John Christian Watson(bornJohan Cristian Tanck;9 April 1867 – 18 November 1941) was an Australian politician who served as the thirdprime minister of Australiafrom 27 April to 18 August 1904. He was the inaugural federal leader of theAustralian Labor Party(ALP) from 1901 to 1907 and was the first member of the party to serve as prime minister.[1]
Chris Watson | |
|---|---|
 Watsonc.1904 | |
| 3rdPrime Minister of Australia | |
| In office 27 April 1904 – 18 August 1904 | |
| Monarch | Edward VII |
| Governor‑General | Lord Northcote |
| Preceded by | Alfred Deakin |
| Succeeded by | George Reid |
| Treasurer of Australia | |
| In office 27 April 1904 – 17 August 1904 | |
| Prime Minister | Himself |
| Preceded by | Sir George Turner |
| Succeeded by | Sir George Turner |
| Leader of the Labour Party | |
| In office 20 May 1901 – 30 October 1907 | |
| Deputy | Gregor McGregor |
| Preceded by | Position created |
| Succeeded by | Andrew Fisher |
| Leader of the Opposition | |
| In office 18 August 1904 – 5 July 1905 | |
| Prime Minister | George Reid |
| Deputy | Gregor McGregor |
| Preceded by | George Reid |
| Succeeded by | George Reid |
| Member of theAustralian ParliamentforBland | |
| In office 30 March 1901 – 12 December 1906 | |
| Preceded by | Division created |
| Succeeded by | Division abolished |
| Member of theAustralian ParliamentforSouth Sydney | |
| In office 12 December 1906 – 19 February 1910 | |
| Preceded by | George Edwards |
| Succeeded by | Edward Riley |
| Member of the New South Wales Parliament forYoung | |
| In office 17 July 1894 – 30 March 1901 | |
| Preceded by | John Goughand James Mackinnon |
| Succeeded by | George Burgess |
| Personal details | |
| Born | Johan Cristian Tanck 9 April 1867 Valparaíso,Chile |
| Died | 18 November 1941(aged 74) Double Bay,New South Wales,Australia |
| Political party |
|
| Spouses | |
| Children | 1 |
| Education | Weston School |
| Occupation |
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| Signature |  |
Watson was born inValparaíso,Chile,the son of aGerman Chileanseaman. He grew up on theSouth IslandofNew Zealand,taking the surname of his step-father when his Irish-born mother remarried. He left school at a young age, working in the printing industry as acompositor.Watson moved toSydneyin 1886 and became prominent in the locallabour movement.He helped establish theLabor Electoral League of New South Walesand directed the party's campaign at the1891 general election.Watson was elected to theNew South Wales Legislative Assemblyat the1894 election,aged 27, and quickly became a leading figure in the ALP. He and most party members opposedFederationon the grounds that theproposed constitutionwas undemocratic.
In 1901, Watson was elected to theHouse of Representativesat theinaugural federal election.He became a founding member of theALP caucusin federal parliament and was elected as the party's inaugural leader. During the first term of parliament he supported theLiberal Protectionistgovernments ofEdmund BartonandAlfred Deakin,and was a strong supporter of theWhite Australia policy.At the1903 election,the ALP secured thebalance of powerin the House and a strong position in theSenate.Watson formed aminority governmentin April 1904, aged 37, after the ALP withdrew its support from Deakin. He was one of the first socialists to head a government in a parliamentary system, attracting international attention, and remains Australia's youngest prime minister.
After less than four months in office, theWatson governmentlost aconfidence motionand Watson was succeeded as prime minister by anti-socialistGeorge Reid.He wasleader of the oppositionuntil 1905, when he helped reinstall Deakin as prime minister. The ALP continued to offer its support to Deakin after the1906 election,despite the opposition of some in the party. Watson resigned the party's leadership in 1907, citing family concerns, and left parliament at the1910 election.He was expelled from the ALP during the1916 split over conscriptionand became aNationalist,although he never again stood for public office. He subsequently had a successful business career, including as president of theNRMAand chairman ofAmpol.
While Watson did not succeed in passing legislation while in office, his term as prime minister is seen as significant as a demonstration that the ALP could form a competent government. His successor as party leaderAndrew Fisherwould lead the ALP to a majority government at the 1910 election, in which many of Watson's ministers played a key role.
