]on the far Northwest Side, andMidway International Airporton the Southwest Side. In 2005, O'Hare was the world's busiest airport by aircraft movements and the second-busiest by total passenger traffic.[352]Both O'Hare and Midway are owned and operated by the City of Chicago.Gary/Chicago International AirportandChicago Rockford International Airport,located inGary, IndianaandRockford, Illinois,respectively, can serve as alternative Chicago area airports, however they do not offer as many commercial flights as O'Hare and Midway. In recent years the state of Illinois has been leaning towardsbuilding an entirely new airportin the Illinois suburbs of Chicago.[353]The City of Chicago is the world headquarters forUnited Airlines,the world's third-largest airline.
Port authority
The Port of Chicago consists of several major port facilities within the city of Chicago operated by the Illinois International Port District (formerly known as the Chicago Regional Port District). The central element of the Port District, Calumet Harbor, is maintained by theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers.[354]
- Iroquois Landing Lakefront Terminal: at the mouth of the Calumet River, it includes 100 acres (0.40 km2) of warehouses and facilities on Lake Michigan with over 780,000 square meters (8,400,000 sq ft) of storage.
- Lake Calumet terminal: located at the union of theGrand Calumet RiverandLittle Calumet River6 miles (9.7 km) inland from Lake Michigan. Includes three transit sheds totaling over 29,000 square meters (310,000 sq ft) adjacent to over 900 linear meters (3,000 linear feet) of ship and barge berthing.
- Grain (14 million bushels) and bulk liquid (800,000 barrels) storage facilities alongLake Calumet.
- The Illinois International Port district also operatesForeign trade zoneNo. 22, which extends 60 miles (97 km) from Chicago's city limits.
Utilities
Electricity for most ofnorthern Illinoisis provided byCommonwealth Edison,also known as ComEd. Their service territory bordersIroquois Countyto the south, theWisconsinborder to the north, theIowaborder to the west and theIndianaborder to the east. In northern Illinois, ComEd (a division ofExelon) operates the greatest number of nuclear generating plants in any U.S. state. Because of this, ComEd reports indicate that Chicago receives about 75% of its electricity from nuclear power. Recently, the city began installing wind turbines on government buildings to promote renewable energy.[355][356][357]
Natural gas is provided by Peoples Gas, a subsidiary ofIntegrys Energy Group,which is headquartered in Chicago.
Domestic and industrial waste was once incinerated but it is nowlandfilled,mainly in theCalumet area.From 1995 to 2008, the city had ablue bagprogram to divert recyclable refuse from landfills.[358]Because of low participation in the blue bag programs, the city began a pilot program for blue bin recycling like other cities. This proved successful and blue bins were rolled out across the city.[359]
Health systems
TheIllinois Medical Districtis on the Near West Side. It includesRush University Medical Center,ranked as the second best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2014–16, theUniversity of Illinois Medical Center at Chicago,Jesse Brown VA Hospital, andJohn H. Stroger Jr. Hospital of Cook County,one of the busiest trauma centers in the nation.[360]
Two of the country's premier academic medical centers reside in Chicago, includingNorthwestern Memorial Hospitaland theUniversity of Chicago Medical Center.The Chicago campus of Northwestern University includes theFeinberg School of Medicine;Northwestern Memorial Hospital, which is ranked as the best hospital in the Chicago metropolitan area byU.S. News & World Reportfor 2017–18;[361]theShirley Ryan AbilityLab(formerly named the Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago), which is ranked the best U.S. rehabilitation hospital byU.S. News & World Report;[362]the newPrentice Women's Hospital;and Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago.
TheUniversity of Illinois College of Medicineat UIC is the second-largest medical school in the United States (2,600 students, including those at campuses in Peoria, Rockford andUrbana–Champaign).[363]
In addition, theChicago Medical Schooland Loyola University Chicago'sStritch School of Medicineare located in the suburbs ofNorth ChicagoandMaywood,respectively. TheMidwestern UniversityChicago College ofOsteopathic Medicineis inDowners Grove.
TheAmerican Medical Association,Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education,Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education,American Osteopathic Association,American Dental Association,Academy of General Dentistry,Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics,American Association of Nurse Anesthetists,American College of Surgeons,American Society for Clinical Pathology,American College of Healthcare Executives,theAmerican Hospital Association,andBlue Cross and Blue Shield Associationare all based in Chicago.
Sister cities
See also
- Chicago area water quality
- Chicago Wilderness
- Gentrification of Chicago
- Index of Illinois-related articles
- List of cities with the most skyscrapers
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in North Side Chicago
- National Register of Historic Places listings in West Side Chicago
- USSChicago,four ships
Explanatory notes
- ^/ʃɪˈkɑːɡoʊ/shih-KAH-goh,locally also/ʃɪˈkɔːɡoʊ/shih-KAW-goh;[7]Miami-Illinois:Shikaakwa;Ojibwe:Zhigaagong[8]
- ^abMean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
- ^Official records for Chicago were kept at various locations in downtown from January 1871 to December 31, 1925, University of Chicago from January 1, 1926 to June 30, 1942, Midway Airport from July 1, 1942 to January 16, 1980, and at O'Hare Airport since January 17, 1980.[154][155]
- ^abFrom 15% sample
- ^The total for each race includes those who reported that race alone or in combination with other races. People who reported a combination of multiple races may be counted multiple times, so the sum of all percentages will exceed 100%.