Early life
editBirth and family background
editWatson was born Johan Cristian Tanck on 9 April 1867 inValparaíso,Chile. He was the only child of Martha (née Minchin) and Johan Cristian Tanck, senior.[2]His father was also born in Valparaíso, aGerman Chileanwhose ancestors had emigrated from theKingdom of Hanoverand established an import–export firm.[3]He worked as a merchant seaman, possibly a ship's carpenter, on trade routes across the Pacific.[2]He arrived in New Zealand aboardLa Joven Juliaon 24 December 1865 and married Martha Minchin inPort Chalmersless than a month later, on 19 January 1866.[4]Their marriage was later registered at Valparaíso'sIglesia de la Matriz.[2]Watson's mother was born inCounty Tipperary,Ireland, and was 16 years old at the time of her marriage to Tanck.[5]She joined him on board theJulia,which eventually returned to Chile and docked in Valparaíso a few days before Watson's birth. In the months after his birth the ship worked a regular route carrying timber between Valparaíso andChiloé Island.[6]
In 1868, Watson moved to New Zealand with his mother, returning to her family on theSouth Island.The fate of his father is uncertain, as no records of his death have been found.[3]On 15 February 1869, his mother married George Thomas Watson at the registry office inWaipori,describing herself as a widow. Her second husband was a 30-year-old miner born inBallymoney,Ireland, who had come to New Zealand after several years working in Scotland.[7]Watson came to have nine half-siblings from his mother's second marriage, born between 1869 and 1887. He was treated as the biological child of George Watson, adopting his step-father's surname; his given names were also anglicised.[8]
As an adult, Watson gave incorrect and contradictory information about the circumstances of his birth and the identity of his parents. He allowed some biographical profiles to list him as born in New Zealand, while his second wife and daughter understood that he had been born to British parents ininternational watersoutside Valparaíso. On legal documents he listed George Watson as his biological father and provided an incorrectmaiden namefor his mother.[9]Watson's biographers have suggested he may have originally concealed his background for convenience, but later deliberately did so for political reasons, including concerns over parliamentary eligibility and possible xenophobia. Birth overseas to a non-British father would have made him analienineligible for election to federal parliament undersection 44(i) of the constitution.[10][11]
Childhood and move to Australia
editWatson attended the state school inOamaru,North Otago,New Zealanduntil ten years of age when he left to become arail nipper.Then after a period of helping on the family farm, at thirteen years of age he was apprenticed as acompositoratThe North Otago Times,a newspaper run by prominent reformist politicianWilliam Steward,with the public affairs exposure augmenting his minor formal schooling. Following the death of his mother and the loss of his job, he migrated toSydneyin 1886 at nineteen years of age. He worked for a month as a stablehand atGovernment House,then found employment as a compositor for a number of newspapers includingThe Daily Telegraph,Sydney Morning HeraldandThe Australian Star.Through this proximity to newspapers, books and writers he furthered his education and developed an interest in politics and became active in the printing union. He marriedAda Jane Low,a British-born Sydney seamstress, at theUnitarian Churchon Liverpool Street in Sydney on 27 November 1889.[12][13][14][15]
Colonial parliament
editIn the months prior to the1891 New South Wales colonial election,Watson was a founding member of theLabour Electoral League of New South Waleswhich stemmed from the nascentAustralian labour movementand would later develop into the Australian Labour (later Labor) Party. In the election, Labour won thebalance of powerand providedconfidence and supplyto theProtectionist Partyminority governmentled byPremierGeorge Dibbswhich brought down the incumbentmajority governmentof theFree Trade Partyled by PremierHenry Parkes.Watson was an active trade unionist, and became vice-president of theSydney Trades and Labour Councilin January 1892. In June 1892, he settled a dispute between the Trades and Labour Council and the Labour Party and as a result became the president of the council and chairman of the party. In 1893 and 1894, he worked hard to resolve the debate over the solidarity pledge and established the Labour Party's basic practices, including the sovereignty of the party conference, caucus solidarity, the pledge required of parliamentarians and the powerful role of the extra-parliamentary executive. At the1894 colonial electionwhich saw the defeat of the Protectionist Party government, Watson was elected to theNew South Wales Legislative Assemblyfor the country seat ofYoung.[16]
At the1895 colonial electionthe incumbent Free Trade Party minority government led by PremierGeorge Reidincreased their support but remained several seats short of a majority. Labour at this time had a policy of "support in return for concessions", and Watson voted with his colleagues to strategically provide such legislative support to the incumbent government. Following the1898 colonial election,despite a significant swing against the incumbent government, Watson and Labour leaderJames McGowendecided to allow the incumbent government to remain so that it could complete the work of establishing theFederation of Australia.[12]
Federation
edit
Watson was involved in shaping party policy regarding the movement forFederationfrom 1895, and was one of ten Labour candidates nominated for the Australasian Federal Convention on 4 March 1897, but none of these candidates managed to be elected. The party endorsed Federation, but nevertheless most leading party figures viewed the draft CommonwealthConstitutionas undemocratic, and believed that theSenateas proposed was much too powerful, similar to the anti-reformist Colonial state upper houses and the UKHouse of Lords.When the draft was submitted to a referendum on 3 June 1898, Labour opposed it, with Watson prominent in the campaign, and saw the referendum rejected.[12]
Watson was devoted to the idea of the referendum as an ideal feature of democracy. To ensure that Reid might finally bring New South Wales into national union on an amended draft constitution, Watson helped to negotiate a deal, involving the party executive, that included the nomination of four Labour members to theNew South Wales Legislative Council.[12]
At the March 1899 annual party conference,Billy Hughesand Holman moved to have those arrangements nullified and party policy on Federation changed, thus thwarting Reid's plans. Although rarely known to resort to anger, on this occasion Watson 'jumped to his feet in a most excited manner and in heated tones... contended... that they should not interfere with the referendum'. The motion was lost and the four party men were nominated to the council on 4 April. The bill approving the second referendum, to be held on 20 June 1899, was passed on 20 April.[12]
Labour leaders, including Watson opposed the final terms of theCommonwealth Constitution.Nonetheless, they could not stop it from going ahead, and Watson, unlike Holman and Hughes, believed that it should be submitted to the people. Nevertheless, Watson joined all but two of the Labour parliamentarians in campaigning against the 'Yes' vote at the referendum. When the Constitution was accepted, he agreed that 'the mandate of the majority will have to be obeyed'.[12]
Federal parliament
edit
Watson was elected to the newfederal Parliament of Australiaat the inaugural1901 federal election,representing the ruralHouse of Representativesrural seat ofBland.[17]
Watson arrived inMelbourne,which at the time served as the temporary seat of government, in May 1901. Watson was elected the first leader of theFederal Parliamentary Labor Party(usually known as the Caucus) on 8 May 1901, the day before the opening of the parliament.[12][18]
Watson pursued the same policy as Labor had done in New South Wales, where Labor was the smallest of the three parties but held thebalance of power.Under Watson, Labor providedconfidence and supplyto theProtectionist Partyminority governmentsofEdmund BartonandAlfred Deakinin exchange for legislation enacting the Labour platform, such as the immensely popularWhite Australia policywhich left thefree Trade Partyled byGeorge Reidto form theopposition.[12][18]
Watson, as a Labor moderate, genuinely admired Deakin and shared his liberal views on many subjects. Deakin reciprocated this sentiment. Deakin wrote in one of his anonymous articles in a London newspaper that "The Labour section has much cause for gratitude to Mr Watson, the leader whose tact and judgement have enabled it to achieve many of its Parliamentary successes."[12]
White Australia
editWatson was awhite nationalistandwhite supremacistwho played a key role in the creation of theWhite Australia policy.According toHearn (2007),the "ideal of a white Australia stood at the centre of Watson's political ideology, a touchstone of Australian identity that Watson repeatedly stressed in interviews, speeches and articles". However, some of his biographers have noted that his racial views were widespread among Australians at the time and that all three major parties supported White Australia.[19]