- ^Hispanic and Latino origins are separate from race in the U.S. Census. The Census does not distinguish between Latino origins alone or in combination. This row counts Hispanics and Latinos of any race.
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Cited references
- Bach, Ira J. (1980),Chicago's Famous Buildings,The University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-03396-1,LCCN79023365
- Buisseret, David (1990),Historic Illinois From The Air,The University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-07989-9,LCCN89020648
- Clymer, Floyd(1950),Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925,New York: Bonanza Books,OCLC1966986
- Condit, Carl W.(1973),Chicago 1910–29: Building, Planning, and Urban Technology,The University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-11456-2,LCCN72094791
- Genzen, Jonathan (2007),The Chicago River: A History in Photographs,Westcliffe Publishers, Inc.,ISBN978-1-56579-553-2,LCCN2006022119
- Grossman, James R.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Reiff, Janice L., eds. (2004),The Encyclopedia of Chicago,University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-31015-9,OCLC54454572
- Holli, Melvin G., and Jones, Peter d'A., eds.Biographical Dictionary of American Mayors, 1820-1980(Greenwood Press, 1981) short scholarly biographies each of the city's mayors 1820 to 1980.online;see index at pp. 406–411 for list.
- Lowe, David Garrard (2000),Lost Chicago,New York: Watson-Guptill Publications,ISBN0-8230-2871-2,LCCN00107305
- Madigan, Charles,ed. (2004),Global Chicago,Urbana: University of Illinois Press,ISBN0-252-02941-0,OCLC54400307
- Montejano, David,ed. (1999),Chicano Politics and Society in the Late Twentieth Century,Austin: University of Texas Press,ISBN0-292-75215-6,OCLC38879251
- Norcliffe, Glen (2001),The Ride to Modernity: The Bicycle in Canada, 1869–1900,Toronto: University of Toronto Press,ISBN0-8020-4398-4,OCLC46625313
- Pogorzelski, Daniel; Maloof, John (2008),Portage Park,Arcadia Publishing,ISBN978-0-7385-5229-3,archivedfrom the original on July 9, 2023,retrievedNovember 9,2020
- Schneirov, Richard(1998),Labor and urban politics: class conflict and the origins of modern liberalism in Chicago, 1864–97,Urbana: University of Illinois Press,ISBN0-252-06676-6,OCLC37246254
Further reading
- Cronon, William(1992) [1991],Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West,New York: W.W. Norton,ISBN0-393-30873-1,OCLC26609682
- Granacki, Victoria (2004),Chicago's Polish Downtown,Arcadia Pub,ISBN978-0-7385-3286-8,LCCN2004103888
- Jirasek, Rita Arias; Tortolero, Carlos (2001),Mexican Chicago,Arcadia Pub,ISBN978-0-7385-0756-9,LCCN2001088175
- Miller, Donald L. (1996),City of the Century: The Epic of Chicago and the Making of America,New York: Simon & Schuster,ISBN0-684-80194-9,OCLC493430274
- Pacyga, Dominic A. (2009),Chicago: A Biography,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,ISBN978-0-226-64431-8,OCLC298670853
- Sampson, Robert J.(2012),Great American City: Chicago and the Enduring Neighborhood Effect,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,ISBN978-0-226-73456-9
- Sawyer, R. Keith (2002),Improvised dialogue: emergence and creativity in conversation,Westport, Conn.: Ablex Pub.,ISBN1-56750-677-1,OCLC59373382
- Slaton, Deborah, ed. (1997),Wild Onions: A Brief Guide to Landmarks and Lesser-Known Structures in Chicago's Loop(2nd ed.), Champaign, IL:Association for Preservation Technology International,OCLC42362348
- Smith, Carl S. (2006),The Plan of Chicago: Daniel Burnham and the Remaking of the American City,Chicago visions + revisions, Chicago:University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-76471-0,OCLC261199152
- Spears, Timothy B. (2005),Chicago dreaming: Midwesterners and the city, 1871–1919,Chicago: University of Chicago Press,ISBN0-226-76874-0,OCLC56086689
- Swanson, Stevenson (1997),Chicago Days: 150 Defining Moments in the Life of a Great City,Chicago Tribune (Firm), Chicago: Cantigny First Division Foundation,ISBN1-890093-03-3,OCLC36066057
- Zurawski, Joseph W. (2007),Polish Chicago: Our History—Our Recipes,G. Bradley Pub, Inc.,ISBN978-0-9774512-2-7
External links
- Encyclopedia of Chicago(2004),comprehensive coverage of city and suburbs, past and present
- Official website(Website archivesat theWayback Machine(archive index))
- Choose Chicago—Official tourism website
- Chicago HistoryArchivedJune 9, 2022, at theWayback Machine
- Maps of Chicago from the American Geographical Society Library
- Historic American Landscapes Survey(HALS) No. IL-10, "Chicago Cityscape, Chicago, Cook County, IL",45 photos, 4 photo caption pages
- Chicago – LocalWikiLocal Chicago Wiki
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 118–125.
- .Encyclopædia Britannica.Vol. 30 (12th ed.). 1922.