During the debate over what became theImmigration Restriction Act 1901,Watson stated that the issue of racial purity was "the larger and more important one" for the passage of the bill, where some speakers had emphasised concerns over the economic impact of cheap foreign labour. He opposed the government'sdictation testprovision on the grounds that it could be easily circumvented, and that "education does not eliminate the objectionable qualities of the Baboo Hindoo". He instead sought to explicitly ban any Asian or African from entering Australia.[20]During the same debate he spoke of "racial contamination" and referred to Chinese people using a racial slur,[19]rhetorically asking "whether we would desire that our sisters or our brothers should be married into any of these races to which we object".[20]In 1905, Watson drafted a new plank for the ALP platform calling for "an Australian sentiment based upon the maintenance of racial purity". He successfully moved for its adoption at both state and federal conferences, stating that the party should "cleanse their own doorstep with the hope that thus the street would be cleansed".[21]
Prime Minister in 1904
edit
Labour under Watson doubled their vote at the1903 federal electionand continued to hold thebalance of powerdespite all three parties holding about the same number of seats. In April 1904, however, Watson and Deakin fell out over the issue of extending the scope of industrial relations laws concerning theConciliationandArbitrationBill to cover state public servants, the fallout causing Deakin to resign. Reid declined to take office, which saw Watson become the first LabourPrime Minister of Australia,the world's first Labour head of government at a national level (Anderson Dawsonhad led a short-lived Labour government in Queensland in December 1899), indeed the world's firstsocialistorsocial democraticgovernment at a national level.[1]He was aged only 37, and remains the youngest prime minister in Australia's history.[12]
Billy Hugheslater recalled the first meeting of the Labour Cabinet with characteristic sharp wit:[22]
Mr Watson, the new Prime Minister entered the room, and seated himself at the head of the table. All eyes were riveted on him; he was worth going miles to see. He had dressed for the part; his Vandyke beard was exquisitely groomed, his abundant brown hair smoothly brushed. His morning coat and vest, set off by dark striped trousers, beautifully creased and shyly revealing the kind of socks that young men dream about; and shoes to match. He was the perfect picture of the statesman, the leader.
Despite the apparent fitness of the new prime minister for his role, the government hung on the fine thread of Deakin's promise of 'fair play'. The triumph of the historic first Australian Labour government was a qualified one – Labour did not have the numbers to implement key policies. The 'three elevens' – the lack of a definite majority in the parliament after the second federal election – dogged Watson just as it had Deakin.[22]
Six bills were enacted during Watson's brief government. All but one – an amendedActs Interpretation Act 1904– weresupply bills.The most significant legislative achievement of the Watson government was the advancement of the troublesomeConciliation and Arbitration Bill.[23]Another accomplishment was the appointing of a Royal Commission on a Bill related to Navigation and Shipping, whose report (presented a couple of years later) led to "major redrafting of the Navigation Act"[24]and improvements in conditions for Australian seamen.[25]Once he became the Prime Minister Watson recognised the limitations of his position in the Labour caucus and endorsed the concept of a deputy leader. Andrew Fisher won the position by one vote over the more dynamic Billy Hughes.[26]
Defeat and final years as leader
edit
Although Watson sought a dissolution of parliament so that an election could be held, theGovernor-GeneralLord Northcoterefused. Unable to command a majority in the House of Representatives, Watson resigned the premiership less than four months after taking office, his term ending on 18 August 1904 (Deakin was later defeated on a similar bill).[27]Reid became prime minister and four months later his government managed to pass the Conciliation and Arbitration Bill after compromising to extend the scope to state public servants as Watson had proposed.[12][28]
Deakin again became prime minister after Reid lost confidence of the parliament in July 1905. Watson led Labour to the1906 federal electionand improved their position again. At this election the seat of Bland was abolished, so he shifted to the seat ofSouth Sydney.But in October 1907, recognising his work for the foundation of the parliamentary party was complete and also due to fatigue and concern over the health of his wife Ada, he resigned the Labour leadership in favour ofAndrew Fisher.[12]
From August 1906, Watson was an early influential supporter ofCanberra,as the site of the national capital.[29][30]
Watson retired from politics, aged only 42, prior to the1910 federal election,at which Labour won with 50 percent of the primary vote. It was the first time a party had been elected tomajority governmentin theHouse of Representatives,it was also the first time a party won aSenatemajority, and it was the world's firstLabour Partymajority government at a national level. The ALP vote had risen rapidly, going from 15 percent against two larger and more established parties in 1901, to 50 percent in 1910, after a majority of the Protectionist Party merged with theAnti-Socialist Party,creating theCommonwealth Liberal Partywhich received 45 percent.[12]
Later life
editPolitical activities
editIn theAustralian Labor Party split of 1916,numerous Labor MPs were expelled from the party for supportingWorld War I conscription in Australia.Watson sided with ex-Labor Prime MinisterBilly Hughesand the conscriptionists and had his party membership terminated as a result. Watson remained active in the affairs of Hughes'Nationalist Partyuntil 1922, but after that he drifted out of politics altogether.[31]
In 1931 he was state president of theAustralian Industries Protection Leagueand supported theScullin government's high-tariff policies.[32]
Business activities
edit
In December 1910, Watson was recruited by a syndicate of Sydney businessmen to lead a gold-seeking expedition in South Africa. He also engaged in land speculation inSutherland,but development did not occur rapidly enough. He was appointed as a director of Labor Papers Limited, the publisher of the AWU's official newspaperThe Australian Worker.[33]
Watson joined the council of the newly establishedNational Roads Association(NRA) in March 1920,[12]and in August was elected as the association's inaugural president. The NRA was intended as apeak bodyfor New South Wales motorists, lobbying the state government to create aMain Roads Boardand borrow money to improve local highways. It was initially hampered by its small membership and lack of financial resources, with a budget of only £15 per week.[34]Watson was able to attract publicity through the launch of a magazine and a successful campaign to raisespeed limits.He was again chosen as president in 1923 when the NRA was reorganised into theNRMA,[35]and would retain the position for the rest of his life.[36]By the end of the following year the organisation had grown from 550 to 5,000 members. It subsequently expanded into vehicle insurance andmotor touring,acquiring a series of properties for camping.[35]As well as his involvement with the NRMA, Watson also was a director of a taxi company, Yellow Cabs of Australia, and as chairman of the state government's Traffic Advisory Committee. In 1936, he became the inaugural chairman of petrol retailerAmpol.[32]
Personal life
editWatson's first wife Ada died in 1921.[31]On 30 October 1925 he married Antonia Mary Gladys Dowlan in the same church as his first wedding. She was a 23-year-old waitress from Western Australia whom he had met when she served his table at a Sydney club.[1][12]In 1927, they had one daughter, Jacqueline Dunn née Watson.[10][11][37]
Watson and his second wife moved to a villa inDouble Bayin 1934. In retirement he became a keenbridgeplayer and was also a regular attendee atRandwick Racecourseand theSydney Cricket Ground,serving on theSydney Cricket Ground Trust.He visited the United States for business reasons and also returned to New Zealand on a number of occasions in a private capacity.[38]After several weeks of ill health, Watson died at his home in Double Bay on 18 November 1941, aged 74.[39]He was granted astate funeralatSt Andrew's Cathedral,withJoseph Cook,Albert Gardiner,John CurtinandWilliam McKellserving as pallbearers. His ashes were interred at theNorthern Suburbs Crematorium.[36]
Evaluation and honours
edit
According toPercival Serle,Watson "left a much greater impression on his time than this would suggest. He came at the right moment for his party, and nothing could have done it more good than the sincerity, courtesy and moderation which he always showed as a leader".[40]Alfred Deakinwrote of Watson: "The Labour section has much cause for gratitude to Mr Watson, the leader whose tact and judgement have enabled it to achieve many of its Parliamentary successes".[12]
In April 2004 the Labor Party marked the centenary of the Watson government with a series of public events inCanberraand Melbourne, attended by then party leaderMark Lathamand former ALP Prime MinistersGough Whitlam,Bob HawkeandPaul Keating.Watson's daughter, Jacqueline Dunn, 77, was guest of honour at these functions. TheCanberrasuburbWatsonand the federal electorate ofWatsonare named after him. In 1969 he was honoured on apostage stampbearing his portrait issued byAustralia Post.[41]
See also
editReferences
edit- ^abc"A perfect picture of the statesman: John Christian Watson – Museum of Australian Democracy".Moadoph.gov.au. 30 April 2013.Retrieved30 June2018.
- ^abcGrassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 23.
- ^abGrassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 26.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,pp. 26–27.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 27.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 24-25.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,pp. 29–30.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,pp. 30–32.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,pp. 22–23.
- ^abAbjorensen, Norman (21 August 2017)."Former prime minister Chris Watson and King O'Malley almost certainly fell foul of Section 44".The Sydney Morning Herald.Retrieved30 June2018.
- ^abAbjorensen, Norman (2 November 1993)."Watson a British subject".The Canberra Times.Retrieved30 June2018– via Trove.
- ^abcdefghijklmnopNairn, Bede (1990)."Watson, John Christian (1867–1941)".Australian Dictionary of Biography.Canberra: National Centre of Biography,Australian National University.ISBN978-0-522-84459-7.ISSN1833-7538.OCLC70677943.Retrieved9 February2010.
- ^"Chris Watson: Australia's second Treasurer – Australian Treasury".Archive.treasury.gov.au. Archived fromthe originalon 22 April 2018.Retrieved30 June2018.
- ^"Chris Watson, Early years".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 29 September 2009.Retrieved9 February2010.
- ^"Chris Watson, Ada Watson".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 6 June 2010.Retrieved9 February2010.
- ^"Mr (Chris) John Christian Watson (1867–1941)".Former members of theParliament of New South Wales.Retrieved21 May2019.
- ^"Chris Watson, Elections".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 8 June 2010.Retrieved9 February2010.
- ^ab"Chris Watson, Federal Labour leader 1901".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 29 September 2009.Retrieved9 February2010.
- ^abHearn 2007,p. 357.
- ^abHearn 2007,p. 358.
- ^Hearn 2007,p. 361.
- ^ab"Chris Watson, The first national Labour government".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2016.Retrieved10 February2010.
- ^"John Christian Watson, Prime Minister 27 April to 17 August 1904"(PDF).Museum of Australian Democracy.
- ^Brian Carroll (2004).Australia's Prime Ministers: From Barton to Howard.Rosenberg Publishing Pty, Limited. p. 59.ISBN978-1-877058-22-6.
- ^"Achievements".Australian Web Archive. 5 June 2018. Archived fromthe originalon 22 July 2010.Retrieved30 June2018.
- ^Julian FitzgeraldOn Message: Political Communications of Australian Prime Ministers 1901–2014Clareville Press 2014 p 54
- ^"Chris Watson, In office".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2016.Retrieved10 February2010.
- ^"Chris Watson, The fall of the Watson government".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 18 February 2016.Retrieved10 February2010.
- ^Wood, Greg."Canberra: Maps and Makers"(PDF).p. 19. Archived fromthe original(PDF)on 28 September 2021.Retrieved1 October2021.
- ^"CAPITAL SITE".The Argus.9 October 1908.Retrieved10 October2021.
- ^ab"Chris Watson, After office".Australia's Prime Ministers.National Archives of Australia.Archived fromthe originalon 24 September 2009.Retrieved10 February2010.
- ^abGrassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 148.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 120.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 143.
- ^abGrassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 144.
- ^abGrassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 151.
- ^"Fast facts – Chris Watson".Australia's Prime Ministers: National Archives of Australia. Archived fromthe originalon 25 November 2017.Retrieved30 June2018.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,pp. 147–149.
- ^Grassby & Ordonez 1999,p. 149.
- ^Serle, Percival(1949)."Watson, John Christian".Dictionary of Australian Biography.Sydney:Angus & Robertson.Retrieved9 April2010.
- ^"Stamp".Australian Stamp and Coin Company.Retrieved9 February2010.
Further reading
edit- Grassby, Al;Ordonez, Silvia (1999).The Man Time Forgot: The Life and Times of John Christian Watson, Australia's First Labor Prime Minister.Pluto Press.ISBN1864030836.
- Hearn, Mark (2007). "Cultivating an Australian Sentiment: John Christian Watson's Narrative of White Nationalism".National Identities.9(4): 351–368.Bibcode:2007NatId...9..351H.doi:10.1080/14608940701737375.S2CID143029731.
- McMullin, Ross(2004).So Monstrous a Travesty: Chris Watson and the World's First National Labour Government.Scribe Press.ISBN1920769137.
External links
edit
- The last page of a secret despatchfrom Australia's Governor-General to Britain's Colonial Secretary 23 April 1904, detailing circumstances that created the first Labor Prime Minister in the British Empire (and the world).